Comparison of woody species composition between rocky outcrops and nearby matrix vegetation on degraded karst hillslopes of Southwest China
|
摘要
Habitats with different features such as soil depth and soil/rock conditions can provide favorable environments for species with different requirements,while anthropogenic disturbances normally exert additional effects on species composition. However, specific studies have rarely been conducted in the degraded karst regions of Southwest China despite the high heterogeneity of karst habitats and past human disturbances. In this study, woody species richness and composition on rocky outcrops on a typical karst hillslope were investigated and compared with those of nearby matrices on shallow and rocky soil. Our results showed that matrix vegetation was more diverse in genera and species than vegetation on rocky outcrops. This might relate to the contrasting substrate features and different disturbance histories of these two habitats. Unlike the significant effect of slope on species richness of the matrix vegetation, rocky outcrops exhibited no significant differences between upper and lower slope positions, largely because their microhabitats were similar in different slope positions. Although the study area has been reforested naturally for about 30 years, woody species of the matrix vegetation were still dominated by pioneer shrub species. Rocky outcrops were dominated by late-successional tree species, which was primarily related to their isolated features and resistance to certain disturbances.Most of these late-successional species were not habitat endemics, indicating the possibility for their encroachment into surrounding the matrix. From this aspect, further studies will be necessary to identify and address the limiting factors for the encroachment of these late-successional species into the surrounding environment.
Habitats with different features such as soil depth and soil/rock conditions can provide favorable environments for species with different requirements,while anthropogenic disturbances normally exert additional effects on species composition. However, specific studies have rarely been conducted in the degraded karst regions of Southwest China despite the high heterogeneity of karst habitats and past human disturbances. In this study, woody species richness and composition on rocky outcrops on a typical karst hillslope were investigated and compared with those of nearby matrices on shallow and rocky soil. Our results showed that matrix vegetation was more diverse in genera and species than vegetation on rocky outcrops. This might relate to the contrasting substrate features and different disturbance histories of these two habitats. Unlike the significant effect of slope on species richness of the matrix vegetation, rocky outcrops exhibited no significant differences between upper and lower slope positions, largely because their microhabitats were similar in different slope positions. Although the study area has been reforested naturally for about 30 years, woody species of the matrix vegetation were still dominated by pioneer shrub species. Rocky outcrops were dominated by late-successional tree species, which was primarily related to their isolated features and resistance to certain disturbances.Most of these late-successional species were not habitat endemics, indicating the possibility for their encroachment into surrounding the matrix. From this aspect, further studies will be necessary to identify and address the limiting factors for the encroachment of these late-successional species into the surrounding environment.
Habitats with different features such as soil depth and soil/rock conditions can provide favorable environments for species with different requirements,while anthropogenic disturbances normally exert additional effects on species composition. However, specific studies have rarely been conducted in the degraded karst regions of Southwest China despite the high heterogeneity of karst habitats and past human disturbances. In this study, woody species richness and composition on rocky outcrops on a typical karst hillslope were investigated and compared with those of nearby matrices on shallow and rocky soil. Our results showed that matrix vegetation was more diverse in genera and species than vegetation on rocky outcrops. This might relate to the contrasting substrate features and different disturbance histories of these two habitats. Unlike the significant effect of slope on species richness of the matrix vegetation, rocky outcrops exhibited no significant differences between upper and lower slope positions, largely because their microhabitats were similar in different slope positions. Although the study area has been reforested naturally for about 30 years, woody species of the matrix vegetation were still dominated by pioneer shrub species. Rocky outcrops were dominated by late-successional tree species, which was primarily related to their isolated features and resistance to certain disturbances.Most of these late-successional species were not habitat endemics, indicating the possibility for their encroachment into surrounding the matrix. From this aspect, further studies will be necessary to identify and address the limiting factors for the encroachment of these late-successional species into the surrounding environment.
引文
Baskin JM,Baskin CC(1988)Endemism in rock outcrop plant communities of unglaciated eastern United States:an evaluation of the roles of the edaphic,genetic and light factors.J Biogeogr15:829-840
Benwell A(2007)Response of rock-outcrop and fringing vegetation to disturbance by fire and drought.Aust J Bot 55:736-748
Bonacci O(2001)Analysis of the maximum discharge of karst springs.Hydrogeol J 9:328-338
Burke A(2002)Island-matrix relationships in Nama Karoo inselberg landscapes.Part I:Do inselbergs provide a refuge for matrix species?Plant Ecol 160:79-90
Burke A,Jürgens N,Seely M(1998)Floristic affinities of an inselberg archipelago in the southern Namib desert-relic of the past,centre of endemism or nothing special?J Biogeogr 25:311-317
Cao JH,Yuan DX(2005)Karst ecosystem of southwest China constrained by geological setting.Geological Press,Beijing(in Chinese)
Cao KF,Fu PL,Chen YJ,Jiang YJ,Zhu SD(2014)Implications of the ecophysiological adaptation of plants on tropical karst habitats for the ecological restroation of desertified rocky lands in Southern China.Scientia Sinica Vitate 44:238-247(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen Z,Wang K,Chen H,He X(2008)Plant diversity during natural recovery process of vegetation in karst environmental emigrant areas.Chin J Eco Agric 16:723-727
Chen H,Liu J,Wang K,Zhang W(2011)Spatial distribution of rock fragments on steep hillslopes in karst region of northwest Guangxi,China.Catena 84:21-28
Clarke PJ(2002)Habitat islands in fire-prone vegetation:Do landscape features influence community composition?J Biogeogr29:677-684
Danin A(1999)Desert rocks as plant refugia in the Near East.Bot Rev 65:93-170
Desmet P,Cowling R(1999)Biodiversity,habitat and range-size aspects of a flora from a winter-rainfall desert in north-western Namaqualand,South Africa.Plant Ecol 142:23-33
Fang JY,Wang RP,Shen ZH et al(2009)Methods and protocols for plant community inventory.Biodivers Sci 17:533-548(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fitzsimons JA,Michael DR(2016)Rocky outcrops:a hard road in the conservation of critical habitats.Biol Cons.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.019
Fu Z,Chen H,Xu Q et al(2015)Role of epikarst in near-surface hydrological processes in a soil mantled subtropical dolomite karst slope:implications of field rainfall simulation experiments.Hydrol Process 30:795-811
Gomes L,Maracahipes L,Marimon BS,Reis SM,Elias F,Maracahipes-Santos L,Marimon-Junior BH,Lenza E(2014)Post-fire recovery of savanna vegetation from rocky outcrops.Flora209:201-208
Guangxi Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(1991)Flora of Guangxi-Volume I.Guangxi Science&Technology Publishing House,Nanning(in Chinese)
Guangxi Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2005)Flora of Guangxi-Volume II.Guangxi Science&Technology Publishing House,Nanning(in Chinese)
H?lscher D,Hertel D,Leuschner C,Hottkowitz M(2002)Tree species diversity and soil patchiness in a temperate broad-leaved forest with limited rooting space.Flora 197:118-125
Hopper S,Brown A,Marchant N(1997)Plants of Western Australian granite outcrops.J R Soc West Austral 80:141-158
Jacobi CM,Do Carmo FF,Vincent RC,Stehmann JR(2007)Plant communities on ironstone outcrops:a diverse and endangered Brazilian ecosystem.Biodivers Conserv 16:2185-2200
Jiang Z,Lian Y,Qin X(2014)Rocky desertification in Southwest China:impacts,causes,and restoration.Earth Sci Rev 132:1-12
Larson DW,Matthes U,Kelly PE(2005)Cliff ecology:pattern and process in cliff ecosystems.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge
Liu J,Li S,Ouyang Z,Tam C,Chen X(2008)Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China’s policies for ecosysm services.PNAS 105:9477-9482
Liu CC,Liu YG,Guo K(2011)Ecophysiological adaptations to drought stress of seedlings of four plant species with different growth forms in karst habitats.Chin J Plant Ecol 35:1070-1082(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu B,Chen C,Lian Y,Chen J,Chen X(2015)Long-term change of wet and dry climatic conditions in the southwest karst area of China.Glob Planet Chang 127:1-11
Luo D(2009)Biomass and net primary productivity in different successional stages of karst vegetation in Maolan,Guizhou Province,SW China.East China Normal University,Master’s Dissertation,pp 23-29
Lusk CH,Laughlin DC(2017)Regeneration patterns,environmental filtering and tree species coexistence in a temperate forest.New Phytol 213:657-668
Matthes U,Larson DW(2006)Microsite and climatic controls of tree population dynamics:an 18-year study on cliffs.J Ecol94:402-414
Mignaut T,Senterre B,Müller JV,Lejoly J,Parmentier I(2010)Shrubby and forest fringe communities of the inselbergrainforest ecotone in Atlantic Central Africa.Plant Ecol Evol143:128-137
Mishra BP,Tripathi OP,Tripathi RS,Pandey HN(2004)Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on plant diversity and community structure of a sacred grove in Meghalaya,northeast India.Biodivers Conserv 13:421-436
Nie YP,Chen HS,Wang KL,Yang J(2012)Water source utilization by woody plants growing on dolomite outcrops and nearby soils during dry seasons in karst region of Southwest China.J Hydrol420:264-274
Nie YP,Chen HS,Wang KL,Ding YL(2014a)Rooting characteristics of two widely distributed woody plant species growing in different karst habitats of southwest China.Plant Ecol215:1099-1109
Nie YP,Chen HS,Wang KL,Ding YL(2014b)Seasonal variations in leaf d13C values:implications for different water-use strategies among species growing on continuous dolomite outcrops in subtropical China.Acta Physiol Plant 36:2517-2579
Pacala SW,Rees M(1998)Models suggesting field experiments to test two hypotheses explaining successional diversity.Am Nat152:729-737
Peng T,Xing X,Cai X,Wang S,Zhang X,Meng F,Zhang L(2016)Pot experiment research on the effects of water retaining agent and activated carbon as soil amendments for plant growing on dolomitic rocky derserfication slopes.Carsologica Sinica35:525-532
Pokhriyal P,Chauhan DS,Todaria NP(2012)Effect of altitude and disturbance on structure and species diversity of forest vegetation in a watershed of central Himalaya.Trop Ecol 53:307-315
Poot P,Hopper SD,van Diggelen JMH(2012)Exploring rock fissures:does a specialized root morphology explain endemism on granite outcrop?Ann Bot 110:291-300
Porembski S,Barthlott W(2000)Granitic and gneissic outcrops(inselbergs)as centers of diversity for desiccation-tolerant vascular plants.Plant Ecol 151:19-28
Porembski S,Szarzynski J,Mund JP,Barthlott W(1996)Biodiversity and vegetation of small-sized inselbergs in a West African rain forest(Ta?,Ivory Coast).J Biogeogr 23:47-55
Porembski S,Martinelli G,Ohlemüller R,Barthlott W(1998)Diversity and ecology of saxicolous vegetation mats on inselbergs in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest.Divers Distrib4:107-119
Qin H,Liu Y(2010)A checklist of vascular plants of Guangxi.China Science Publishing House,Beijing(in Chinese)
Sarthou C,Larpin D,Fonty E,Pavoine S,Ponge J-F(2010)Stability of plant communities along a tropical inselberg ecotone in French Guiana(South America).Flora 205:682-694
Schwinning S(2010)The ecohydrology of roots in rocks.Ecohydrology 3:238-245
Schwinning S(2013)Do we need new rhizosphere models for rockdominated landscapes?Plant Soil 362:25-31
Sckenk HJ(2006)Root competition:beyond resource depletion.J Ecol 94:725-739
Song TQ,Peng WX,Zeng FP,Wang KL(2010)Community composition and biodiversity characteristics of forests in karst cluster-peak-depression region.Biodivers Sci 18:355-364(in Chinese with English abstract)
Song TQ,Wang KL,Zeng FP(2015)Plants and the environment in karst areas of Southwest China.China Science Publishing House,Beijing(in Chinese)
Speziale KL,Ezcurra C(2012)The role of outcrops in the diversity of Patagonian vegetation:relicts of glacial palaeofloras?Flora207:141-149
Speziale KL,Ezcurra C(2015)Rock outcrops as potential biodiversity refugia under climate change in North Patagonia.Plant Ecol Divers 8:353-361
Wang KL,Chen HS,Yue YM(2015)Experiment and demonstration on degraded mechanism and its adaptive restoration of karst ecosystems in Northwest Guangxi.Sci Technol Dev 11:179-183(in Chinese with English abstract)
Whittaker RH(1975)Communities and ecosystems.MacMillan Publishing Co.,New York
Williams PW(2008)The role of the epikarst in karst and cave hydrogeology:a review.Int J Speleol 37:1-10
Williamson S,Robinson E,Balkwill K(1997)Evolution of two serpentine endemic taxa in Mpumalanga.S Afr J Bot63:507-513
Yang R,Yu LF,An MT(2008)Analysis on Microhabitat Characteristic in Karst Region-Taking Maolan nature reserve as an example.Guizhou Agricultural Sciences 36:168-169(in Chinese)
Yang J,Nie YP,Chen HS,Wang S,Wang KL(2016)Hydraulic properties of karst fractures filled with soils and regolith materials:implication their ecohydrological functions.Geoderma 276:93-101
Yuan DX(1994)Karstology of China.Geological Publishing House,Beijing(in Chinese)
Zeng F,Peng W,Song T,Wang KL,Wu HY,Song XJ,Zeng ZX(2007)Changes in vegetation after 22 years’natural restoration in the Karst disturbed area in northwestern Guangxi,China.Acta Ecol Sin 27:5110-5119(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang Z-H,Hu G,Zhu J-D,Luo D-H,Ni J(2010)Spatial patterns and interspecific associations of domiant tree species in two oldgrowth karst forests,SW China.Ecol Res 25:1151-1160
Zhang W,Zhao J,Pan F,Li D,Chen H,Wang K(2015)Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus limitation during secondary succession in a karst region in southwest China.Plant Soil 391:77-91
Benwell A(2007)Response of rock-outcrop and fringing vegetation to disturbance by fire and drought.Aust J Bot 55:736-748
Bonacci O(2001)Analysis of the maximum discharge of karst springs.Hydrogeol J 9:328-338
Burke A(2002)Island-matrix relationships in Nama Karoo inselberg landscapes.Part I:Do inselbergs provide a refuge for matrix species?Plant Ecol 160:79-90
Burke A,Jürgens N,Seely M(1998)Floristic affinities of an inselberg archipelago in the southern Namib desert-relic of the past,centre of endemism or nothing special?J Biogeogr 25:311-317
Cao JH,Yuan DX(2005)Karst ecosystem of southwest China constrained by geological setting.Geological Press,Beijing(in Chinese)
Cao KF,Fu PL,Chen YJ,Jiang YJ,Zhu SD(2014)Implications of the ecophysiological adaptation of plants on tropical karst habitats for the ecological restroation of desertified rocky lands in Southern China.Scientia Sinica Vitate 44:238-247(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen Z,Wang K,Chen H,He X(2008)Plant diversity during natural recovery process of vegetation in karst environmental emigrant areas.Chin J Eco Agric 16:723-727
Chen H,Liu J,Wang K,Zhang W(2011)Spatial distribution of rock fragments on steep hillslopes in karst region of northwest Guangxi,China.Catena 84:21-28
Clarke PJ(2002)Habitat islands in fire-prone vegetation:Do landscape features influence community composition?J Biogeogr29:677-684
Danin A(1999)Desert rocks as plant refugia in the Near East.Bot Rev 65:93-170
Desmet P,Cowling R(1999)Biodiversity,habitat and range-size aspects of a flora from a winter-rainfall desert in north-western Namaqualand,South Africa.Plant Ecol 142:23-33
Fang JY,Wang RP,Shen ZH et al(2009)Methods and protocols for plant community inventory.Biodivers Sci 17:533-548(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fitzsimons JA,Michael DR(2016)Rocky outcrops:a hard road in the conservation of critical habitats.Biol Cons.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.019
Fu Z,Chen H,Xu Q et al(2015)Role of epikarst in near-surface hydrological processes in a soil mantled subtropical dolomite karst slope:implications of field rainfall simulation experiments.Hydrol Process 30:795-811
Gomes L,Maracahipes L,Marimon BS,Reis SM,Elias F,Maracahipes-Santos L,Marimon-Junior BH,Lenza E(2014)Post-fire recovery of savanna vegetation from rocky outcrops.Flora209:201-208
Guangxi Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(1991)Flora of Guangxi-Volume I.Guangxi Science&Technology Publishing House,Nanning(in Chinese)
Guangxi Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2005)Flora of Guangxi-Volume II.Guangxi Science&Technology Publishing House,Nanning(in Chinese)
H?lscher D,Hertel D,Leuschner C,Hottkowitz M(2002)Tree species diversity and soil patchiness in a temperate broad-leaved forest with limited rooting space.Flora 197:118-125
Hopper S,Brown A,Marchant N(1997)Plants of Western Australian granite outcrops.J R Soc West Austral 80:141-158
Jacobi CM,Do Carmo FF,Vincent RC,Stehmann JR(2007)Plant communities on ironstone outcrops:a diverse and endangered Brazilian ecosystem.Biodivers Conserv 16:2185-2200
Jiang Z,Lian Y,Qin X(2014)Rocky desertification in Southwest China:impacts,causes,and restoration.Earth Sci Rev 132:1-12
Larson DW,Matthes U,Kelly PE(2005)Cliff ecology:pattern and process in cliff ecosystems.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge
Liu J,Li S,Ouyang Z,Tam C,Chen X(2008)Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China’s policies for ecosysm services.PNAS 105:9477-9482
Liu CC,Liu YG,Guo K(2011)Ecophysiological adaptations to drought stress of seedlings of four plant species with different growth forms in karst habitats.Chin J Plant Ecol 35:1070-1082(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu B,Chen C,Lian Y,Chen J,Chen X(2015)Long-term change of wet and dry climatic conditions in the southwest karst area of China.Glob Planet Chang 127:1-11
Luo D(2009)Biomass and net primary productivity in different successional stages of karst vegetation in Maolan,Guizhou Province,SW China.East China Normal University,Master’s Dissertation,pp 23-29
Lusk CH,Laughlin DC(2017)Regeneration patterns,environmental filtering and tree species coexistence in a temperate forest.New Phytol 213:657-668
Matthes U,Larson DW(2006)Microsite and climatic controls of tree population dynamics:an 18-year study on cliffs.J Ecol94:402-414
Mignaut T,Senterre B,Müller JV,Lejoly J,Parmentier I(2010)Shrubby and forest fringe communities of the inselbergrainforest ecotone in Atlantic Central Africa.Plant Ecol Evol143:128-137
Mishra BP,Tripathi OP,Tripathi RS,Pandey HN(2004)Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on plant diversity and community structure of a sacred grove in Meghalaya,northeast India.Biodivers Conserv 13:421-436
Nie YP,Chen HS,Wang KL,Yang J(2012)Water source utilization by woody plants growing on dolomite outcrops and nearby soils during dry seasons in karst region of Southwest China.J Hydrol420:264-274
Nie YP,Chen HS,Wang KL,Ding YL(2014a)Rooting characteristics of two widely distributed woody plant species growing in different karst habitats of southwest China.Plant Ecol215:1099-1109
Nie YP,Chen HS,Wang KL,Ding YL(2014b)Seasonal variations in leaf d13C values:implications for different water-use strategies among species growing on continuous dolomite outcrops in subtropical China.Acta Physiol Plant 36:2517-2579
Pacala SW,Rees M(1998)Models suggesting field experiments to test two hypotheses explaining successional diversity.Am Nat152:729-737
Peng T,Xing X,Cai X,Wang S,Zhang X,Meng F,Zhang L(2016)Pot experiment research on the effects of water retaining agent and activated carbon as soil amendments for plant growing on dolomitic rocky derserfication slopes.Carsologica Sinica35:525-532
Pokhriyal P,Chauhan DS,Todaria NP(2012)Effect of altitude and disturbance on structure and species diversity of forest vegetation in a watershed of central Himalaya.Trop Ecol 53:307-315
Poot P,Hopper SD,van Diggelen JMH(2012)Exploring rock fissures:does a specialized root morphology explain endemism on granite outcrop?Ann Bot 110:291-300
Porembski S,Barthlott W(2000)Granitic and gneissic outcrops(inselbergs)as centers of diversity for desiccation-tolerant vascular plants.Plant Ecol 151:19-28
Porembski S,Szarzynski J,Mund JP,Barthlott W(1996)Biodiversity and vegetation of small-sized inselbergs in a West African rain forest(Ta?,Ivory Coast).J Biogeogr 23:47-55
Porembski S,Martinelli G,Ohlemüller R,Barthlott W(1998)Diversity and ecology of saxicolous vegetation mats on inselbergs in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest.Divers Distrib4:107-119
Qin H,Liu Y(2010)A checklist of vascular plants of Guangxi.China Science Publishing House,Beijing(in Chinese)
Sarthou C,Larpin D,Fonty E,Pavoine S,Ponge J-F(2010)Stability of plant communities along a tropical inselberg ecotone in French Guiana(South America).Flora 205:682-694
Schwinning S(2010)The ecohydrology of roots in rocks.Ecohydrology 3:238-245
Schwinning S(2013)Do we need new rhizosphere models for rockdominated landscapes?Plant Soil 362:25-31
Sckenk HJ(2006)Root competition:beyond resource depletion.J Ecol 94:725-739
Song TQ,Peng WX,Zeng FP,Wang KL(2010)Community composition and biodiversity characteristics of forests in karst cluster-peak-depression region.Biodivers Sci 18:355-364(in Chinese with English abstract)
Song TQ,Wang KL,Zeng FP(2015)Plants and the environment in karst areas of Southwest China.China Science Publishing House,Beijing(in Chinese)
Speziale KL,Ezcurra C(2012)The role of outcrops in the diversity of Patagonian vegetation:relicts of glacial palaeofloras?Flora207:141-149
Speziale KL,Ezcurra C(2015)Rock outcrops as potential biodiversity refugia under climate change in North Patagonia.Plant Ecol Divers 8:353-361
Wang KL,Chen HS,Yue YM(2015)Experiment and demonstration on degraded mechanism and its adaptive restoration of karst ecosystems in Northwest Guangxi.Sci Technol Dev 11:179-183(in Chinese with English abstract)
Whittaker RH(1975)Communities and ecosystems.MacMillan Publishing Co.,New York
Williams PW(2008)The role of the epikarst in karst and cave hydrogeology:a review.Int J Speleol 37:1-10
Williamson S,Robinson E,Balkwill K(1997)Evolution of two serpentine endemic taxa in Mpumalanga.S Afr J Bot63:507-513
Yang R,Yu LF,An MT(2008)Analysis on Microhabitat Characteristic in Karst Region-Taking Maolan nature reserve as an example.Guizhou Agricultural Sciences 36:168-169(in Chinese)
Yang J,Nie YP,Chen HS,Wang S,Wang KL(2016)Hydraulic properties of karst fractures filled with soils and regolith materials:implication their ecohydrological functions.Geoderma 276:93-101
Yuan DX(1994)Karstology of China.Geological Publishing House,Beijing(in Chinese)
Zeng F,Peng W,Song T,Wang KL,Wu HY,Song XJ,Zeng ZX(2007)Changes in vegetation after 22 years’natural restoration in the Karst disturbed area in northwestern Guangxi,China.Acta Ecol Sin 27:5110-5119(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang Z-H,Hu G,Zhu J-D,Luo D-H,Ni J(2010)Spatial patterns and interspecific associations of domiant tree species in two oldgrowth karst forests,SW China.Ecol Res 25:1151-1160
Zhang W,Zhao J,Pan F,Li D,Chen H,Wang K(2015)Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus limitation during secondary succession in a karst region in southwest China.Plant Soil 391:77-91
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |