鄂尔多斯市生态资产和生态系统生产总值评估
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摘要
鄂尔多斯市属于生态环境脆弱区域,在大规模开发丰富能源资源的同时,生态环境保护也在不断加强,评估鄂尔多斯生态资产价值,是认识鄂尔多斯生态价值的关键。构建了生态资产、生态系统生产总值评估的理论框架和评估方法指标体系,基于鄂尔多斯市生态系统格局、质量数据,评估了鄂尔多斯市生态资产、生态系统生产总值。评估结果表明:(1)2015年,鄂尔多斯市生态系统质量等级以差、低、中为主,分别占比:50.74%、31.78%、6.17%,差、低、中等级的生态系统面积之和占比88.69%。(2)2015年,鄂尔多斯市生态资产指数为1998.19,其中生态资产指数最高的是鄂托克旗,生态资产指数为392.26,占比19.63%,其次是杭锦旗,生态资产指数为307.48,占比15.39%。2010—2015年,鄂尔多斯市生态资产指数总体呈上升趋势。其中,上升最为剧烈的区域是鄂托克前旗,生态资产指数上升92.72,占比19.38%,其次为乌审旗,生态资产指数上升91.04,占比19.03%。(3)2015年,鄂尔多斯市生态系统生产总值(GEP)为2481.71亿元,GEP约为2015年GDP总值的58.72%,鄂尔多斯市单位面积GEP为0.03亿元/km~2,人均GEP为12.14万元/人。2010—2015年,鄂尔多斯市生态系统生产总值从1975.50亿元增加至2481.71亿元,增加量占2010年GEP价值的比例为25.62%,上升趋势明显。(4)2010—2015年,鄂尔多斯市生态系统质量变化原因主要是GDP增长(P<0.05),表明经济持续发展降低了当地人口对草地、森林的经济的依赖性。鄂尔多斯市生态资产指数上升的主要驱动因素气候因素降水的增加(P<0.001)、人口密度的下降(P<0.01),以及GDP的增加(P<0.01)。鄂尔多斯间生态系统生产总值变化的主要驱动因素,包括城市扩张、农田开垦、退耕还林、草、湿、生态恢复、矿山开采、生态退化等。本研究根据鄂尔多斯市生态系统质量、生态资产、生态系统生产总值面临的问题,提出了生态保护建议与对策。
Ordos is a fragile eco-environment area. While developing large-scale energy resources, ecological environment protection has also been continuously strengthened. Evaluating the value of Ordos ecological assets is the key to understanding the ecological value of Ordos.This study constructed a theoretical framework and evaluation method index system for the evaluation of ecological assets and ecosystem production values. Based on the ecosystem pattern and quality data in Ordos, we assessed the ecological assets and the total ecosystem production value of Ordos in this study.The assessment results showed that:(1) In 2015, the quality of the ecosystem in Ordos mainly consisted ofpoor, low, and medium-quality ecosystems, accounting for 50.74%, 31.78%, and 6.17%, respectively, and the sum of the areas of poor, low, and middle-level ecosystems accounted for 88.69%.(2) In 2015, Ordos′s ecological asset index was 1998.19, of which the highest ecological index was the Etuokeqi, the ecological asset index was 392.26, accounting for 19.63%, followed by Hangjinqi, for which the ecological asset index was 307.48, accounting for 15.39%. From 2010 to 2015, Ordos′s ecological asset indexes showed an overall upward trend. Among them, the most dramatic increase was in the Etuokeqianqi, where the ecological asset index increased by 92.72, accounting for 19.38%, followed by Wushenqi, for which the ecological asset index increased by 91.04, accounting for 19.03%.(3) In 2015, the Ordos′s gross ecosystem product(GEP) value was 248.171 billion yuan, GEP was approximately 58.72% of the 2015 GDP, the Ordos City′s GEP per unit area was 3 millionyuan/km~2, and the per capita GEP was 121400. yuan per person. From 2010 to 2015, the total ecosystem output of Ordos increased from 197.550 billion yuan to 248.171 billion yuan, and the proportion of increase in the GEP value relative to 2010 was 25.62%. The value of GEP increased significantly.(4) During the period from 2010 to 2015, the main reason for the change in ecosystem quality in Ordos City was GDP growth(P<0.05). The results show that the sustainable economic development reduced the local population′s dependence on grassland and forest economy. The main drivers of the increase in the ecological asset index in Ordos were the increase in precipitation(P<0.001), the decrease in population density(P<0.01), and the increase in GDP(P<0.01).The main drivers of the change in the total production value of ecosystems in Ordos, included urban expansion, farmland reclamation, returning farmland to forests, grasses, wetlands, ecological restoration, mining, and ecological degradation.This study proposed ecological protection recommendations and countermeasures based on the problems faced by Ordos′s ecosystem quality, ecological assets, and gross ecosystem product value.
Ordos is a fragile eco-environment area. While developing large-scale energy resources, ecological environment protection has also been continuously strengthened. Evaluating the value of Ordos ecological assets is the key to understanding the ecological value of Ordos.This study constructed a theoretical framework and evaluation method index system for the evaluation of ecological assets and ecosystem production values. Based on the ecosystem pattern and quality data in Ordos, we assessed the ecological assets and the total ecosystem production value of Ordos in this study.The assessment results showed that:(1) In 2015, the quality of the ecosystem in Ordos mainly consisted ofpoor, low, and medium-quality ecosystems, accounting for 50.74%, 31.78%, and 6.17%, respectively, and the sum of the areas of poor, low, and middle-level ecosystems accounted for 88.69%.(2) In 2015, Ordos′s ecological asset index was 1998.19, of which the highest ecological index was the Etuokeqi, the ecological asset index was 392.26, accounting for 19.63%, followed by Hangjinqi, for which the ecological asset index was 307.48, accounting for 15.39%. From 2010 to 2015, Ordos′s ecological asset indexes showed an overall upward trend. Among them, the most dramatic increase was in the Etuokeqianqi, where the ecological asset index increased by 92.72, accounting for 19.38%, followed by Wushenqi, for which the ecological asset index increased by 91.04, accounting for 19.03%.(3) In 2015, the Ordos′s gross ecosystem product(GEP) value was 248.171 billion yuan, GEP was approximately 58.72% of the 2015 GDP, the Ordos City′s GEP per unit area was 3 millionyuan/km~2, and the per capita GEP was 121400. yuan per person. From 2010 to 2015, the total ecosystem output of Ordos increased from 197.550 billion yuan to 248.171 billion yuan, and the proportion of increase in the GEP value relative to 2010 was 25.62%. The value of GEP increased significantly.(4) During the period from 2010 to 2015, the main reason for the change in ecosystem quality in Ordos City was GDP growth(P<0.05). The results show that the sustainable economic development reduced the local population′s dependence on grassland and forest economy. The main drivers of the increase in the ecological asset index in Ordos were the increase in precipitation(P<0.001), the decrease in population density(P<0.01), and the increase in GDP(P<0.01).The main drivers of the change in the total production value of ecosystems in Ordos, included urban expansion, farmland reclamation, returning farmland to forests, grasses, wetlands, ecological restoration, mining, and ecological degradation.This study proposed ecological protection recommendations and countermeasures based on the problems faced by Ordos′s ecosystem quality, ecological assets, and gross ecosystem product value.
引文
[1] 欧阳志云,朱春全,杨广斌,徐卫华,郑华,张琰,肖燚.生态系统生产总值核算:概念、核算方法与案例研究.生态学报,2013,33(21):6747- 6761.
[2] 欧阳志云,郑华,谢高地,杨武,刘桂环,石英华,杨多贵.生态资产、生态补偿及生态文明科技贡献核算理论与技术.生态学报,2016,36(22):7136- 7139.
[3] 谢高地.生态资产评价:存量、质量与价值.环境保护,2017,45(11):18- 22.
[4] Costanza R,d′Arge R,de Groot R,Farber S,Grasso M,Hannon B,Limburg K,Naeem S,O′Neill R V,Paruelo J,Raskin R G,Sutton P,van den Belt M.The value of the world′s ecosystem services and natural capital.Nature,1997,387(6630):253- 260.
[5] 黄兴文,陈百明.中国生态资产区划的理论与应用.生态学报,1999,19(5):602- 606.
[6] 王健民,王如松.中国生态资产概论.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2001.
[7] 蒋菊生.生态资产评估与可持续发展.华南热带农业大学学报,2001,7(3):41- 46.
[8] 博文静,王莉雁,操建华,王效科,肖燚,欧阳志云.中国森林生态资产价值评估.生态学报,2017,37(12):4182- 4190.
[9] 白杨,李晖,王晓媛,Alatalo J M,江波,王敏,刘文俊.云南省生态资产与生态系统生产总值核算体系研究.自然资源学报,2017,32(7):1100- 1112.
[10] 王敏,江波,白杨,Alatalo J M,王晓媛,黄沈发,谭娟.上海市生态资产核算体系研究.环境污染与防治,2018,40(4):484- 490.
[11] 欧阳志云,靳乐山,甄霖,徐琳瑜,葛察忠,张亚雄,肖燚.面向生态补偿的生态系统生产总值(GEP)和生态资产核算.北京:科学出版社,2017.
[12] 王莉雁,肖燚,欧阳志云,韦勤,博文静,张健,任苓.国家级重点生态功能区县生态系统生产总值核算研究——以阿尔山市为例.中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(3):146- 154.
[13] 白玛卓嘎,肖燚,欧阳志云,王莉雁.甘孜藏族自治州生态系统生产总值核算研究.生态学报,2017,37(19):6302- 6312.
[14] 卞文志.用“价格标签”体现生态价值——深圳市盐田区首创“城市GEP”核算体系.环境保护与循环经济,2015,35(3):18- 19.
[15] 宋乃平,张凤荣.鄂尔多斯农牧交错土地利用格局的演变与机理.地理学报,2007,62(12):1299- 1308.
[16] 董天,肖洋,张路,肖燚,郑华,欧阳志云.鄂尔多斯市生态系统格局和质量变化及驱动力因素.生态学报,2019,39(2)
[17] 蒙吉军,赵春红,刘明达.基于土地利用变化的区域生态安全评价——以鄂尔多斯市为例.自然资源学报,2011,26(4):578- 590.
[18] 赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会,周瑞莲.北方农牧交错带的地理界定及其生态问题.地球科学进展,2002,17(5):739- 747.
[19] 李增慧,刘惠清.基于遥感的鄂尔多斯农牧交错区生态环境变化研究.农业与技术,2005,25(5):68- 70.
[20] 贾宝全,王国柱,慈龙骏.景观格局分布特征的区域差异分析——以鄂尔多斯高原伊金霍洛旗为例.干旱区研究,2003,20(3):168- 174.
[21] 王伟锋,刘鹏,郑玲,周晓光,姜帅.鄂尔多斯盆地天然气储量和产量预测分析.天然气地球科学,2014,25(9):1483- 1490.
[22] 张鹏飞,潮洛濛.资源型城市城镇化水平格局及驱动因素研究——以鄂尔多斯为例.资源与环境,2016,32(1):31- 37.
[23] 乌云.鄂尔多斯市羊绒产业发展及其对策研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2008.
[24] 肖燚.中国生态系统评估与生态安全数据库.(2014- 11- 19)[2017- 11- 27].http://www.ecosystem.csdb.cn/.
[25] 肖洋,欧阳志云,王莉雁,饶恩明,江凌,张路.内蒙古生态系统质量空间特征及其驱动力.生态学报,2016,36(19):6019- 6030.
[26] Leprieur C,Verstraete M M,Pinty B.Evaluation of the performance of various vegetation indices to retrieve vegetation cover from AVHRR data.Remote Sensing Reviews,1994,10(4):265- 284.
[27] Qi J,MarsettR C,Moran M S,Goodrich D C,Heilman P,Kerr Y H,Dedieu G,Chehbouni A,Zhang X X.Spatial and temporal dynamics ofvegetation in the San Pedro River basin area.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,105(1/3):55- 68.
[28] JiapaerG,Chen X,Bao A M.A comparison of methods for estimating fractional vegetation cover in arid regions.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(12):1698- 1710.
[29] 朴世龙,方精云,郭庆华.利用CASA模型估算我国植被净第一性生产力.植物生态学报,2001,25(5):603- 608.
[30] Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Polasky S,Liu J G,Xu W H,Wang Q,Zhang L,Xiao Y,Rao E M,Jiang L,Lu F,Wang X K,Yang G B,Gong S H,Wu B F,Zeng Y,Yang W,Daily GC.Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital.Science,2016,352(6292):1455- 1459.
[31] 肖寒,欧阳志云,赵景柱,王效科,韩艺师.海南岛生态系统土壤保持空间分布特征及生态经济价值评估.生态学报,2000,20(4):552- 558.
[32] 欧阳志云,赵同谦,赵景柱,肖寒,王效科.海南岛生态系统生态调节功能及其生态经济价值研究.应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1395- 1402.
[33] 肖玉,谢高地,安凯.青藏高原生态系统土壤保持功能及其价值.生态学报,2003,23(11):2367- 2378.
[2] 欧阳志云,郑华,谢高地,杨武,刘桂环,石英华,杨多贵.生态资产、生态补偿及生态文明科技贡献核算理论与技术.生态学报,2016,36(22):7136- 7139.
[3] 谢高地.生态资产评价:存量、质量与价值.环境保护,2017,45(11):18- 22.
[4] Costanza R,d′Arge R,de Groot R,Farber S,Grasso M,Hannon B,Limburg K,Naeem S,O′Neill R V,Paruelo J,Raskin R G,Sutton P,van den Belt M.The value of the world′s ecosystem services and natural capital.Nature,1997,387(6630):253- 260.
[5] 黄兴文,陈百明.中国生态资产区划的理论与应用.生态学报,1999,19(5):602- 606.
[6] 王健民,王如松.中国生态资产概论.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2001.
[7] 蒋菊生.生态资产评估与可持续发展.华南热带农业大学学报,2001,7(3):41- 46.
[8] 博文静,王莉雁,操建华,王效科,肖燚,欧阳志云.中国森林生态资产价值评估.生态学报,2017,37(12):4182- 4190.
[9] 白杨,李晖,王晓媛,Alatalo J M,江波,王敏,刘文俊.云南省生态资产与生态系统生产总值核算体系研究.自然资源学报,2017,32(7):1100- 1112.
[10] 王敏,江波,白杨,Alatalo J M,王晓媛,黄沈发,谭娟.上海市生态资产核算体系研究.环境污染与防治,2018,40(4):484- 490.
[11] 欧阳志云,靳乐山,甄霖,徐琳瑜,葛察忠,张亚雄,肖燚.面向生态补偿的生态系统生产总值(GEP)和生态资产核算.北京:科学出版社,2017.
[12] 王莉雁,肖燚,欧阳志云,韦勤,博文静,张健,任苓.国家级重点生态功能区县生态系统生产总值核算研究——以阿尔山市为例.中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(3):146- 154.
[13] 白玛卓嘎,肖燚,欧阳志云,王莉雁.甘孜藏族自治州生态系统生产总值核算研究.生态学报,2017,37(19):6302- 6312.
[14] 卞文志.用“价格标签”体现生态价值——深圳市盐田区首创“城市GEP”核算体系.环境保护与循环经济,2015,35(3):18- 19.
[15] 宋乃平,张凤荣.鄂尔多斯农牧交错土地利用格局的演变与机理.地理学报,2007,62(12):1299- 1308.
[16] 董天,肖洋,张路,肖燚,郑华,欧阳志云.鄂尔多斯市生态系统格局和质量变化及驱动力因素.生态学报,2019,39(2)
[17] 蒙吉军,赵春红,刘明达.基于土地利用变化的区域生态安全评价——以鄂尔多斯市为例.自然资源学报,2011,26(4):578- 590.
[18] 赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会,周瑞莲.北方农牧交错带的地理界定及其生态问题.地球科学进展,2002,17(5):739- 747.
[19] 李增慧,刘惠清.基于遥感的鄂尔多斯农牧交错区生态环境变化研究.农业与技术,2005,25(5):68- 70.
[20] 贾宝全,王国柱,慈龙骏.景观格局分布特征的区域差异分析——以鄂尔多斯高原伊金霍洛旗为例.干旱区研究,2003,20(3):168- 174.
[21] 王伟锋,刘鹏,郑玲,周晓光,姜帅.鄂尔多斯盆地天然气储量和产量预测分析.天然气地球科学,2014,25(9):1483- 1490.
[22] 张鹏飞,潮洛濛.资源型城市城镇化水平格局及驱动因素研究——以鄂尔多斯为例.资源与环境,2016,32(1):31- 37.
[23] 乌云.鄂尔多斯市羊绒产业发展及其对策研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2008.
[24] 肖燚.中国生态系统评估与生态安全数据库.(2014- 11- 19)[2017- 11- 27].http://www.ecosystem.csdb.cn/.
[25] 肖洋,欧阳志云,王莉雁,饶恩明,江凌,张路.内蒙古生态系统质量空间特征及其驱动力.生态学报,2016,36(19):6019- 6030.
[26] Leprieur C,Verstraete M M,Pinty B.Evaluation of the performance of various vegetation indices to retrieve vegetation cover from AVHRR data.Remote Sensing Reviews,1994,10(4):265- 284.
[27] Qi J,MarsettR C,Moran M S,Goodrich D C,Heilman P,Kerr Y H,Dedieu G,Chehbouni A,Zhang X X.Spatial and temporal dynamics ofvegetation in the San Pedro River basin area.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,105(1/3):55- 68.
[28] JiapaerG,Chen X,Bao A M.A comparison of methods for estimating fractional vegetation cover in arid regions.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(12):1698- 1710.
[29] 朴世龙,方精云,郭庆华.利用CASA模型估算我国植被净第一性生产力.植物生态学报,2001,25(5):603- 608.
[30] Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Polasky S,Liu J G,Xu W H,Wang Q,Zhang L,Xiao Y,Rao E M,Jiang L,Lu F,Wang X K,Yang G B,Gong S H,Wu B F,Zeng Y,Yang W,Daily GC.Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital.Science,2016,352(6292):1455- 1459.
[31] 肖寒,欧阳志云,赵景柱,王效科,韩艺师.海南岛生态系统土壤保持空间分布特征及生态经济价值评估.生态学报,2000,20(4):552- 558.
[32] 欧阳志云,赵同谦,赵景柱,肖寒,王效科.海南岛生态系统生态调节功能及其生态经济价值研究.应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1395- 1402.
[33] 肖玉,谢高地,安凯.青藏高原生态系统土壤保持功能及其价值.生态学报,2003,23(11):2367- 2378.
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