渭河盆地地裂缝同生机制研究
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摘要
渭河盆地是我国现代构造活动十分强烈的地区之一,活断层纵横交错、相互切割,发育地裂缝近212条.为了研究渭河盆地地裂缝的同生机制,通过地面调查、测绘、探槽、钻探和物探等地质勘探手段,分析渭河盆地地裂缝发育的同生条件和同生特征,总结提出该盆地地裂缝的同生机制.主要结果有:(1)渭河盆地地裂缝具有较为明显的同生条件,它们处于同一盆地构造框架内,受同一构造应力系统驱动,从而形成了相似的地表破裂系统;(2)渭河盆地地裂缝的同生特征有平面展布的方向性、剖面结构的相似性、与断裂的普遍关联性和活动时间的同步性;(3)渭河盆地地裂缝形成的同生机制包含了四个层次的内容,分别是上地幔隆升的宆拱机制、中上地壳流展的拉伸机制、断块差异运动的牵动机制和断裂伸展蠕滑的破裂机制.渭河盆地地裂缝破裂系统受控于上述的四个构造动力机制,它们之间相互联系,相互依托,密不可分.研究渭河盆地地裂缝的同生机制,对于地裂缝生成机理的宏观认识具有着重要的价值,对于地裂缝区域性的防灾减灾具有重大的现实意义.
Weihe Basin is one of the areas where modern tectonic activity is very strong in China. Active faults crisscross and cut each other,and there are nearly 212 ground fissures. In order to summarize the syngenetic mechanism of ground fissures in the Weihe Basin,this paper studies and analyzes the syngenetic conditions and characteristics of ground fissures in the basin by means of surveying,mapping,trenching,drilling and geophysical prospecting. The main results are as follows:(1)The ground fissures in the Weihe Basin have obvious syngenetic conditions. They are in the same tectonic frame and are driven by the same tectonic stress system,thus forming a similar surface fracture system.(2)The syngenetic characteristics of ground fissures in the Weihe basin include the orientation of plane distribution,the similarity of section structure,the general correlation with faults and the synchronization of activity.(3)The syngenetic mechanism of ground fissures in the Weihe basin includes the uplift of upper mantle,the flow extending of middle and upper crust,the differential motion of fault blocks,and the stretching creep of faults. The ground fissures in the Weihe Basin are controlled by the above-mentioned tectonic dynamic mechanisms,which are interrelated,interdependent and inseparable. The study on the syngenetic mechanism of ground fissures in the Weihe basin is of great value to the macro understanding of the formation mechanism of ground fissures and it has great practical significance for regional disaster prevention and mitigation.
Weihe Basin is one of the areas where modern tectonic activity is very strong in China. Active faults crisscross and cut each other,and there are nearly 212 ground fissures. In order to summarize the syngenetic mechanism of ground fissures in the Weihe Basin,this paper studies and analyzes the syngenetic conditions and characteristics of ground fissures in the basin by means of surveying,mapping,trenching,drilling and geophysical prospecting. The main results are as follows:(1)The ground fissures in the Weihe Basin have obvious syngenetic conditions. They are in the same tectonic frame and are driven by the same tectonic stress system,thus forming a similar surface fracture system.(2)The syngenetic characteristics of ground fissures in the Weihe basin include the orientation of plane distribution,the similarity of section structure,the general correlation with faults and the synchronization of activity.(3)The syngenetic mechanism of ground fissures in the Weihe basin includes the uplift of upper mantle,the flow extending of middle and upper crust,the differential motion of fault blocks,and the stretching creep of faults. The ground fissures in the Weihe Basin are controlled by the above-mentioned tectonic dynamic mechanisms,which are interrelated,interdependent and inseparable. The study on the syngenetic mechanism of ground fissures in the Weihe basin is of great value to the macro understanding of the formation mechanism of ground fissures and it has great practical significance for regional disaster prevention and mitigation.
引文
[1] El Baruni S S.Earth fissures caused by groundwater withdrawal in Sarir South agricultural project area,Libya.Applied Hydrogeology,1994,2(1):45-52.
[2] Lee C F,Zhang J M,Zhang Y X.Evolution and origin of the ground fissures in Xian,China.Engineering Geology,1996,43(1):45-55.
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[6] Filippis L D,Anzalone E,Billi A,et al.The origin and growth of a recently-active fissure ridge travertine over a seismic fault,Tivoli,Italy.Geomorphology,2013,195:13-26.
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[9] Rogers T H.Active extensional faulting north of Hollister near the Calaveras fault zone.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1967,57(4):813-816.
[10] Hauksson E.Episodic rifting and volcanism at Krafla in north Iceland-growth of large gound fissures along the plate boundary.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1983,88(B1):625-636.
[11] Wang G Y,You G,Shi B,et al.Earth fissures in Jiangsu Province,China and gedogical investigation of Hetang earth fissure.Enviromental Earth Saences,61(1),35-43.
[12] Bankher K A,A1-Harthi A A.Earth fissuring and land subsidence in western Saudi Arabia.Natural Hazards,1999,20(1):21-42.
[13] Qu F F,Zhang Q,Lu Z,et al.Land subsidence and ground fissures in Xi'an,China 2005-2012 revealed by multi-band InSAR time-series analysis.Remote Sensing Environment,2014,155:366-377.
[14] Kalogirou E E,Tsapanos T M,Karakostas V G,et al.Ground fissures in the area of Mavropigi Village(N.Greece):seismotectonics or mining activity.Acta Geophysica,2014,62(6):1387-1412.
[15] Peng J B,Xu J S,Ma R Y,et al.Characteristics and mechanism of the Longyao ground fissure on North China Plain,China.Engineering Geology,2016,214:136-146.
[16] Jachens R C,Holzer T L.Geophysical investigations of ground failure related to ground-water withdrawal-picacho Basin,Arizona.Ground Water,1979,17(6):574-585.
[17] Pampeyan E H,Holzer T L,Clark M M.Modern ground failure in the Garlock fault zone,Fremont Valley,California.Geological Society of America Bulletin,1988,100(5):677-691.
[18] Haneberg W C,Friesen R L.Tilts,strains,and ground-water levels near an earth fissure in the Mimbres Basin,New Mexico.GSA Bulletin,1995,107(3):316-326.
[19] Ayalew L,Yamagishi H,Reik G.Ground cracks in Ethiopian Rift Valley:Facts and uncertainties.Engineering Geology,2004,75(3-4):309-324.
[20] Pacheco J,Arzate J,Rojas E,et al.Delimitation of ground failure zones due to land subsidence using gravity data and finite element modeling in the Querétaro valley,México.Engineering Geology,2006,84(3-4):143-160.
[21] 彭建兵,苏生瑞,米丰收等.渭河盆地活动断裂与地质灾害.西安:西北大学出版社,1992,88-90.(Peng J B,Su S R,Mi F S,et al.Active faults and geological hazards in Weihe Basin.Xi'an:Northwest University Press,1992,88-90.)
[22] 陈志新,袁志辉,彭建兵等.渭河盆地地裂缝发育基本特征.工程地质学报,2007,15(4):441-447.(Chen Z X,Yuan Z H,Peng J B,et al.Basic characteristics about ground fractures' develop-ment of Weihe Basin.Journal of Engineering Geology,2007,15(4):441-447.)
[23] Zhang Q,Qu W,Wang Q L,et al.Analysis of present tectonic stress and regional ground fissure formation mechanism of the Weihe Basin.Survey Review,2011,43(322):382-389.
[24] 张勤,瞿伟,彭建兵等.渭河盆地地裂缝群发机理及东、西部地裂缝分布不均衡构造成因研究.地球物理学报,2012,55(8):2589-2597.(Zhang Q,Qu W,Peng J B,et al.Research on tectonic causes of numerous ground fissures development mechanism and its unbalance distribution between eastern and western of Weihe Basin.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2012,55(8):2589-2597.)
[25] 何红前.渭河盆地地裂缝成因机理研究.博士学位论文.西安:长安大学,2012.(He H Q.Study on the Formation Mechanism of Ground Fissures in Weihe Basin.Ph.D.Dissertation.Xi'an:Chang'an University,2012.)
[26] 邓亚虹,彭建兵,李丽等.渭河盆地基底伸展与地裂缝成因关系探讨.工程地质学报,2013,21(1):92-96.(Deng Y H,Peng J B,Li L,et al.Causative relationship between basement stretching and ground fissures formation in Weihe Basin.Journal of engineering geology,2013,21(1):92-96.)
[27] 邓亚虹,彭建兵,穆焕东等.渭河盆地深部构造活动的地裂缝孕育机理.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2013,43(2):521-527.(Deng Y H,Peng J B,Mu H D,et al.Ground fissures germination mechanism of deep structure activities in Weihe Basin.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2013,43(2):521-527.)
[28] 任隽.谓河盆地深部地壳结构探测与盆地构造研究.博士学位论文.西安:长安大学,2012.(Ren J.Probe on the Deep Crustal structure in Weihe Basin and tectonics research of basin.Ph.D.Dissertation.Xi'an:Chang'an University,2012.)
[2] Lee C F,Zhang J M,Zhang Y X.Evolution and origin of the ground fissures in Xian,China.Engineering Geology,1996,43(1):45-55.
[3] Li Y L,Yang J C,Hu X M.Origin of ground fissures in the Shanxi Graben system,Northern China.Engineering Geology,2000,55(4):267-275.
[4] Peng J B,Sun P,Li X.Ground fissure:the major geological and environmental problem in the development of Xi'an City,China.Environmental Science and Technology,2006,2:469-474.
[5] Burbey T J.Mechanisms for earth fissure formation in heavily pumped basins ∥ Land Subsidence,Associated Hazards and the Role of Natural Resources Development.IAHS-AISH Publication,2010,3-8.
[6] Filippis L D,Anzalone E,Billi A,et al.The origin and growth of a recently-active fissure ridge travertine over a seismic fault,Tivoli,Italy.Geomorphology,2013,195:13-26.
[7] Pacheco-Martínez J,Hernandez-Marín M,Burbey T J,et al.Land subsidence and ground failure associated to groundwater exploitation in the Aguascalientes Valley,México.Engineering Geology,2013,164:172-186.
[8] Youssef A M,Sabtan A A,Maerz N H,et al.Earth Fissures in Wadi Najran,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Natural Hazards,2014,71(3):2013-2027.
[9] Rogers T H.Active extensional faulting north of Hollister near the Calaveras fault zone.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1967,57(4):813-816.
[10] Hauksson E.Episodic rifting and volcanism at Krafla in north Iceland-growth of large gound fissures along the plate boundary.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1983,88(B1):625-636.
[11] Wang G Y,You G,Shi B,et al.Earth fissures in Jiangsu Province,China and gedogical investigation of Hetang earth fissure.Enviromental Earth Saences,61(1),35-43.
[12] Bankher K A,A1-Harthi A A.Earth fissuring and land subsidence in western Saudi Arabia.Natural Hazards,1999,20(1):21-42.
[13] Qu F F,Zhang Q,Lu Z,et al.Land subsidence and ground fissures in Xi'an,China 2005-2012 revealed by multi-band InSAR time-series analysis.Remote Sensing Environment,2014,155:366-377.
[14] Kalogirou E E,Tsapanos T M,Karakostas V G,et al.Ground fissures in the area of Mavropigi Village(N.Greece):seismotectonics or mining activity.Acta Geophysica,2014,62(6):1387-1412.
[15] Peng J B,Xu J S,Ma R Y,et al.Characteristics and mechanism of the Longyao ground fissure on North China Plain,China.Engineering Geology,2016,214:136-146.
[16] Jachens R C,Holzer T L.Geophysical investigations of ground failure related to ground-water withdrawal-picacho Basin,Arizona.Ground Water,1979,17(6):574-585.
[17] Pampeyan E H,Holzer T L,Clark M M.Modern ground failure in the Garlock fault zone,Fremont Valley,California.Geological Society of America Bulletin,1988,100(5):677-691.
[18] Haneberg W C,Friesen R L.Tilts,strains,and ground-water levels near an earth fissure in the Mimbres Basin,New Mexico.GSA Bulletin,1995,107(3):316-326.
[19] Ayalew L,Yamagishi H,Reik G.Ground cracks in Ethiopian Rift Valley:Facts and uncertainties.Engineering Geology,2004,75(3-4):309-324.
[20] Pacheco J,Arzate J,Rojas E,et al.Delimitation of ground failure zones due to land subsidence using gravity data and finite element modeling in the Querétaro valley,México.Engineering Geology,2006,84(3-4):143-160.
[21] 彭建兵,苏生瑞,米丰收等.渭河盆地活动断裂与地质灾害.西安:西北大学出版社,1992,88-90.(Peng J B,Su S R,Mi F S,et al.Active faults and geological hazards in Weihe Basin.Xi'an:Northwest University Press,1992,88-90.)
[22] 陈志新,袁志辉,彭建兵等.渭河盆地地裂缝发育基本特征.工程地质学报,2007,15(4):441-447.(Chen Z X,Yuan Z H,Peng J B,et al.Basic characteristics about ground fractures' develop-ment of Weihe Basin.Journal of Engineering Geology,2007,15(4):441-447.)
[23] Zhang Q,Qu W,Wang Q L,et al.Analysis of present tectonic stress and regional ground fissure formation mechanism of the Weihe Basin.Survey Review,2011,43(322):382-389.
[24] 张勤,瞿伟,彭建兵等.渭河盆地地裂缝群发机理及东、西部地裂缝分布不均衡构造成因研究.地球物理学报,2012,55(8):2589-2597.(Zhang Q,Qu W,Peng J B,et al.Research on tectonic causes of numerous ground fissures development mechanism and its unbalance distribution between eastern and western of Weihe Basin.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2012,55(8):2589-2597.)
[25] 何红前.渭河盆地地裂缝成因机理研究.博士学位论文.西安:长安大学,2012.(He H Q.Study on the Formation Mechanism of Ground Fissures in Weihe Basin.Ph.D.Dissertation.Xi'an:Chang'an University,2012.)
[26] 邓亚虹,彭建兵,李丽等.渭河盆地基底伸展与地裂缝成因关系探讨.工程地质学报,2013,21(1):92-96.(Deng Y H,Peng J B,Li L,et al.Causative relationship between basement stretching and ground fissures formation in Weihe Basin.Journal of engineering geology,2013,21(1):92-96.)
[27] 邓亚虹,彭建兵,穆焕东等.渭河盆地深部构造活动的地裂缝孕育机理.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2013,43(2):521-527.(Deng Y H,Peng J B,Mu H D,et al.Ground fissures germination mechanism of deep structure activities in Weihe Basin.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2013,43(2):521-527.)
[28] 任隽.谓河盆地深部地壳结构探测与盆地构造研究.博士学位论文.西安:长安大学,2012.(Ren J.Probe on the Deep Crustal structure in Weihe Basin and tectonics research of basin.Ph.D.Dissertation.Xi'an:Chang'an University,2012.)
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