Foliar Particulate Matter Distribution in Urban Road System of Beijing, China
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摘要
Particulate matter(PM), one of the most important pollutants of traffic emission, threatens the health of urban ecosystems and citizens. Roadside trees play an important role in trapping PM, and the foliar PM load is a useful indicator for air PM pollution in road systems. To detect the relationships of foliar PM load with road structures, urbanization, and meteorology in road systems, we studied a widely-planted tree Sophora japonica L. in 100 roads and 10 yards of Beijing, China, and found that the foliar PM loads increased with the distances from the urban centre(DUC) linearly, while decreased with the road density. All-subsets regression analysis indicated that DUC, average monthly relative humidity, average monthly wind speed, and mean annual wind speed were the most important factors in predicting foliar PM load, rather than general situation of buildings and road cleanliness. The monthly relative humidity and monthly wind speed had a negative correlation to foliar PM, while the annual relative humidity and annual wind speed had a positive correlation to foliar PM. Suburban areas and these effective factors should be highlighted in PM control in Beijing.
Particulate matter(PM), one of the most important pollutants of traffic emission, threatens the health of urban ecosystems and citizens. Roadside trees play an important role in trapping PM, and the foliar PM load is a useful indicator for air PM pollution in road systems. To detect the relationships of foliar PM load with road structures, urbanization, and meteorology in road systems, we studied a widely-planted tree Sophora japonica L. in 100 roads and 10 yards of Beijing, China, and found that the foliar PM loads increased with the distances from the urban centre(DUC) linearly, while decreased with the road density. All-subsets regression analysis indicated that DUC, average monthly relative humidity, average monthly wind speed, and mean annual wind speed were the most important factors in predicting foliar PM load, rather than general situation of buildings and road cleanliness. The monthly relative humidity and monthly wind speed had a negative correlation to foliar PM, while the annual relative humidity and annual wind speed had a positive correlation to foliar PM. Suburban areas and these effective factors should be highlighted in PM control in Beijing.
Particulate matter(PM), one of the most important pollutants of traffic emission, threatens the health of urban ecosystems and citizens. Roadside trees play an important role in trapping PM, and the foliar PM load is a useful indicator for air PM pollution in road systems. To detect the relationships of foliar PM load with road structures, urbanization, and meteorology in road systems, we studied a widely-planted tree Sophora japonica L. in 100 roads and 10 yards of Beijing, China, and found that the foliar PM loads increased with the distances from the urban centre(DUC) linearly, while decreased with the road density. All-subsets regression analysis indicated that DUC, average monthly relative humidity, average monthly wind speed, and mean annual wind speed were the most important factors in predicting foliar PM load, rather than general situation of buildings and road cleanliness. The monthly relative humidity and monthly wind speed had a negative correlation to foliar PM, while the annual relative humidity and annual wind speed had a positive correlation to foliar PM. Suburban areas and these effective factors should be highlighted in PM control in Beijing.
引文
Bao Le,Qu Laiye,Ma Keming,et al.,2016.Effects of road dust on the growth characteristics of Sophora japonica L.seedlings.Journal of Environmental Sciences,46:147-155.doi:10.1016/j.jes.2015.08.031
Beckett K P,Freer-Smith P H,Taylor G,1998.Urban woodlands:their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution.Environmental Pollution,99(3):347-360.doi:10.1016/s0269-7491(98)00016-5
Beckett K P,Freer-Smith P H,Taylor G,2000.Particulate pollution capture by urban trees:effect of species and windspeed.Global Change Biology,6(8):995-1003.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00376.x
Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics(BMBS),Survey Office of the National Bureau of Statistics in Beijing.(SONBS),2015)Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2015.Beijing:Chinese Statistics Press.
CCPR,2016.Communications in Computer and Information Science,Pattern Recognition:7th Chinese Conference,Chengdu,China,p.143.
Ding Lei,Yang Qimiao,Lu Jun et al.,Road extraction based on direction consistency segmentation.Communications in Computer and Information Science.662:131-144.
Chaturvedi R K,Prasad S,Rana S et al.,2013.Effect of dust load on the leaf attributes of the tree species growing along the roadside.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,185(1):383-391.doi:10.1007/s10661-012-2560-x
Dai Sidi,Ma Keming,Bao Le,2012.Distribution and heavy metal character of foliar dust on roadside tree Sophora japonica of urban area in Beijing.Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(16):5095-5102.(in Chinese)
Freer-Smith P H,Holloway S,Goodman A,1997.The uptake of particulates by an urban woodland:site description and particulate composition.Environmental Pollution,95(1):27-35.doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(96)00119-4
Freer-Smith P H,El-Khatib A A,Taylor G,2004.Capture of particulate pollution by trees:a comparison of species typical of semi-arid areas(Ficus nitida and Eucalyptus globulus)with European and North American species.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,155(1-4):173-187.doi:10.1023/B:Wate.0000026521.99552.Fd
Freer-Smith P H,Beckett K P,Taylor G,2005.Deposition velocities to Sorbus aria,Acer campestre,Populus deltoides×trichocarpa‘Beaupré’,Pinus nigra and×Cupressocyparis leylandii for coarse,fine and ultra-fine particles in the urban environment.Environmental Pollution,133(1):157-167.doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.03.031
Hjortenkrans D,Bergb?ck B,H?ggerud A,2006.New metal emission patterns in road traffic environments.Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,117(1-3):85-98.doi:10.1007/s10661-006-7706-2
Hofman J,Stokkaer I,Snauwaert L et al.,2013.Spatial distribution assessment of particulate matter in an urban street canyon using biomagnetic leaf monitoring of tree crown deposited particles.Environmental Pollution,183:123-132.doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.015
Jin S J,Guo J K,Wheeler S et al.,2014.Evaluation of impacts of trees on PM2.5 dispersion in urban streets.Atmospheric Environment,99:277-287.doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.002
Jung D Y,Leem J H,Kim H C et al.,2015.Effect of traffic-related air pollution on allergic disease:results of the children's health and environmental research.Allergy,Asthma&Immunology Research,7(4):359-366.doi:10.4168/aair.2015.7.4.359
Kuang W H,2012.Spatio-temporal patterns of intra-urban land use change in Beijing,China between 1984 and 2008.Chinese Geographical Science,22(2):210-220.doi:10.1007/s11769-012-0529-x
Levy J I,Bennett D H,Melly S J et al.,2003.Influence of traffic patterns on particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in Roxbury,Massachusetts.Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology,13(5):364-371.doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500289
Lewis G P,Andersen C B,Moloney T P et al.,2015.Relationships between dry deposition of ions and urban land cover in the South Carolina Piedmont.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,226(8):266.doi:10.1007/s11270-015-2525-0
Liu L,Guan D S,Peart M R et al.,2013.The dust retention capacities of urban vegetation-a case study of Guangzhou,South China.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,20(9):6601-6610.doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1648-3
Lough G C,Schauer J J,Park J S et al.,2005.Emissions of metals associated with motor vehicle roadways.Environmental Science&Technology,39(3):826-836.doi:10.1021/es048715f
Luria M,Weisinger R,Peleg M,1990.CO and NOx levels at the center of city roads in Jerusalem.Atmospheric Environment.Part B.Urban Atmosphere,24(1):93-99.doi:10.1016/0957-1272(90)90014-L
Mohan S M,2016.An overview of particulate dry deposition:measuring methods,deposition velocity and controlling factors.International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,13(1):387-402.doi:10.1007/s13762-015-0898-7
Nowak D J,Crane D E,Stevens J C,2006.Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,4(3-4):115-123.doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2006.01.007
Ould-Dada Z,Baghini N M,2001.Resuspension of small particles from tree surfaces.Atmospheric Environment,35(22):3799-3809.doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00161-3
Prajapati S K,Tripathi B D,2008a.Management of hazardous road derived respirable particulates using magnetic properties of tree leaves.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,139(1-3):351-354.doi:10.1007/s10661-007-9841-9
Prajapati S K,Tripathi B D,2008b.Seasonal variation of leaf dust accumulation and pigment content in plant species exposed to urban particulates pollution.Journal of Environmental Quality,37(3):865-870.doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0511
Prusty B A K,Mishra P C,Azeez P A,2005.Dust accumulation and leaf pigment content in vegetation near the national highway at Sambalpur,Orissa,India.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,60(2):228-235.doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.12.013
Przybysz A,S?b?A,Hanslin H M et al.,2014.Accumulation of particulate matter and trace elements on vegetation as affected by pollution level,rainfall and the passage of time.Science of the Total Environment,481:360-369.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.072
Rai P K,2013.Environmental magnetic studies of particulates with special reference to biomagnetic monitoring using roadside plant leaves.Atmospheric Environment,72:113-129.doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.041
S?b?A,Popek R,Nawrot B et al.,2012.Plant species differences in particulate matter accumulation on leaf surfaces.Science of the Total Environment,427-428:347-354.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.084
Schaubroeck T,Deckmyn G,Neirynck J et al.,2014.Multilayered modeling of particulate matter removal by a growing forest over time,from plant surface deposition to washoff via rainfall.Environmental Science&Technology,48(18):10785-10794.doi:10.1021/es5019724
Shekarrizfard M,Valois M F,Goldberg M S et al.,2015.
Investigating the role of transportation models in epidemiologic studies of traffic related air pollution and health effects.Environmental Research,140:282-291.doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.002
Simon E,Baranyai E,Braun M et al.,2014.Elemental concentrations in deposited PM on leaves along an urban gradient.Science of the Total Environment,490:514-520.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.028
Tallis M,Taylor G,Sinnett D et al.,2011.Estimating the removal of atmospheric particulate pollution by the urban tree canopy of London,under current and future environments.Landscape and Urban Planning,103(2):129-138.doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.07.003
Tang Rongli,Ma Keming,Zhang Yuxin et al.,2013a.Content trends of pollutants in road PM of Beijing along the urban-rural gradient and road density gradient.Environmental Science,34(1):364-372.(in Chinese)
Tang R L,Ma K M,Zhang Y X et al.,2013b.The spatial characteristics and pollution levels of metals in urban road PMof Beijing,China.Applied Geochemistry,35:88-98.doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.03.016
Wang F,Peng Y Y,Jiang C Y,2017.Influence of road patterns on PM2.5concentrations and the available solutions:The case of Beijing City,China.Sustainability,9(2):217.doi:10.3390/su9020217
Wang Huixia,Shi Hui,Wang Yanhui,2015.Dynamics of the captured quantity of particulate matter by plant leaves under typical weather condition.Acta Ecologica Sinica,35(6):1696-1705.(in Chinese)
Wang Zanhong,Li Jibiao,2006.Capacity of PM uptake by leaf surface of Euonymus Japonicus Thunb.and the morphology of captured particle in air polluted city.Ecology and Environment,15(2):327-330.(in Chinese)
Weng Q H,Yang S H,2006.Urban air pollution patterns,land use,and thermal landscape:an examination of the linkage using GIS.Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,117(1-3):463-489.doi:10.1007/s10661-006-0888-9
Wu J,Xie W,Li W et al.,2015.Effects of urban landscape pattern on PM2.5 pollution:a Beijing case study.PLoS ONE,10(11):e0142449.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142449
Xu Xiaowu,Zhang Zhenming,Bao Le et al.,2017.Influence of rainfall duration and intensity on particulate matter removal from plant leaves.609:11-16.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.141
Yang J,Mc Bride J,Zhou J X et al.,2005.The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,3(2):65-78.doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2004.09.001
Yli-Pelkonen V,Set?l?H,Viippola V,2017.Urban forests near roads do not reduce gaseous air pollutant concentrations but have an impact on particles levels.Landscape and Urban Planning,158:39-47.doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.014
Zhang C T,Yang Y,Li W D et al.,2015.Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of trace metals in urban soils in Wuhan,central China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,187(9):556.doi:10.1007/s10661-015-4762-5
Zhang Xinxian,Gu Runze,Chen Zixin et al.,1997.PM removal by green areas in the residential quarters of Beijing.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,19(4):12-17.(in Chinese)
Zheng Xiping,Zhang Qixiang,2011.Status and prospects of urban landscape plants’application in Beijing.Chinese Landscape Architecture,(5):81-85.(in Chinese)
Beckett K P,Freer-Smith P H,Taylor G,1998.Urban woodlands:their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution.Environmental Pollution,99(3):347-360.doi:10.1016/s0269-7491(98)00016-5
Beckett K P,Freer-Smith P H,Taylor G,2000.Particulate pollution capture by urban trees:effect of species and windspeed.Global Change Biology,6(8):995-1003.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00376.x
Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics(BMBS),Survey Office of the National Bureau of Statistics in Beijing.(SONBS),2015)Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2015.Beijing:Chinese Statistics Press.
CCPR,2016.Communications in Computer and Information Science,Pattern Recognition:7th Chinese Conference,Chengdu,China,p.143.
Ding Lei,Yang Qimiao,Lu Jun et al.,Road extraction based on direction consistency segmentation.Communications in Computer and Information Science.662:131-144.
Chaturvedi R K,Prasad S,Rana S et al.,2013.Effect of dust load on the leaf attributes of the tree species growing along the roadside.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,185(1):383-391.doi:10.1007/s10661-012-2560-x
Dai Sidi,Ma Keming,Bao Le,2012.Distribution and heavy metal character of foliar dust on roadside tree Sophora japonica of urban area in Beijing.Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(16):5095-5102.(in Chinese)
Freer-Smith P H,Holloway S,Goodman A,1997.The uptake of particulates by an urban woodland:site description and particulate composition.Environmental Pollution,95(1):27-35.doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(96)00119-4
Freer-Smith P H,El-Khatib A A,Taylor G,2004.Capture of particulate pollution by trees:a comparison of species typical of semi-arid areas(Ficus nitida and Eucalyptus globulus)with European and North American species.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,155(1-4):173-187.doi:10.1023/B:Wate.0000026521.99552.Fd
Freer-Smith P H,Beckett K P,Taylor G,2005.Deposition velocities to Sorbus aria,Acer campestre,Populus deltoides×trichocarpa‘Beaupré’,Pinus nigra and×Cupressocyparis leylandii for coarse,fine and ultra-fine particles in the urban environment.Environmental Pollution,133(1):157-167.doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.03.031
Hjortenkrans D,Bergb?ck B,H?ggerud A,2006.New metal emission patterns in road traffic environments.Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,117(1-3):85-98.doi:10.1007/s10661-006-7706-2
Hofman J,Stokkaer I,Snauwaert L et al.,2013.Spatial distribution assessment of particulate matter in an urban street canyon using biomagnetic leaf monitoring of tree crown deposited particles.Environmental Pollution,183:123-132.doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.015
Jin S J,Guo J K,Wheeler S et al.,2014.Evaluation of impacts of trees on PM2.5 dispersion in urban streets.Atmospheric Environment,99:277-287.doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.002
Jung D Y,Leem J H,Kim H C et al.,2015.Effect of traffic-related air pollution on allergic disease:results of the children's health and environmental research.Allergy,Asthma&Immunology Research,7(4):359-366.doi:10.4168/aair.2015.7.4.359
Kuang W H,2012.Spatio-temporal patterns of intra-urban land use change in Beijing,China between 1984 and 2008.Chinese Geographical Science,22(2):210-220.doi:10.1007/s11769-012-0529-x
Levy J I,Bennett D H,Melly S J et al.,2003.Influence of traffic patterns on particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in Roxbury,Massachusetts.Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology,13(5):364-371.doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500289
Lewis G P,Andersen C B,Moloney T P et al.,2015.Relationships between dry deposition of ions and urban land cover in the South Carolina Piedmont.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,226(8):266.doi:10.1007/s11270-015-2525-0
Liu L,Guan D S,Peart M R et al.,2013.The dust retention capacities of urban vegetation-a case study of Guangzhou,South China.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,20(9):6601-6610.doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1648-3
Lough G C,Schauer J J,Park J S et al.,2005.Emissions of metals associated with motor vehicle roadways.Environmental Science&Technology,39(3):826-836.doi:10.1021/es048715f
Luria M,Weisinger R,Peleg M,1990.CO and NOx levels at the center of city roads in Jerusalem.Atmospheric Environment.Part B.Urban Atmosphere,24(1):93-99.doi:10.1016/0957-1272(90)90014-L
Mohan S M,2016.An overview of particulate dry deposition:measuring methods,deposition velocity and controlling factors.International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,13(1):387-402.doi:10.1007/s13762-015-0898-7
Nowak D J,Crane D E,Stevens J C,2006.Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,4(3-4):115-123.doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2006.01.007
Ould-Dada Z,Baghini N M,2001.Resuspension of small particles from tree surfaces.Atmospheric Environment,35(22):3799-3809.doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00161-3
Prajapati S K,Tripathi B D,2008a.Management of hazardous road derived respirable particulates using magnetic properties of tree leaves.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,139(1-3):351-354.doi:10.1007/s10661-007-9841-9
Prajapati S K,Tripathi B D,2008b.Seasonal variation of leaf dust accumulation and pigment content in plant species exposed to urban particulates pollution.Journal of Environmental Quality,37(3):865-870.doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0511
Prusty B A K,Mishra P C,Azeez P A,2005.Dust accumulation and leaf pigment content in vegetation near the national highway at Sambalpur,Orissa,India.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,60(2):228-235.doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.12.013
Przybysz A,S?b?A,Hanslin H M et al.,2014.Accumulation of particulate matter and trace elements on vegetation as affected by pollution level,rainfall and the passage of time.Science of the Total Environment,481:360-369.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.072
Rai P K,2013.Environmental magnetic studies of particulates with special reference to biomagnetic monitoring using roadside plant leaves.Atmospheric Environment,72:113-129.doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.041
S?b?A,Popek R,Nawrot B et al.,2012.Plant species differences in particulate matter accumulation on leaf surfaces.Science of the Total Environment,427-428:347-354.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.084
Schaubroeck T,Deckmyn G,Neirynck J et al.,2014.Multilayered modeling of particulate matter removal by a growing forest over time,from plant surface deposition to washoff via rainfall.Environmental Science&Technology,48(18):10785-10794.doi:10.1021/es5019724
Shekarrizfard M,Valois M F,Goldberg M S et al.,2015.
Investigating the role of transportation models in epidemiologic studies of traffic related air pollution and health effects.Environmental Research,140:282-291.doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.002
Simon E,Baranyai E,Braun M et al.,2014.Elemental concentrations in deposited PM on leaves along an urban gradient.Science of the Total Environment,490:514-520.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.028
Tallis M,Taylor G,Sinnett D et al.,2011.Estimating the removal of atmospheric particulate pollution by the urban tree canopy of London,under current and future environments.Landscape and Urban Planning,103(2):129-138.doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.07.003
Tang Rongli,Ma Keming,Zhang Yuxin et al.,2013a.Content trends of pollutants in road PM of Beijing along the urban-rural gradient and road density gradient.Environmental Science,34(1):364-372.(in Chinese)
Tang R L,Ma K M,Zhang Y X et al.,2013b.The spatial characteristics and pollution levels of metals in urban road PMof Beijing,China.Applied Geochemistry,35:88-98.doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.03.016
Wang F,Peng Y Y,Jiang C Y,2017.Influence of road patterns on PM2.5concentrations and the available solutions:The case of Beijing City,China.Sustainability,9(2):217.doi:10.3390/su9020217
Wang Huixia,Shi Hui,Wang Yanhui,2015.Dynamics of the captured quantity of particulate matter by plant leaves under typical weather condition.Acta Ecologica Sinica,35(6):1696-1705.(in Chinese)
Wang Zanhong,Li Jibiao,2006.Capacity of PM uptake by leaf surface of Euonymus Japonicus Thunb.and the morphology of captured particle in air polluted city.Ecology and Environment,15(2):327-330.(in Chinese)
Weng Q H,Yang S H,2006.Urban air pollution patterns,land use,and thermal landscape:an examination of the linkage using GIS.Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,117(1-3):463-489.doi:10.1007/s10661-006-0888-9
Wu J,Xie W,Li W et al.,2015.Effects of urban landscape pattern on PM2.5 pollution:a Beijing case study.PLoS ONE,10(11):e0142449.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142449
Xu Xiaowu,Zhang Zhenming,Bao Le et al.,2017.Influence of rainfall duration and intensity on particulate matter removal from plant leaves.609:11-16.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.141
Yang J,Mc Bride J,Zhou J X et al.,2005.The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,3(2):65-78.doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2004.09.001
Yli-Pelkonen V,Set?l?H,Viippola V,2017.Urban forests near roads do not reduce gaseous air pollutant concentrations but have an impact on particles levels.Landscape and Urban Planning,158:39-47.doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.014
Zhang C T,Yang Y,Li W D et al.,2015.Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of trace metals in urban soils in Wuhan,central China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,187(9):556.doi:10.1007/s10661-015-4762-5
Zhang Xinxian,Gu Runze,Chen Zixin et al.,1997.PM removal by green areas in the residential quarters of Beijing.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,19(4):12-17.(in Chinese)
Zheng Xiping,Zhang Qixiang,2011.Status and prospects of urban landscape plants’application in Beijing.Chinese Landscape Architecture,(5):81-85.(in Chinese)
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