黄土高原近40年人类活动强度时空格局演变
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摘要
为了探讨人类活动强度的时空格局演变及其驱动因素,采用土地利用/覆被折算建设用地当量方法定量化和空间化人类活动强度。以黄土高原为研究区,利用1975—2015年期间4期的土地利用/覆被数据,利用人类活动强度指数,阐释了人类活动强度的时空演变,探讨了人类活动空间分异的驱动因素。结果显示:在所研究的40年间,黄土高原人类活动强度变化大致以2000年为界,前期较为稳定,后期整体迅速降低。这一时期黄土高原人类活动强度具有较强的空间变异,其空间格局发生显著变化,主要表现为人类活动强度由中等强度广泛覆盖全区丘陵、塬面和平原、谷地的格局转变为覆盖平原谷地等地貌类型区的高强度区域镶嵌于大范围的低强度区域的空间格局,总体上趋于与地貌格局相一致;六盘山—陕北黄土高原出现大范围的人类活动冷点集聚区,关中平原—洛阳盆地形成较大范围的热点集聚区。黄土高原人类活动强度时空变化,是不同的地形地貌条件下生态政策、产业结构及社会经济等因素推动人类开发活动与生态承载力耦合的结果。
To explore the temporal and spatial evolution of human impact intensity and its driving factors, the land use/cover conversion construction land equivalent method is used to quantify and spatialize the intensity of human impact. We map the spatial and temporal evolution of human impact intensity on the Loess Plateau. Land use/cover data of four stages during 1975—2015 are used to construct the index of human impact intensity. By coupling information on landform pattern and policy incentives, driving factors for the variation of human activities are discussed. The results showed that, during the 40 years studied, change of the intensity of human activities in the Loess Plateau had two stages, there was a stable period before 2000, a rapid decrease stage occurred after 2000; during this period, the intensity and its spatial pattern of human activities in the Loess Plateau had changed significantly; the intensity of human activities changed from a pattern featured by moderate intensity that widely covered hills, table-lands and plains to a mosaic pattern of a widely cover of low intensity areas and patches of high human impact intensity in plains and river valleys; Liupanshan Mountain—northern Shaanxi Province on the Loess Plateau had a large area of human activity cold spots, and the Guanzhong Plain—Luoyang Basin formed a large-scale hotspot agglomeration area. Generally, spatial pattern of human activities in the Loess Plateau is on the trend to fit the topographic pattern. The temporal and spatial variations of human activities in the Loess Plateau are the results of the coupling of human policy incentives, economic development, and ecological carrying capacity promoted from topographic and physiographic conditions.
To explore the temporal and spatial evolution of human impact intensity and its driving factors, the land use/cover conversion construction land equivalent method is used to quantify and spatialize the intensity of human impact. We map the spatial and temporal evolution of human impact intensity on the Loess Plateau. Land use/cover data of four stages during 1975—2015 are used to construct the index of human impact intensity. By coupling information on landform pattern and policy incentives, driving factors for the variation of human activities are discussed. The results showed that, during the 40 years studied, change of the intensity of human activities in the Loess Plateau had two stages, there was a stable period before 2000, a rapid decrease stage occurred after 2000; during this period, the intensity and its spatial pattern of human activities in the Loess Plateau had changed significantly; the intensity of human activities changed from a pattern featured by moderate intensity that widely covered hills, table-lands and plains to a mosaic pattern of a widely cover of low intensity areas and patches of high human impact intensity in plains and river valleys; Liupanshan Mountain—northern Shaanxi Province on the Loess Plateau had a large area of human activity cold spots, and the Guanzhong Plain—Luoyang Basin formed a large-scale hotspot agglomeration area. Generally, spatial pattern of human activities in the Loess Plateau is on the trend to fit the topographic pattern. The temporal and spatial variations of human activities in the Loess Plateau are the results of the coupling of human policy incentives, economic development, and ecological carrying capacity promoted from topographic and physiographic conditions.
引文
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[14] 张晓萍,李锐,杨勤科,等.基于RS/GIS的中尺度地区退耕变化及其坡度分异研究[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(8):388-392.
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[16] 周亮,徐建刚,林蔚,等.秦巴山连片特困区地形起伏与人口及经济关系[J].山地学报,2015(6):742-750.
[17] 柏菊,闫峰,2001—2012年毛乌素沙地荒漠化过程及驱动力研究[J].南京师大学报:自然科学版,2016,39(1):132-138.
[18] 李娜,颜长珍.毛乌素沙地现代人为活动的生态环境效应研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(2):487-492.
[2] 宣勇,范一大,王兴玲,等.西部荒漠典型区LUCC及景观格局时空变化驱动机制研究:以尉犁县为例[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(2):188-195.
[3] 蔡运龙.土地利用/土地覆被变化研究:寻求新的综合途径[J].地理研究,2001,20(6):645-652.
[4] 李小云,杨宇,刘毅.中国人地关系演进及其资源环境基础研究进展[J].地理学报,2016,71(12):2067-2088.
[5] 徐勇,孙晓一,汤青.陆地表层人类活动强度:概念、方法及应用[J].地理学报,2015,70(7):1068-1079.
[6] Shi H,Shao M.Soil and water loss from the Loess Plateau in China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2000,45(1):9-20.
[7] He X,Tang K,Zhang X.Soil erosion dynamics on the Chinese Loess Plateau in the last 10,000 years[J].Mountain Research & Development,2004,24(4):342-347.
[8] Fu B,Yu L,Lü Y,et al.Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Ecological Complexity,2011,8(4):284-293.
[9] Wang X,Catt S,Pangestu M,et al.Impact of China′s Grain for Green Project on the landscape of vulnerable arid and semi-arid agricultural regions:a case study in northern Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,46(3):536-543.
[10] Liding Chen,Wei Wei,Bojie Fu,et al.Soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau in China:Review and perspective[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2007,31(4):389-403.
[11] 赵景波,朱显谟.黄土高原的演变与侵蚀历史[J].水土保持学报,1999(2):58-63.
[12] 刘宇,傅伯杰.黄土高原植被覆盖度变化的地形分异及土地利用/覆被变化的影响[J].干旱区地理:汉文版,2013,36(6):1097-1102.
[13] 朱源,刘宇,赵亮.2015年黄土高原地区土地利用/覆被栅格数据[J/OL].中国科学数据,2017,2(4).[2017-10-25].http://www.csdata.org/p/94/2/.
[14] 张晓萍,李锐,杨勤科,等.基于RS/GIS的中尺度地区退耕变化及其坡度分异研究[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(8):388-392.
[15] 罗娅,杨胜天,刘晓燕,等.黄河河口镇—潼关区间1998—2010年土地利用变化特征[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):42-53.
[16] 周亮,徐建刚,林蔚,等.秦巴山连片特困区地形起伏与人口及经济关系[J].山地学报,2015(6):742-750.
[17] 柏菊,闫峰,2001—2012年毛乌素沙地荒漠化过程及驱动力研究[J].南京师大学报:自然科学版,2016,39(1):132-138.
[18] 李娜,颜长珍.毛乌素沙地现代人为活动的生态环境效应研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(2):487-492.
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