从“以物为本”到“以人为本”的回归:国际遗产学界新趋势
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摘要
让文化遗产活起来,是我国文化遗产事业面临的机遇与挑战。国际遗产学界在这方面进行了大量探讨,跨学科、有反思性的研究潮流正在兴起。其总体特点是以人为本,对遗产的物质性与文化性进行整合思考,重新理解遗产,更加重视遗产发挥的作用。其研究主题包括遗产的再理论化、遗产价值、对遗产保护运动中忽视民众的偏颇进行反思、对世界文化遗产再思考等。国内遗产保护与利用应与时俱进,确立"以人为本"的理念,让遗产活起来,走出一条符合国情的文化遗产保护利用之路。
To enliven cultural heritage is an important opportunity as well as a challenge for the cultural heritage sector in China.Issues in this regard have been thoroughly explored in the heritage field with interdisciplinary,critical heritage studies.The studies feature a people-oriented approach,prompting a revisiting of heritage incorporating the materiality and cultural dimension.Uses of heritage and contributions that heritage can make to the contemporary generation are prioritized in this movement.The research themes include re-theorizations of heritage,debates on heritage values,reflections on the marginalization of communities,and reflections on World Heritage program.This study reviews this emerging trend and discusses its implications for the conservation and utilization of cultural heritage in China.
To enliven cultural heritage is an important opportunity as well as a challenge for the cultural heritage sector in China.Issues in this regard have been thoroughly explored in the heritage field with interdisciplinary,critical heritage studies.The studies feature a people-oriented approach,prompting a revisiting of heritage incorporating the materiality and cultural dimension.Uses of heritage and contributions that heritage can make to the contemporary generation are prioritized in this movement.The research themes include re-theorizations of heritage,debates on heritage values,reflections on the marginalization of communities,and reflections on World Heritage program.This study reviews this emerging trend and discusses its implications for the conservation and utilization of cultural heritage in China.
引文
[1]习近平:《建设社会主义文化强国,着力提高国家文化软实力》,新华网[EB/OL][2013-12-31]http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-12/31/c_118788013.htm.
[2]段清波:《论考古学学科目标和文化遗产的核心价值》,《中原文化研究》2016年第3期。
[3]Holtorf C.,Fairclough G.The New Heritage and re-shapings of the past.A González-Ruibal(ed.)Reclaiming Archaeology:Beyond the Tropes of Modernity.London:Routledge,2013.
[4]Byrne D.Counterheritage:Critical Perspectives on Heritage Conservation in Asia.New York:Routledge,2014:50,52.
[5]同[4]。
[6][西]萨尔瓦多·穆尼奥斯·比尼亚斯(Salvador Mu?oz Vi?as)著,张鹏、张怡欣、吴霄婧译:《当代保护理论》,同济大学出版社2012年,第72页。
[7]同[6],第72页。
[8]同[6],第81页。
[9]同[6],第76页。
[10]同[6],第80页。
[11]Holtorf C.The Changing Contribution of Cultural Heritage to Society,Museum International,2011,63:1-2.
[12]Byrne D.The past of others:Archaeological heritage management in Australia and Southeast Asia.Unpublished PhD Thesis,Australian National University,1994:14.
[13]Foucault M.The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language.New York:Pantheon,1972:224.
[14]Smith L.Uses of Heritage.London:Routledge,2006.
[15]陈嘉映:《哲学科学常识》,东方出版社2006年,第106页。
[16]SmithL.Editorial.InternationalJournalofHeritageStudies,2012,18(6).
[17]a.Smith L.Archaeological Theory and the Politics of Cultural Heritage.London:Routledge,2004:86;b.Winter T.Post-Conflict Heritage,Postcolonial Tourism:Culture,politics and development at Angkor.London:Routeldge,2007:13.
[18]Byrne D.Love&loss in the 1960s.International Journal of Heritage Studies,2013,19(6).
[19]Kuutma K.Cultural Heritage:an Introduction to Entanglements of Knowledge,Politics and Property.Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics,2009,3(2):6.
[20]Harvey D.C.Heritage Pasts and Heritage Presents:temporality,meaning and the scope of Heritage studies.International Journal of Heritage Studies,2001,7(4).
[21]a.Smith L.Uses of Heritage.London:Routledge,2006;b.[澳]劳拉简·史密斯(Laurajane Smith)著,张煜译:《遗产本质上都是非物质的:遗产批判研究和博物馆研究》,《文化遗产》2018年第3期。
[22]a.Tainter J.A.,Lucas,G.J.Epistemology of the significance concept.American Antiquity,1983,48(4);b.De la Torre,M.Values and heritage conservation.Heritage&Society,2013,6(2).
[23]Heidegger M.The thing.Heidegger,M.Poetry,Language,Thought.New York:Harper and Row,1971.
[24]Joy J.Biography of a medal:people and the things they value.Schofield,J.,Johnson,W.G.and Beck,C.M.(eds.)Material Culture:The archaeology of twentieth century conflict.London:Routledge,2002.
[25]De la Torre M.Values and heritage conservation.Heritage&Society.2013,6(2).
[26]Byrne D.Western hegemony in archaeological heritage management.History and Anthropology,1991,5(2).
[27]Meskell L.Negative Heritage and Past Mastering in Archaeology.Anthropological Quarterly,2002,75(3):569.
[28]Rao K.A new paradigm for the identification,nomination and inscription of properties on the World Heritage List.International Journal of Heritage Studies,2010,16(3).
[29]Willems W.J.H.The Future of World Heritage and the Emergence of Transnational Heritage Regimes.Heritage&Society,2014,7(2).
[30]Byrne D.A Critique of unfeeling heritage.Smith,L.and Akagawa,N.(eds.)Intangible Heritage.London:Routledge,2009:231.
[31]同[4],第52页。
[32]Holtorf C.,Hogberg A.Contemporary Heritage and the Future.Waterton,E.,Watson,S.(eds.)The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research.Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2015:511.
[33]Waterton E.Whose Sense of Place?Reconciling Archaeological Perspectives with Community Values:Cultural Landscapes in England.International Journal of Heritage Studies,2005,11(4).
[34]Schoch D.Whose World Heritage?Dresden’s WaldschloBchen Bridge and UNESCO’s Delisting of the Dresden Elbe Valley.International Journal of Cultural Property,2014,(21).
[35]Meskell L.Conflict heritage and expert failure.Labadi,S,Long,C.(eds)Heritage and Globalization.London:Routledge,2010.
[36]Logan W.Heritage Rights-Avoidance and Reinforcement.Heritage&Society,2014,7(2).
[37]Hodder I.Cultural Heritage Rights:From Ownership and Descent to Justice and Well-being.Anthropological Quarterly,2010,83(4).
[38]Poulios I.Discussing strategy in heritage conservation:living heritage approach as an example of strategic innovation.Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development,2014,4(1).
[39]同[6],第129页。
[40]同[6],第141页。
[41]Araoz G.F.Preserving heritage places under a new paradigm.Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development,2011,1(1):59.
[42]Holtorf C.,Kono T.Forum on Nara+20:An Introduction.Heritage&Society,2015,8(2):139.
[43]UNESCO:Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention.Paris,2005:21.
[44]张松:《城市文化遗产保护国际宪章与国内法规选编》,同济大学出版社2007年,第141页。
[45]Araoz G.Conservation Philosophy and its Development:Changing Understandings of Authenticity and Significance.Heritage&Society,2013,6(2):153.
[46]国际古迹遗址理事会中国国家委员会:《德里宣言--遗产与民主》,国际古迹遗址理事会中国国家委员会网站[EB/OL][2018-01-18]http://www.icomoschina.org.cn/news.php?class=451.
[47]宋新潮:《文化遗产永续传承》,《人民日报》2018年4月15日第7版。
[48]鲍小会:《中国现代文物保护意识的形成》,《文博》2000年第3期。
[49]同[45],第153页。
[50]国家文物局:《全国重点文物保护单位保护规划编制要求(修订稿草案)》,国家文物局网站[EB/OL][2018-01-15]http://www.sohu.com/a/216853828_170361.
[51]段清波:《论文化遗产的核心价值》,《中原文化研究》2018年第1期。
[52]Rico T.Heritage at Risk:The Authority and Autonomy of a Dominant Preservation Framework.Samuels K.L.,Rico T.(eds.).Heritage Keywords:Rhetoric and Redescription in Cultural Heritage.Boulder:University Press of Colorado,2015.
[53]国家文物局:《关于促进文物合理利用的若干意见》,国家文物局网站[EB/OL][2016-10-18]http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-10/18/content_5121126.htm.
[2]段清波:《论考古学学科目标和文化遗产的核心价值》,《中原文化研究》2016年第3期。
[3]Holtorf C.,Fairclough G.The New Heritage and re-shapings of the past.A González-Ruibal(ed.)Reclaiming Archaeology:Beyond the Tropes of Modernity.London:Routledge,2013.
[4]Byrne D.Counterheritage:Critical Perspectives on Heritage Conservation in Asia.New York:Routledge,2014:50,52.
[5]同[4]。
[6][西]萨尔瓦多·穆尼奥斯·比尼亚斯(Salvador Mu?oz Vi?as)著,张鹏、张怡欣、吴霄婧译:《当代保护理论》,同济大学出版社2012年,第72页。
[7]同[6],第72页。
[8]同[6],第81页。
[9]同[6],第76页。
[10]同[6],第80页。
[11]Holtorf C.The Changing Contribution of Cultural Heritage to Society,Museum International,2011,63:1-2.
[12]Byrne D.The past of others:Archaeological heritage management in Australia and Southeast Asia.Unpublished PhD Thesis,Australian National University,1994:14.
[13]Foucault M.The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language.New York:Pantheon,1972:224.
[14]Smith L.Uses of Heritage.London:Routledge,2006.
[15]陈嘉映:《哲学科学常识》,东方出版社2006年,第106页。
[16]SmithL.Editorial.InternationalJournalofHeritageStudies,2012,18(6).
[17]a.Smith L.Archaeological Theory and the Politics of Cultural Heritage.London:Routledge,2004:86;b.Winter T.Post-Conflict Heritage,Postcolonial Tourism:Culture,politics and development at Angkor.London:Routeldge,2007:13.
[18]Byrne D.Love&loss in the 1960s.International Journal of Heritage Studies,2013,19(6).
[19]Kuutma K.Cultural Heritage:an Introduction to Entanglements of Knowledge,Politics and Property.Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics,2009,3(2):6.
[20]Harvey D.C.Heritage Pasts and Heritage Presents:temporality,meaning and the scope of Heritage studies.International Journal of Heritage Studies,2001,7(4).
[21]a.Smith L.Uses of Heritage.London:Routledge,2006;b.[澳]劳拉简·史密斯(Laurajane Smith)著,张煜译:《遗产本质上都是非物质的:遗产批判研究和博物馆研究》,《文化遗产》2018年第3期。
[22]a.Tainter J.A.,Lucas,G.J.Epistemology of the significance concept.American Antiquity,1983,48(4);b.De la Torre,M.Values and heritage conservation.Heritage&Society,2013,6(2).
[23]Heidegger M.The thing.Heidegger,M.Poetry,Language,Thought.New York:Harper and Row,1971.
[24]Joy J.Biography of a medal:people and the things they value.Schofield,J.,Johnson,W.G.and Beck,C.M.(eds.)Material Culture:The archaeology of twentieth century conflict.London:Routledge,2002.
[25]De la Torre M.Values and heritage conservation.Heritage&Society.2013,6(2).
[26]Byrne D.Western hegemony in archaeological heritage management.History and Anthropology,1991,5(2).
[27]Meskell L.Negative Heritage and Past Mastering in Archaeology.Anthropological Quarterly,2002,75(3):569.
[28]Rao K.A new paradigm for the identification,nomination and inscription of properties on the World Heritage List.International Journal of Heritage Studies,2010,16(3).
[29]Willems W.J.H.The Future of World Heritage and the Emergence of Transnational Heritage Regimes.Heritage&Society,2014,7(2).
[30]Byrne D.A Critique of unfeeling heritage.Smith,L.and Akagawa,N.(eds.)Intangible Heritage.London:Routledge,2009:231.
[31]同[4],第52页。
[32]Holtorf C.,Hogberg A.Contemporary Heritage and the Future.Waterton,E.,Watson,S.(eds.)The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research.Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2015:511.
[33]Waterton E.Whose Sense of Place?Reconciling Archaeological Perspectives with Community Values:Cultural Landscapes in England.International Journal of Heritage Studies,2005,11(4).
[34]Schoch D.Whose World Heritage?Dresden’s WaldschloBchen Bridge and UNESCO’s Delisting of the Dresden Elbe Valley.International Journal of Cultural Property,2014,(21).
[35]Meskell L.Conflict heritage and expert failure.Labadi,S,Long,C.(eds)Heritage and Globalization.London:Routledge,2010.
[36]Logan W.Heritage Rights-Avoidance and Reinforcement.Heritage&Society,2014,7(2).
[37]Hodder I.Cultural Heritage Rights:From Ownership and Descent to Justice and Well-being.Anthropological Quarterly,2010,83(4).
[38]Poulios I.Discussing strategy in heritage conservation:living heritage approach as an example of strategic innovation.Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development,2014,4(1).
[39]同[6],第129页。
[40]同[6],第141页。
[41]Araoz G.F.Preserving heritage places under a new paradigm.Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development,2011,1(1):59.
[42]Holtorf C.,Kono T.Forum on Nara+20:An Introduction.Heritage&Society,2015,8(2):139.
[43]UNESCO:Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention.Paris,2005:21.
[44]张松:《城市文化遗产保护国际宪章与国内法规选编》,同济大学出版社2007年,第141页。
[45]Araoz G.Conservation Philosophy and its Development:Changing Understandings of Authenticity and Significance.Heritage&Society,2013,6(2):153.
[46]国际古迹遗址理事会中国国家委员会:《德里宣言--遗产与民主》,国际古迹遗址理事会中国国家委员会网站[EB/OL][2018-01-18]http://www.icomoschina.org.cn/news.php?class=451.
[47]宋新潮:《文化遗产永续传承》,《人民日报》2018年4月15日第7版。
[48]鲍小会:《中国现代文物保护意识的形成》,《文博》2000年第3期。
[49]同[45],第153页。
[50]国家文物局:《全国重点文物保护单位保护规划编制要求(修订稿草案)》,国家文物局网站[EB/OL][2018-01-15]http://www.sohu.com/a/216853828_170361.
[51]段清波:《论文化遗产的核心价值》,《中原文化研究》2018年第1期。
[52]Rico T.Heritage at Risk:The Authority and Autonomy of a Dominant Preservation Framework.Samuels K.L.,Rico T.(eds.).Heritage Keywords:Rhetoric and Redescription in Cultural Heritage.Boulder:University Press of Colorado,2015.
[53]国家文物局:《关于促进文物合理利用的若干意见》,国家文物局网站[EB/OL][2016-10-18]http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-10/18/content_5121126.htm.
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