溃坝泥石流起动过程及其动力学特征
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摘要
溃坝泥石流是由于滑坡、地震等自然灾害或不当的人为堆土弃渣产生大量固体物质淤堵沟道或河流后,在遭遇暴雨或汇流冲刷作用下致使淤堵体突然溃决而形成的一种特殊固液两相流。本文采用自制泥石流模拟变坡水槽,实施了24组溃坝泥石流模拟实验,按照溃决方式和相对剪切力将溃坝泥石流划分为局部型和整体型两类,并分析了这两类溃坝型泥石流的成因,揭示其在起动过程中孔隙水压和水沙因子动力学特征。结果表明,小流量、小坡度下更容易形成局部溃坝型泥石流,否则更容易形成整体溃坝型泥石流,而且后者相对剪切驱动力大于前者,研究成果对于溃坝泥石流防治工程的规划设计以及提高泥石流防灾减灾水平具有重要意义。
Dam-break debris flow is a special solid-liquid two-phase flow formed when a large amount of collapsed materials generated by landslides or earthquakes,etc. fill up the valley or river and then suddenly break out under the scouring action of rainfall runoff. In this paper,twenty-four groups of dam-break debris flow simulation experiments were carried out by using the self-made multi-functional flume at Dongchuan Debris Flow Observation and Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Yunnan Province. According to the patterns of dam-break and relative shear force,the dam-break debris flow is divided into two types:part-type and integral-type. Firstly,the formation reasons of these two types of dambreak debris flows are analyzed,and the dynamical characteristics of pore water pressure and water-sediment factors during the starting processes of them are revealed. The results show that the part-type dambreak debris flow is easier to form under small flow and small slope;otherwise it is easier to form a kind of integral-type dam-break debris flow. And the shear driving force of the integral-type is greater than that of the part-type. The research results are of great significance for the planning and design of prevention and control projects of the dam-break debris flow and the improvement of the level of debris flow disaster prevention and mitigation.
Dam-break debris flow is a special solid-liquid two-phase flow formed when a large amount of collapsed materials generated by landslides or earthquakes,etc. fill up the valley or river and then suddenly break out under the scouring action of rainfall runoff. In this paper,twenty-four groups of dam-break debris flow simulation experiments were carried out by using the self-made multi-functional flume at Dongchuan Debris Flow Observation and Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Yunnan Province. According to the patterns of dam-break and relative shear force,the dam-break debris flow is divided into two types:part-type and integral-type. Firstly,the formation reasons of these two types of dambreak debris flows are analyzed,and the dynamical characteristics of pore water pressure and water-sediment factors during the starting processes of them are revealed. The results show that the part-type dambreak debris flow is easier to form under small flow and small slope;otherwise it is easier to form a kind of integral-type dam-break debris flow. And the shear driving force of the integral-type is greater than that of the part-type. The research results are of great significance for the planning and design of prevention and control projects of the dam-break debris flow and the improvement of the level of debris flow disaster prevention and mitigation.
引文
[1]康志成,李焯芬,马蔼乃,等.中国泥石流研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[2]方海燕,蔡强国,李秋艳,等.甘肃舟曲“8·7”特大山洪泥石流灾害原因及防治对策[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(6):14-18.
[3]张楠,方志伟,韩笑,等.近年来我国泥石流灾害时空分布规律及成因分析[J].地学前缘,2018,25(2):299-308.
[4]舒安平,孙江涛,张欣,等.非均质泥石流形成过程动力学特征[J].水利学报,2016,47(7):850-857.
[5]倪化勇,唐川.中国泥石流起动物理模拟试验研究进展[J].水科学进展,2014,25(4):606-613.
[6]牛志攀,许唯临,张建民,等.堰塞湖冲刷及溃决试验研究[J].工程科学与技术,2009,41(3):90-95.
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[9] LI Y,SU P C,CUI P,et al. A probabilistic view of debris flow[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2008,5(2):91-97.
[10] STOKER J J. Water Wave[M]. New York:Interscience Publishers,1957:334-341.
[11] DRESSLER R F. Unsteady non-linear waves in sloping channels[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,1958,247(1249):186-198.
[12]王立辉,胡四一.溃坝问题研究综述[J].水利水电科技进展,2007,27(1):80-85.
[13] SOARES-FRAZ?O S,GRELLE N L,SPINEWINE B,et al. Dam-break induced morphological changes in a channel with uniform sediments:measurements by a laser-sheet imaging technique[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,2007,45:87-95.
[14] BROOKS G R,LAWRENCE D E. The drainage of the Lake Ha!Ha! reservoir and downstream geomorphic impacts along Ha!Ha! River,Saguenay Area,Quebec,Canada[J]. Geomorphology,1999,28(1/2):141-167.
[15] SPINEWINE B,ZECH Y. Small-scale laboratory dam-break waves on movable beds[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,2007,45:73-86.
[16] GARDNER T W. Experimental study of knickpoint and longitudinal profile evolution in cohesive,homogeneous material[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1983,94(5):664-672.
[17]林秉南.明渠不恒定流研究的现状与发展[M]//林秉南论文集.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2001:340-373.
[18]戴荣尧,王群,罗昶,等.溃坝模型试验及最大流量的研究[J].铁道工程学报,1984,1(2):23-28.
[19]庄建琦,崔鹏,胡凯衡,等.沟道松散物质起动形成泥石流实验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(5):230-236.
[20]刘洋,齐清兰,张力霆.尾矿库溃坝泥石流的演进过程及防护措施研究[J].金属矿山,2015,474(12):139-143.
[21]敬小非,潘昌树,谢丹,等.尾矿库溃坝泥石流相似模拟试验台设计及验证[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2017,13(7):24-29.
[22] GAO Y L,ZHOU S Q. Influence of ultra-fine fly ash on hydration shrinkage of cement paste[J]. Journal of Central South University of Technology,2005,12(5):596-600.
[23]费祥俊,舒安平.泥石流运动机理与灾害防治[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[24]舒安平,张欣,段国胜,等.非均质泥石流起动判别关系式[J].水利学报,2017,48(7):757-764.
[25]田露.不同类型非均质泥石流启动累积过程及能量转化机理研究[D].北京:北京师范大学,2018.
[26] SHU A P,TIAN L,WANG S,et al. Hydrodynamical characteristics of formation processes for non-homogeneous debris-flow[J]. Water,2018,10(4):452-467.
[2]方海燕,蔡强国,李秋艳,等.甘肃舟曲“8·7”特大山洪泥石流灾害原因及防治对策[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(6):14-18.
[3]张楠,方志伟,韩笑,等.近年来我国泥石流灾害时空分布规律及成因分析[J].地学前缘,2018,25(2):299-308.
[4]舒安平,孙江涛,张欣,等.非均质泥石流形成过程动力学特征[J].水利学报,2016,47(7):850-857.
[5]倪化勇,唐川.中国泥石流起动物理模拟试验研究进展[J].水科学进展,2014,25(4):606-613.
[6]牛志攀,许唯临,张建民,等.堰塞湖冲刷及溃决试验研究[J].工程科学与技术,2009,41(3):90-95.
[7]赵鑫,向晓华.泥石流堵坝及溃决分析研究[J].四川水利,2016,37(4):61-64.
[8]谢任之.溃坝水力学[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社,1993.
[9] LI Y,SU P C,CUI P,et al. A probabilistic view of debris flow[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2008,5(2):91-97.
[10] STOKER J J. Water Wave[M]. New York:Interscience Publishers,1957:334-341.
[11] DRESSLER R F. Unsteady non-linear waves in sloping channels[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,1958,247(1249):186-198.
[12]王立辉,胡四一.溃坝问题研究综述[J].水利水电科技进展,2007,27(1):80-85.
[13] SOARES-FRAZ?O S,GRELLE N L,SPINEWINE B,et al. Dam-break induced morphological changes in a channel with uniform sediments:measurements by a laser-sheet imaging technique[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,2007,45:87-95.
[14] BROOKS G R,LAWRENCE D E. The drainage of the Lake Ha!Ha! reservoir and downstream geomorphic impacts along Ha!Ha! River,Saguenay Area,Quebec,Canada[J]. Geomorphology,1999,28(1/2):141-167.
[15] SPINEWINE B,ZECH Y. Small-scale laboratory dam-break waves on movable beds[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,2007,45:73-86.
[16] GARDNER T W. Experimental study of knickpoint and longitudinal profile evolution in cohesive,homogeneous material[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1983,94(5):664-672.
[17]林秉南.明渠不恒定流研究的现状与发展[M]//林秉南论文集.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2001:340-373.
[18]戴荣尧,王群,罗昶,等.溃坝模型试验及最大流量的研究[J].铁道工程学报,1984,1(2):23-28.
[19]庄建琦,崔鹏,胡凯衡,等.沟道松散物质起动形成泥石流实验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(5):230-236.
[20]刘洋,齐清兰,张力霆.尾矿库溃坝泥石流的演进过程及防护措施研究[J].金属矿山,2015,474(12):139-143.
[21]敬小非,潘昌树,谢丹,等.尾矿库溃坝泥石流相似模拟试验台设计及验证[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2017,13(7):24-29.
[22] GAO Y L,ZHOU S Q. Influence of ultra-fine fly ash on hydration shrinkage of cement paste[J]. Journal of Central South University of Technology,2005,12(5):596-600.
[23]费祥俊,舒安平.泥石流运动机理与灾害防治[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[24]舒安平,张欣,段国胜,等.非均质泥石流起动判别关系式[J].水利学报,2017,48(7):757-764.
[25]田露.不同类型非均质泥石流启动累积过程及能量转化机理研究[D].北京:北京师范大学,2018.
[26] SHU A P,TIAN L,WANG S,et al. Hydrodynamical characteristics of formation processes for non-homogeneous debris-flow[J]. Water,2018,10(4):452-467.
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