运用温度示踪法确定稳定入渗补给速率
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摘要
开展不同水位埋深条件下的地中渗透仪入渗实验,分析包气带温度场变化规律及其控制因素,进而采用多层介质热传导解析方程评价入渗补给速率,探讨了温度示踪法评价包气带入渗补给问题的适用性。结果表明:气温控制包气带温度场整体特征,其对温度场的影响随深度增加逐渐减弱。水位埋深影响土壤含水率,控制包气带介质比热,决定了温度场波动性。灌水改变介质热导率从而影响包气带温度场;灌水量小且灌水温差小,灌水本身的热状态对温度场的影响可以忽略。水位埋深浅时,基于多层介质热传导解析方程的入渗补给速率评价结果更为准确,旱季相对雨季,评价结果准确性整体更高;浅部包气带含水率波动性强是造成评价误差的重要原因,选取更短的评价周期和更深的计算剖面可相对提高评价结果准确性。含水率在时间尺度上的波动是温度示踪法在非饱和带应用的难点及关键。
To discuss the feasibility of temperature tracer method to evaluate the infiltration recharge rate,a lysimeter test was conducted under different water table conditions. The variation of temperature field of unsaturated zone was analyzed;and then the infiltration recharge rate was estimated by using the analytical solution for one dimensional steady heat transfer through a multi-layer unsaturated zone. The results indicate that air temperature is the primary control factor of unsaturated zone temperature field,but its influence would be weakened with increasing depth. Water table depth controls the specific heat of unsaturated zone by affecting the soil moisture content;shallow water table would reduce the fluctuation of temperature field. The irrigation event affects the temperature field by controlling the thermal conductivity of the unsaturated zone;the influence of the heat state of irrigation event could be neglected when the irrigation amount is small or the temperature difference between the irrigation water and soil water is inapparent. When the water table is shallow,the calculated infiltration recharge rate is more closed to the measured data compared with the results in the deep unsaturated zone;and it is more accurate to estimate the infiltration recharge rate in the dry season than the wet season by using the soil temperature data. The temporal variation of shallow soil moisture content mainly causes the evaluation error;and it limits the application of temperature,as a tracer,to evaluate the water flow in the unsaturated zone.
To discuss the feasibility of temperature tracer method to evaluate the infiltration recharge rate,a lysimeter test was conducted under different water table conditions. The variation of temperature field of unsaturated zone was analyzed;and then the infiltration recharge rate was estimated by using the analytical solution for one dimensional steady heat transfer through a multi-layer unsaturated zone. The results indicate that air temperature is the primary control factor of unsaturated zone temperature field,but its influence would be weakened with increasing depth. Water table depth controls the specific heat of unsaturated zone by affecting the soil moisture content;shallow water table would reduce the fluctuation of temperature field. The irrigation event affects the temperature field by controlling the thermal conductivity of the unsaturated zone;the influence of the heat state of irrigation event could be neglected when the irrigation amount is small or the temperature difference between the irrigation water and soil water is inapparent. When the water table is shallow,the calculated infiltration recharge rate is more closed to the measured data compared with the results in the deep unsaturated zone;and it is more accurate to estimate the infiltration recharge rate in the dry season than the wet season by using the soil temperature data. The temporal variation of shallow soil moisture content mainly causes the evaluation error;and it limits the application of temperature,as a tracer,to evaluate the water flow in the unsaturated zone.
引文
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[2] DE VRIES J J,SIMMERS I. Groundwater recharge:an overview of processes and challenges[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2002,10(1):5-17.
[3]张人权,梁杏,靳孟贵,等.水文地质学基础[M]. 6版.北京:地质出版社,2011.
[4]靳孟贵,张人权,SIMMERS I,等.土壤水资源评价的研究[J].水利学报,1998(8):30-34.
[5] ALLISON G B,GEE G W,TYLER S W. Vadose-zone techniques for estimating groundwater recharge in arid and semiarid regions[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(1):6-14.
[6] SCANLON B R,HEALY R W,COOK P G. Choosing appropriate techniques for quantifying groundwater recharge[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2002,10(2):347-347.
[7] KITCHING R,SHEARER T R. Construction and operation of a large undisturbed lysimeter to measure recharge to the Chalk aquifer,England[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1982,58(3):267-277.
[8] YOUNG M H,WIERENGA P J,MANCINO C F. Large weighing lysimeters for water use and deep percolation studies[J]. Soil Science,1996,161(8):491-501.
[9] KENGNI L,VACHAUD G,THONY J L,et al. Field measurements of water and nitrogen losses under irrigated maize[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1994,162(1/2):23-46.
[10]林丹,靳孟贵,马斌,等.包气带增厚区土壤水力参数及其对入渗补给的影响[J].地球科学,2014,89(6):760-768.
[11]邱景唐.非饱和土壤水零通量面的研究[J].水利学报,1992(5):27-32.
[12] RICHARDS L A,GARDNER W R,OGATA G. Physical process determining water loss from soil[J]. Soil Sci.Soc. Am. Proc.,1956(20):310-314.
[13] WALKER G R,JOLLY I D,COOK P G. A new chloride leaching approach to the estimation of diffuse recharge following a change in land use[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1991,128(1/4):49-67.
[14] BROMLEY J,EDMUNDS W M,FELLMAN E,et al. Estimation of rainfall inputs and direct recharge to the deep unsaturated zone of southern Niger using the chloride profile method[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1997(188/189):139-154.
[15] GATES J B,EDMUNDS W M,MA J,et al. Estimating groundwater recharge in a cold desert environment in northern China using chloride[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2008,16(5):893-910.
[16] LIN D,JIN M G,LIANG X,et al. Estimating groundwater recharge beneath irrigated farmland using environmental tracers fluoride,chloride and sulfate[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2013,21(7):1469-1480.
[17] LI FD,SONG X F,TANG C Y,et al. Tracing infiltration and recharge using stable isotope in Taihang Mt. North China[J]. Environmental Geology,2007,53(3):687-696.
[18]马斌,梁杏,林丹,等.应用2H、18O同位素示踪华北平原石家庄包气带土壤水入渗补给及年补给量确定[J].地质科技情报,2014,33(3):163-168.
[19] HOUSTON J. Recharge to groundwater in the Turi Basin,northern Chile:An evaluation based on tritium and chloride mass balance techniques[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2007,334(3/4):534-544.
[20] DELIN G N,LANDON M K. Effects of topography on the transport of agricultural chemicals to groundwater in a sand-plain setting[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2002,10(4):443-454.
[21] LIN D,JIN M G,BRUSSEAU M L,et al. Using tracer tests to estimate vertical recharge and evaluate influencing factors for irrigated agricultural systems[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(22):1440.
[22] WANG B G,JIN M G,NIMMO J R,et al. Estimating groundwater recharge in Hebei Plain,China under varying land use practices using tritium and bromide tracers[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2008,356(1/2):209-222.
[23]谭秀翠,杨金忠,宋雪航,等.华北平原地下水补给量计算分析[J].水科学进展,2013,24(1):73-81.
[24] LU X H,JIN M G. One Dimensional unsaturated flow modeling in Luancheng representative zone of the North China Plain[J]. Journal of China University of Geosciences,2007(18):59-61.
[25] LU X H,JIN M G,VAN GENUCHTEN M T,et al. Groundwater recharge at five representative sites in the Hebei Plain,China[J]. Ground Water,2010,49(2):286-294.
[26] HUO S Y,JIN M G,LIANG X,et al. Changes of vertical groundwater recharge with increase in thickness of Vadose Zone[J]. Journal of Earth Science,2014,25(6):1043-1050.
[27] CAO G L,SCANLON B R,HAN D M,et al. Impacts of thickening unsaturated zone on groundwater recharge in the North China Plain[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2016,537:260-270.
[28]霍思远,靳孟贵. Van Genuchten模型参数对降水入渗数值模拟的敏感性[J].地球科学,2017,42(3):447-452.
[29]吴志伟,宋汉周.地下水温度示踪理论与方法研究进展[J].水科学进展,2011,22(5):733-740.
[30] HUNT R J,STRAND M,WALKER J F. Measuring groundwater-surface water interaction and its effect on wetland stream benthic productivity,Trout Lake watershed,northern Wisconsin,USA[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2006,320(3):370-384.
[31] BRAVO H R,JIANG F,HUNT R J. Using groundwater temperature data to constrain parameter estimation in a groundwater flow model of a wetland system[J]. Water Resources Research,2002,38(8):28-41.
[32] MUTITI S,LEVY J. Using temperature modeling to investigate the temporal variability of riverbed hydraulic conductivity during storm events[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2010,388(3/4):321-334.
[33]陈建生,董海洲.堤坝渗漏探测示踪新理论与技术研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[34]肖才忠,潘文昌.由温度场研究坝基渗流初探[J].人民长江,1999,30(5):21-23.
[35]周志芳,王锦国.河流峡谷区地下水温度异常特征分析[J].水科学进展,2003(1):62-66.
[36]雷志栋.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1988.
[37]赵贵章,王文科,候莉莉,等.干旱半干旱地区包气带热参数模型研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2009(5):107-110.
[38] HOPMANS J W,DANE J H. Temperature dependence of soil hydraulic properties[J]. Soil. Sci. Am. J.,1986(50):4-19.
[39] HOPMANS J W,DANE J H. Temperature dependence of soil retention curves[J]. Soil. Sci. Am. J.,1986(50):562-567.
[40] BREDEHOEFT J D,PAPAOPULOS I S. Rates of vertical groundwater movement estimated from the Earth′s thermal profile[J]. Water Resources Research,1965,1(2):325-328.
[41] SHAN C,BODVARSSON G. An analytical solution for estimating percolation rate by fitting temperature profiles in the vadose zone[J]. Journal Contaminant Hydrology,2004,68(1/2):83-95.
[42] WANG K,ZHANG R D. Heterogeneous soil water flow and macropores described with combined tracers of dye and iodine[J]. Journal of Hydrogeology,2011(397):105-117.
[43] CHUNG S O,HORTON R. Soil heat and water flow with a partial surface mulch[J]. Water Resour. Res.,1987,23(12):2175-2186.
[44]周旻,靳孟贵,魏秀琴,等.利用地中渗透仪观测资料进行降雨入渗补给规律分析[J].地质科技情报,2002,21(1):37-40.
[45]宋博,查元源,杨金忠.基于Ross模型的降雨灌溉入渗补给地下水规律分析[J].中国农村水利水电,2012(9):55-62.
[2] DE VRIES J J,SIMMERS I. Groundwater recharge:an overview of processes and challenges[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2002,10(1):5-17.
[3]张人权,梁杏,靳孟贵,等.水文地质学基础[M]. 6版.北京:地质出版社,2011.
[4]靳孟贵,张人权,SIMMERS I,等.土壤水资源评价的研究[J].水利学报,1998(8):30-34.
[5] ALLISON G B,GEE G W,TYLER S W. Vadose-zone techniques for estimating groundwater recharge in arid and semiarid regions[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(1):6-14.
[6] SCANLON B R,HEALY R W,COOK P G. Choosing appropriate techniques for quantifying groundwater recharge[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2002,10(2):347-347.
[7] KITCHING R,SHEARER T R. Construction and operation of a large undisturbed lysimeter to measure recharge to the Chalk aquifer,England[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1982,58(3):267-277.
[8] YOUNG M H,WIERENGA P J,MANCINO C F. Large weighing lysimeters for water use and deep percolation studies[J]. Soil Science,1996,161(8):491-501.
[9] KENGNI L,VACHAUD G,THONY J L,et al. Field measurements of water and nitrogen losses under irrigated maize[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1994,162(1/2):23-46.
[10]林丹,靳孟贵,马斌,等.包气带增厚区土壤水力参数及其对入渗补给的影响[J].地球科学,2014,89(6):760-768.
[11]邱景唐.非饱和土壤水零通量面的研究[J].水利学报,1992(5):27-32.
[12] RICHARDS L A,GARDNER W R,OGATA G. Physical process determining water loss from soil[J]. Soil Sci.Soc. Am. Proc.,1956(20):310-314.
[13] WALKER G R,JOLLY I D,COOK P G. A new chloride leaching approach to the estimation of diffuse recharge following a change in land use[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1991,128(1/4):49-67.
[14] BROMLEY J,EDMUNDS W M,FELLMAN E,et al. Estimation of rainfall inputs and direct recharge to the deep unsaturated zone of southern Niger using the chloride profile method[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1997(188/189):139-154.
[15] GATES J B,EDMUNDS W M,MA J,et al. Estimating groundwater recharge in a cold desert environment in northern China using chloride[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2008,16(5):893-910.
[16] LIN D,JIN M G,LIANG X,et al. Estimating groundwater recharge beneath irrigated farmland using environmental tracers fluoride,chloride and sulfate[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2013,21(7):1469-1480.
[17] LI FD,SONG X F,TANG C Y,et al. Tracing infiltration and recharge using stable isotope in Taihang Mt. North China[J]. Environmental Geology,2007,53(3):687-696.
[18]马斌,梁杏,林丹,等.应用2H、18O同位素示踪华北平原石家庄包气带土壤水入渗补给及年补给量确定[J].地质科技情报,2014,33(3):163-168.
[19] HOUSTON J. Recharge to groundwater in the Turi Basin,northern Chile:An evaluation based on tritium and chloride mass balance techniques[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2007,334(3/4):534-544.
[20] DELIN G N,LANDON M K. Effects of topography on the transport of agricultural chemicals to groundwater in a sand-plain setting[J]. Hydrogeology Journal,2002,10(4):443-454.
[21] LIN D,JIN M G,BRUSSEAU M L,et al. Using tracer tests to estimate vertical recharge and evaluate influencing factors for irrigated agricultural systems[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(22):1440.
[22] WANG B G,JIN M G,NIMMO J R,et al. Estimating groundwater recharge in Hebei Plain,China under varying land use practices using tritium and bromide tracers[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2008,356(1/2):209-222.
[23]谭秀翠,杨金忠,宋雪航,等.华北平原地下水补给量计算分析[J].水科学进展,2013,24(1):73-81.
[24] LU X H,JIN M G. One Dimensional unsaturated flow modeling in Luancheng representative zone of the North China Plain[J]. Journal of China University of Geosciences,2007(18):59-61.
[25] LU X H,JIN M G,VAN GENUCHTEN M T,et al. Groundwater recharge at five representative sites in the Hebei Plain,China[J]. Ground Water,2010,49(2):286-294.
[26] HUO S Y,JIN M G,LIANG X,et al. Changes of vertical groundwater recharge with increase in thickness of Vadose Zone[J]. Journal of Earth Science,2014,25(6):1043-1050.
[27] CAO G L,SCANLON B R,HAN D M,et al. Impacts of thickening unsaturated zone on groundwater recharge in the North China Plain[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2016,537:260-270.
[28]霍思远,靳孟贵. Van Genuchten模型参数对降水入渗数值模拟的敏感性[J].地球科学,2017,42(3):447-452.
[29]吴志伟,宋汉周.地下水温度示踪理论与方法研究进展[J].水科学进展,2011,22(5):733-740.
[30] HUNT R J,STRAND M,WALKER J F. Measuring groundwater-surface water interaction and its effect on wetland stream benthic productivity,Trout Lake watershed,northern Wisconsin,USA[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2006,320(3):370-384.
[31] BRAVO H R,JIANG F,HUNT R J. Using groundwater temperature data to constrain parameter estimation in a groundwater flow model of a wetland system[J]. Water Resources Research,2002,38(8):28-41.
[32] MUTITI S,LEVY J. Using temperature modeling to investigate the temporal variability of riverbed hydraulic conductivity during storm events[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2010,388(3/4):321-334.
[33]陈建生,董海洲.堤坝渗漏探测示踪新理论与技术研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[34]肖才忠,潘文昌.由温度场研究坝基渗流初探[J].人民长江,1999,30(5):21-23.
[35]周志芳,王锦国.河流峡谷区地下水温度异常特征分析[J].水科学进展,2003(1):62-66.
[36]雷志栋.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1988.
[37]赵贵章,王文科,候莉莉,等.干旱半干旱地区包气带热参数模型研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2009(5):107-110.
[38] HOPMANS J W,DANE J H. Temperature dependence of soil hydraulic properties[J]. Soil. Sci. Am. J.,1986(50):4-19.
[39] HOPMANS J W,DANE J H. Temperature dependence of soil retention curves[J]. Soil. Sci. Am. J.,1986(50):562-567.
[40] BREDEHOEFT J D,PAPAOPULOS I S. Rates of vertical groundwater movement estimated from the Earth′s thermal profile[J]. Water Resources Research,1965,1(2):325-328.
[41] SHAN C,BODVARSSON G. An analytical solution for estimating percolation rate by fitting temperature profiles in the vadose zone[J]. Journal Contaminant Hydrology,2004,68(1/2):83-95.
[42] WANG K,ZHANG R D. Heterogeneous soil water flow and macropores described with combined tracers of dye and iodine[J]. Journal of Hydrogeology,2011(397):105-117.
[43] CHUNG S O,HORTON R. Soil heat and water flow with a partial surface mulch[J]. Water Resour. Res.,1987,23(12):2175-2186.
[44]周旻,靳孟贵,魏秀琴,等.利用地中渗透仪观测资料进行降雨入渗补给规律分析[J].地质科技情报,2002,21(1):37-40.
[45]宋博,查元源,杨金忠.基于Ross模型的降雨灌溉入渗补给地下水规律分析[J].中国农村水利水电,2012(9):55-62.
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