父母对子女的职业,何者更具影响力?——青少年职业期望的代际继承及其性别差异
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摘要
社会公平日益受到关注,社会阶层的流动性及其变化趋势逐渐成为社会学界的热门话题,多数研究通过分析父代职业与子代职业间的关系,探究代际社会流动的机制与模式,并进行宏观视角的理论解释。本文引入社会化这一微观视角,深入到个体在青少年成长时期的家庭环境中,创新性探究代际继承模式在时间序列上更为早期、更加深层次的机制,并使用中国教育追踪调查数据进行了实证研究。研究发现,同性别权威模仿机制是青少年职业期望形成的重要影响因素,即青少年职业期望更多受到同性别父母职业的影响。因此,青少年的职业期望表现出代际继承模式,这意味着固化社会不平等的代际传承早在个体进入劳动力市场之前就已经发生了。
Social equity has been paid more and more attention, and the mobility of social strata and its changing trend have gradually become a hot topic in sociology. Most studies explore the mechanism and mode of intergenerational social mobility by analyzing the relationship between the occupations of fathers and the occupations of children, and make theoretical explanations from a macro perspective. This paper introduces the micro-perspective of socialization, penetrates into the family environment of individuals in the growing period of teenagers, innovatively explores the earlier and deeper mechanism of intergenerational inheritance mode in time series, and conducts an empirical study using China education panel survey data(CEPS). The study found that the same gender authority imitation mechanism is one of the important factors affecting young career expectations form, namely the youth career expectations are more affected by the same gender parents occupation, as a result, teens' career expectations show the intergenerational inheritance pattern, which means the curing of social inequality between generations in the individual has occurred before entering the labor market.
Social equity has been paid more and more attention, and the mobility of social strata and its changing trend have gradually become a hot topic in sociology. Most studies explore the mechanism and mode of intergenerational social mobility by analyzing the relationship between the occupations of fathers and the occupations of children, and make theoretical explanations from a macro perspective. This paper introduces the micro-perspective of socialization, penetrates into the family environment of individuals in the growing period of teenagers, innovatively explores the earlier and deeper mechanism of intergenerational inheritance mode in time series, and conducts an empirical study using China education panel survey data(CEPS). The study found that the same gender authority imitation mechanism is one of the important factors affecting young career expectations form, namely the youth career expectations are more affected by the same gender parents occupation, as a result, teens' career expectations show the intergenerational inheritance pattern, which means the curing of social inequality between generations in the individual has occurred before entering the labor market.
引文
[1] 李路路,朱斌.当代中国的代际流动模式及其变迁 [J].中国社会科学,2015(5):40-58.
[2] MARE R D.A Multigenerational View of Inequality [J].Demography,2011,48(1):1-23.
[3] 李煜.代际流动的模式:理论理想型与中国现实 [J].社会,2009(6):60-84.
[4] TRICE A D,MCCLELLAN N.Do children’s career aspirations predict adult occupations?An answer from a secondary analysis of a longitudinal study [J].Psychological Reports,1993,72(2):368-370.
[5] TENA-SANCHEZ J.Translation of JOHN H.GOLDTHORPE.Progress in Sociology:The Case of Social Mobility Research [C]//SVALLFORS S.Analyzing Inequality:Life Chances and Social Mobility in Comparative Perspective.Stanford:Stanford University Press,2007.
[6] FEATHERMAN D L,LANCASTER F J,HAUSER R M.Assumptions of Social Mobility Research in the United States:The Case of Occupational Status [J].Social Science Research,1975,4(4):329-360.
[7] HAUSER R M.Vertical Class Mobility in Great Britain,France and Sweden [J].Acta Sociologica,1984,27(2):87-110.
[8] HAUSER R M.Some Cross Population Comparisons of Family Bias in the Effects of Schooling on Occupational Status [J].Social Science Research 1984,13(2):159-187.
[9] ERIKSON R,GOLDTHORPE J H.Commonality and Variation in Social Fluidity in Industrial Nations,Part 1:A Model for Evaluating the “FJH Hypothesis” [J].Europe Sociological Review,1987(3):54-77.
[10] ERIKSON R,GOLDTHORPE J H.Commonality and Variation in Social Fluidity in Industrial Nations,Part 2:The Model of Core Social Fluidity Applied [J].Europe Sociological Review,1987(3):145-166.
[11] ERIKSON R,GOLDTHORPE J H.The Constant Flux:A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies [M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1992.
[12] LIN N,BIAN Y J.Getting Ahead in Urban China [J].American Journal of Sociology,1991,97(3):657-688.
[13] BIAN Y J.Work and Inequality in Urban China [M].Albany:State University of New York Press,1994:362.
[14] 孙立平.断裂 [M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003.
[15] 李路路.再生产与统治——社会流动机制的再思考 [J].社会学研究,2006(2):37-60.
[16] 吴晓刚.中国的户籍制度与代际职业流动 [J].社会学研究,2007(6):38-65.
[17] 张金桂,张东,周文.多带流动效应——来自中国的证据 [J].社会,2016(3):216-240.
[18] 张顺,祝毅.城市居民代际职业流动性变迁及其阶层差异 [J].中国人口科学,2017(3):43-54.
[19] PALMER A M.Occupational Orientation [J].The Journal of Higher Education,1941,12(4):179-184.
[20] SWELL W H,HALLER A O,PORTES A.The Educational and Early Occupational Attainment Process [J].American Sociological Review,1970,35(6):1014-1027.
[21] SWELL W H,HAUSER R M.Education,Occupation,and Earnings:Achievement in the Early Career [M].New York:Academic Press,1975.
[22] BLAU P M,DUNCAN O D.The American Occupational Structure [M].New York:John Wiley Press,1967.
[23] TREIMAN D J.Industrialization and Social Stratification [J].Sociological Inquiry,2010,40(2):207-234.
[24] 张翼.中国人社会地位的获得——阶级继承和代内流动 [J].社会学研究,2004(4):76-90.
[25] 李春玲.社会结构变迁中的城镇社会流动 [J].社会学研究,1997(5):82-88.
[26] 吕鹏,范晓光.中国精英地位代际再生产的双轨路径(1978—2010) [J].社会学研究,2016(5):114-138.
[27] 德热拉斯.新阶级(对共产主义制度的分析) [M].陈逸,译.北京:世界知识出版社,1963.
[28] IVAN S.Social Inequalities in State Socialist Redistributive Economies [J].International Journal of Comparative Sociology,1978,19(1):63-87.
[29] WALDER A G.Career Mobility and the Communist Political Order [J].American Sociological Review,1995,60(3):309-328.
[30] 郑辉,李路路.中国城市的精英代际转化与阶层再生产 [J].社会学研究,2009(6):65-86.
[31] 吴愈晓.家庭背景,体制转型与中国农村精英的代际传承(1978—1996) [J].社会学研究,2010(2):125-150.
[32] 张乐,张翼.精英阶层再生产与阶层固化程度 [J].青年研究,2012(1):1-12.
[33] 边燕杰,芦强.阶层再生产与代际资源传递 [J].决策探索,2014(2):37-39.
[34] 班杜拉.社会学习理论 [M].陈欣银,李伯黍,译.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1989.
[35] 边燕杰.中国城市中的关系资本与饮食社交:理论模型与经验分析 [J].开放时代,2004(4):94-107.
① FJH假设是由费瑟曼(Featherman)、琼斯(Jones)和豪泽(Hauser)三位学者共同提出,并以他们姓氏的首字母命名。
(1)事实上,在CEPS调查中,父母职业与子女期望职业的分类并不完全统一。其中比较难处理的是职业期望中“教师、医生、律师”(占比为22.21%)的归类。考虑到在青少年问卷中,已有专门针对技术精英的选项(科学家、工程师),本文将“教师、医生、律师”界定为“非精英”。这样处理的另一个原因是,青少年对职业的认知,尤其是女生选择将“教师”作为职业期望(31.88%的女生选择了“教师、医生、律师”),可能受中小学教师的影响。但在父母职业中,仅“教师、工程师、医生、律师”这一项能够代表技术类精英,因此将其归于“精英”。为慎重起见,笔者也进行了稳健性检验,将职业期望中“教师、医生、律师”这一性质不够明晰的类型排除在分析之外,所得模型结果与文中结果完全一致。因而本文的研究结论是可靠的,处理方式也是合理的。感兴趣的读者可向笔者索取模型结果。
(2)本研究只试图控制不同层次变量对青少年职业期望的影响,宏微观层的互动并不在本文的理论推演和实证考察范畴中。故而只选用了随机截距模型,并未预设任何形式的随机系数效应。
(3)在早期版本的模型中,笔者还纳入了家庭藏书量、家庭经济条件、是否独生子女等变量,但统计结果并不显著,亦不影响父母职业的影响系数,故而被排除在本文之外。
[2] MARE R D.A Multigenerational View of Inequality [J].Demography,2011,48(1):1-23.
[3] 李煜.代际流动的模式:理论理想型与中国现实 [J].社会,2009(6):60-84.
[4] TRICE A D,MCCLELLAN N.Do children’s career aspirations predict adult occupations?An answer from a secondary analysis of a longitudinal study [J].Psychological Reports,1993,72(2):368-370.
[5] TENA-SANCHEZ J.Translation of JOHN H.GOLDTHORPE.Progress in Sociology:The Case of Social Mobility Research [C]//SVALLFORS S.Analyzing Inequality:Life Chances and Social Mobility in Comparative Perspective.Stanford:Stanford University Press,2007.
[6] FEATHERMAN D L,LANCASTER F J,HAUSER R M.Assumptions of Social Mobility Research in the United States:The Case of Occupational Status [J].Social Science Research,1975,4(4):329-360.
[7] HAUSER R M.Vertical Class Mobility in Great Britain,France and Sweden [J].Acta Sociologica,1984,27(2):87-110.
[8] HAUSER R M.Some Cross Population Comparisons of Family Bias in the Effects of Schooling on Occupational Status [J].Social Science Research 1984,13(2):159-187.
[9] ERIKSON R,GOLDTHORPE J H.Commonality and Variation in Social Fluidity in Industrial Nations,Part 1:A Model for Evaluating the “FJH Hypothesis” [J].Europe Sociological Review,1987(3):54-77.
[10] ERIKSON R,GOLDTHORPE J H.Commonality and Variation in Social Fluidity in Industrial Nations,Part 2:The Model of Core Social Fluidity Applied [J].Europe Sociological Review,1987(3):145-166.
[11] ERIKSON R,GOLDTHORPE J H.The Constant Flux:A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies [M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1992.
[12] LIN N,BIAN Y J.Getting Ahead in Urban China [J].American Journal of Sociology,1991,97(3):657-688.
[13] BIAN Y J.Work and Inequality in Urban China [M].Albany:State University of New York Press,1994:362.
[14] 孙立平.断裂 [M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003.
[15] 李路路.再生产与统治——社会流动机制的再思考 [J].社会学研究,2006(2):37-60.
[16] 吴晓刚.中国的户籍制度与代际职业流动 [J].社会学研究,2007(6):38-65.
[17] 张金桂,张东,周文.多带流动效应——来自中国的证据 [J].社会,2016(3):216-240.
[18] 张顺,祝毅.城市居民代际职业流动性变迁及其阶层差异 [J].中国人口科学,2017(3):43-54.
[19] PALMER A M.Occupational Orientation [J].The Journal of Higher Education,1941,12(4):179-184.
[20] SWELL W H,HALLER A O,PORTES A.The Educational and Early Occupational Attainment Process [J].American Sociological Review,1970,35(6):1014-1027.
[21] SWELL W H,HAUSER R M.Education,Occupation,and Earnings:Achievement in the Early Career [M].New York:Academic Press,1975.
[22] BLAU P M,DUNCAN O D.The American Occupational Structure [M].New York:John Wiley Press,1967.
[23] TREIMAN D J.Industrialization and Social Stratification [J].Sociological Inquiry,2010,40(2):207-234.
[24] 张翼.中国人社会地位的获得——阶级继承和代内流动 [J].社会学研究,2004(4):76-90.
[25] 李春玲.社会结构变迁中的城镇社会流动 [J].社会学研究,1997(5):82-88.
[26] 吕鹏,范晓光.中国精英地位代际再生产的双轨路径(1978—2010) [J].社会学研究,2016(5):114-138.
[27] 德热拉斯.新阶级(对共产主义制度的分析) [M].陈逸,译.北京:世界知识出版社,1963.
[28] IVAN S.Social Inequalities in State Socialist Redistributive Economies [J].International Journal of Comparative Sociology,1978,19(1):63-87.
[29] WALDER A G.Career Mobility and the Communist Political Order [J].American Sociological Review,1995,60(3):309-328.
[30] 郑辉,李路路.中国城市的精英代际转化与阶层再生产 [J].社会学研究,2009(6):65-86.
[31] 吴愈晓.家庭背景,体制转型与中国农村精英的代际传承(1978—1996) [J].社会学研究,2010(2):125-150.
[32] 张乐,张翼.精英阶层再生产与阶层固化程度 [J].青年研究,2012(1):1-12.
[33] 边燕杰,芦强.阶层再生产与代际资源传递 [J].决策探索,2014(2):37-39.
[34] 班杜拉.社会学习理论 [M].陈欣银,李伯黍,译.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1989.
[35] 边燕杰.中国城市中的关系资本与饮食社交:理论模型与经验分析 [J].开放时代,2004(4):94-107.
① FJH假设是由费瑟曼(Featherman)、琼斯(Jones)和豪泽(Hauser)三位学者共同提出,并以他们姓氏的首字母命名。
(1)事实上,在CEPS调查中,父母职业与子女期望职业的分类并不完全统一。其中比较难处理的是职业期望中“教师、医生、律师”(占比为22.21%)的归类。考虑到在青少年问卷中,已有专门针对技术精英的选项(科学家、工程师),本文将“教师、医生、律师”界定为“非精英”。这样处理的另一个原因是,青少年对职业的认知,尤其是女生选择将“教师”作为职业期望(31.88%的女生选择了“教师、医生、律师”),可能受中小学教师的影响。但在父母职业中,仅“教师、工程师、医生、律师”这一项能够代表技术类精英,因此将其归于“精英”。为慎重起见,笔者也进行了稳健性检验,将职业期望中“教师、医生、律师”这一性质不够明晰的类型排除在分析之外,所得模型结果与文中结果完全一致。因而本文的研究结论是可靠的,处理方式也是合理的。感兴趣的读者可向笔者索取模型结果。
(2)本研究只试图控制不同层次变量对青少年职业期望的影响,宏微观层的互动并不在本文的理论推演和实证考察范畴中。故而只选用了随机截距模型,并未预设任何形式的随机系数效应。
(3)在早期版本的模型中,笔者还纳入了家庭藏书量、家庭经济条件、是否独生子女等变量,但统计结果并不显著,亦不影响父母职业的影响系数,故而被排除在本文之外。
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