天津博物馆文物库房部分文物与囊匣中霉菌的分离与鉴定
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摘要
馆藏文物中的书画、古籍、档案、纺织品和竹木漆器等有机质文物,常常受到霉菌的破坏。为了解文物库房有机质文物中霉菌病害现状,寻找适合的防治方法,利用显微形态观察和分子生物学方法,对四个库房内文物材料与囊匣上滋生的霉菌进行采样、培养、分离和鉴定。实验分离出的14株菌株通过形态观察和分子生物学鉴定为6个属,包括毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)、畸枝霉属(Malbranchea)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、派伦霉属(Peyronellaea)和枝孢属(Cladosporium)等,其中毛壳菌属数量最多,曲霉属次之,多数为能对文物产生危害的常见菌种,亟待采取有效防治措施。实验结果可为今后霉菌的防治工作提供依据。
Organic cultural relics such as Chinese paintings and calligraphy, ancient books, archives, textiles and lacquerware stored in museums often suffer from fungal contamination. In order to investigate fungal contamination of such cultural relics and to find effective methods to inhibit biodeterioration, we sampled, cultivated, isolated and identified fungi from some cultural relics and packaging boxes in four antique storerooms, using microscopic observation and molecular biological methods. Fourteen fungal strains were isolated from the cultural relic surfaces. Six genera, namely, Chaetomium, Malbranchea, Aspergillus, Peyronellaea, Comoclathris and Cladosporium, were identified by morphological observation and molecular biological methods. Chaetomium was the most prevalent, followed by Aspergillus. Most of these fungi can not only cause severe aesthetical damage to cultural relics, but also alter their material structures. Therefore, it is urgent that effective preventative and protective measures be taken. In this regard, the experimental results from this study could provide a scientific basis for related work in the future.
Organic cultural relics such as Chinese paintings and calligraphy, ancient books, archives, textiles and lacquerware stored in museums often suffer from fungal contamination. In order to investigate fungal contamination of such cultural relics and to find effective methods to inhibit biodeterioration, we sampled, cultivated, isolated and identified fungi from some cultural relics and packaging boxes in four antique storerooms, using microscopic observation and molecular biological methods. Fourteen fungal strains were isolated from the cultural relic surfaces. Six genera, namely, Chaetomium, Malbranchea, Aspergillus, Peyronellaea, Comoclathris and Cladosporium, were identified by morphological observation and molecular biological methods. Chaetomium was the most prevalent, followed by Aspergillus. Most of these fungi can not only cause severe aesthetical damage to cultural relics, but also alter their material structures. Therefore, it is urgent that effective preventative and protective measures be taken. In this regard, the experimental results from this study could provide a scientific basis for related work in the future.
引文
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[17] 范光森,严烨,杨绍青,等.一株产木聚糖酶嗜热真菌樟绒枝霉的鉴定及其产纤维质降解酶系分析[J].应用与环境生物学报,2013,19(1):48-53.FAN Guangsen,YAN Ye,YANG Shaoqing,et al.Identification of a xylanase-producing thermophilic fungus,Malbranchea cinnamomea,and analysis of its cellulosic enzymes[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2013,19(1):48-53.
[18] 赵春青.中国嗜热真菌分类研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2006.ZHAO Chunqing.Taxonomic studies on the thermophilic fungi from China[D].Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2006.
[19] 牛小瑞.山茱萸3种新病害的病原学研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2013.NIU Xiaorui.Study on etiology of three new diseases of dogwood plants[D].Nanning:Guangxi University,2013.
[20] 姚玉玲.草坪早熟禾叶枯病鉴定及其防治研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2015.YAO Yuling.Identification of pathogen of leaf blight in Poa pratensis and the prevention[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2015.
[21] 郭宏.文物保存环境概论[M].北京:科学出版社,2001:238.GUO Hong.Introduction to cultural relic conservation environment[M].Beijing:Science Press,2001:238.
[22] 路智勇,惠任.纺织品文物霉害预防性控制[J].四川文物,2009(3):89-92.LU Zhiyong,HUI Ren.The preventive control of mould in ancient silk[J].Sichuan Cultural Relics,2009(3):89-92.
[23] GUIAMET P,BORREGO S,LAVIN P,et al.Biofouling and biodeterioration in materials stored at the Historical Archive of the Museum of La Plata,Argentine and at the National Archive of the Republic of Cuba[J].Colloids and Surfaces B:Biointerfaces,2011,85(2):229-234.
[24] 马清林,胡之德,李最雄.微生物对壁画颜料的腐蚀与危害[J].敦煌研究,1996(3):136-144.MA Qinglin,HU Zhide,LI Zuixiong.Microbial corrosion and damages to mural pigments[J].Dunhuang Research,1996(3):136-144.
[25] 冯清平,张晓军,马清林,等.敦煌壁画色变中微生物因素的研究Ⅱ.微生物对模拟石窟壁画颜料的影响[J].微生物学报,1998,38(2):131-136.FENG Qingping,ZHANG Xiaojun,MA Qinglin,et al.Studies on microbiological factor in colour change of Mogao Graffito’s mural Ⅱ.Effect of microorganism on the pigment of imitative mural[J].Acta Microbiologica Sinica,1998,38(2):131-136.
[26] 马淑琴.关于文物霉腐机理的探讨[J].北方文物,1996(1):95-96.MA Shuqin.The mechanism research of cultural relic’s corrosion[J].Northern Cultural Relics,1996(1):95-96.
[27] 徐晓影.皮革防霉及防霉剂研究进展[J].西部皮革,2011,33(12):40-43.XU Xiaoying.Research development of fungicides and mildew preventives used in leather[J].West Leather,2011,33(12):40-43.
[28] 张艳红,刘根亮.天津博物馆文物库房保存环境现状调查[J].中国文物科学研究,2016(3):59-64.ZHANG Yanhong,LIU Genliang.A survey on the environmental status for cultural relics conservation in storage room of Tianjin Museum[J].China Cultural Heritage Scientific Research,2016(3):59-64.
[29] 加瑞·汤姆森.博物馆环境[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:69.THOMSON G.The museum environment[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007:69.
[30] NIESLER A,GóRNY R L,WLAZ?O A,et al.Microbial contamination of storerooms at the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum[J].Aerobiologia,2010,26(2):125-133.
[31] ABDEL-KAREEM O.Monitoring,controlling and prevention of the fungal deterioration of textile artifacts in the museum of Jordanian heritage[J].Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry,2010,10(2):85-96.
[2] 马淑琴.文物霉害和虫害的防治[M].北京:科学出版社,2013:136-145.MA Shuqin.Mildew and pest prevention and control for cultural relics[M].Beijing:Science Press,2013:136-145.
[3] 唐欢,王春,范文奇,等.馆藏纸质书画文物上霉菌的分离与鉴定[J].文物保护与考古科学,2015,27(2):40-46.TANG Huan,WANG Chun,FAN Wenqi,et al.Isolation and identification of molds from ancient Chinese calligraphy and paintings in museums[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2015,27(2):40-46.
[4] 申艾君,王明道,刘康,等.馆藏竹木漆器类文物污染霉菌类群的鉴定与分析[J].河南科学,2011,29(8):923-926.SHEN Aijun,WANG Mingdao,LIU Kang,et al.Identification and analysis of contaminated mold species from the bamboo,wood and lacquer collected in Henan Museum[J].Henan Science,2011,29(8):923-926.
[5] M?LLER E M,BAHNWEG G,SANDERMANN H,et al.A simple and efficient protocol for isolation of high molecular weight DNA from filamentous fungi,fruit bodies,and infected plant tissues[J].Nucleic Acids Research,1992,20(22):6115-6116.
[6] WHITE T J,BRUNS T,LEE S,et al.Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics[M]//INNIS M A,GELFAND D H,SNINSKY J J,et al.PCR protocols:A guide to methods and applications.San Diego:Academic Press,1990:315-322.
[7] LANDEWEERT R,LEEFLANG P,KUYPER T W,et al.Molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in soil horizons[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2003,69(1):327-333.
[8] EBRAHIMI A,KARIMI S,LOTFALIAN S,et al.Allergenic fungi in deteriorating historic objects of Shahrekord Museum,in Iran[J].Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology,2011,4(4):261-265.
[9] 田金英,王春蕾.北京故宫文物霉菌调查研究[J].北方文物,2002(3):100-107.TIAN Jinying,WANG Chunlei.The mould investigation for the cultural relics in the Palace Museum[J].Northern Cultural Relics,2002(3):100-107.
[10] LJALJEVIC-GRBIC M,STUPAR M,VUKOJEVIC J,et al.Molds in museum environments:Biodeterioration of art photographs and wooden sculptures[J].Archives of Biological Sciences,2013,65(3):955-962.
[11] PANGALLO D,SIMONOVICOVá A,CHOVANOVá K,et al.Wooden art objects and the museum environment:identification and biodegradative characteristics of isolated microflora[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2007,45(1):87-94.
[12] 胡阳.球毛壳菌次生代谢的分子生物学研究[D].天津:南开大学,2013.HU Yang.Molecular basis of the secondary metabolism in Chaetomium globosum[D].Tianjin:Nankai University,2013.
[13] 唐欢,江洁,范文奇,等.博物馆文物库房空气微生物污染情况调查[J].职业与健康,2015,31(15):2088-2092.TANG Huan,JIANG Jie,FAN Wenqi,et al.Investigation of air microorganism contamination in museum storeroom[J].Occupation and Health,2015,31(15):2088-2092.
[14] ROJAS T I,MARTíNEZ E,GóMEZ Y,et al.Airborne spores of Aspergillus species in cultural institutions at Havana University[J].Grana,2002,41(3):190-193.
[15] SHAMSIAN A,FATA A,MOHAJERI M,et al.Fungal contaminations in historical manuscripts at Astan Quds Museum Library,Mashhad,Iran[J].International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2006,8(3):420-422.
[16] 薛升.黄曲霉菌特异单链抗体及其基因的分离鉴定和应用[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2014.XUE Sheng.Characterization and application of Aspergillus-specific single-chain antibodies and their encoding genes[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2014.
[17] 范光森,严烨,杨绍青,等.一株产木聚糖酶嗜热真菌樟绒枝霉的鉴定及其产纤维质降解酶系分析[J].应用与环境生物学报,2013,19(1):48-53.FAN Guangsen,YAN Ye,YANG Shaoqing,et al.Identification of a xylanase-producing thermophilic fungus,Malbranchea cinnamomea,and analysis of its cellulosic enzymes[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2013,19(1):48-53.
[18] 赵春青.中国嗜热真菌分类研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2006.ZHAO Chunqing.Taxonomic studies on the thermophilic fungi from China[D].Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2006.
[19] 牛小瑞.山茱萸3种新病害的病原学研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2013.NIU Xiaorui.Study on etiology of three new diseases of dogwood plants[D].Nanning:Guangxi University,2013.
[20] 姚玉玲.草坪早熟禾叶枯病鉴定及其防治研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2015.YAO Yuling.Identification of pathogen of leaf blight in Poa pratensis and the prevention[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2015.
[21] 郭宏.文物保存环境概论[M].北京:科学出版社,2001:238.GUO Hong.Introduction to cultural relic conservation environment[M].Beijing:Science Press,2001:238.
[22] 路智勇,惠任.纺织品文物霉害预防性控制[J].四川文物,2009(3):89-92.LU Zhiyong,HUI Ren.The preventive control of mould in ancient silk[J].Sichuan Cultural Relics,2009(3):89-92.
[23] GUIAMET P,BORREGO S,LAVIN P,et al.Biofouling and biodeterioration in materials stored at the Historical Archive of the Museum of La Plata,Argentine and at the National Archive of the Republic of Cuba[J].Colloids and Surfaces B:Biointerfaces,2011,85(2):229-234.
[24] 马清林,胡之德,李最雄.微生物对壁画颜料的腐蚀与危害[J].敦煌研究,1996(3):136-144.MA Qinglin,HU Zhide,LI Zuixiong.Microbial corrosion and damages to mural pigments[J].Dunhuang Research,1996(3):136-144.
[25] 冯清平,张晓军,马清林,等.敦煌壁画色变中微生物因素的研究Ⅱ.微生物对模拟石窟壁画颜料的影响[J].微生物学报,1998,38(2):131-136.FENG Qingping,ZHANG Xiaojun,MA Qinglin,et al.Studies on microbiological factor in colour change of Mogao Graffito’s mural Ⅱ.Effect of microorganism on the pigment of imitative mural[J].Acta Microbiologica Sinica,1998,38(2):131-136.
[26] 马淑琴.关于文物霉腐机理的探讨[J].北方文物,1996(1):95-96.MA Shuqin.The mechanism research of cultural relic’s corrosion[J].Northern Cultural Relics,1996(1):95-96.
[27] 徐晓影.皮革防霉及防霉剂研究进展[J].西部皮革,2011,33(12):40-43.XU Xiaoying.Research development of fungicides and mildew preventives used in leather[J].West Leather,2011,33(12):40-43.
[28] 张艳红,刘根亮.天津博物馆文物库房保存环境现状调查[J].中国文物科学研究,2016(3):59-64.ZHANG Yanhong,LIU Genliang.A survey on the environmental status for cultural relics conservation in storage room of Tianjin Museum[J].China Cultural Heritage Scientific Research,2016(3):59-64.
[29] 加瑞·汤姆森.博物馆环境[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:69.THOMSON G.The museum environment[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007:69.
[30] NIESLER A,GóRNY R L,WLAZ?O A,et al.Microbial contamination of storerooms at the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum[J].Aerobiologia,2010,26(2):125-133.
[31] ABDEL-KAREEM O.Monitoring,controlling and prevention of the fungal deterioration of textile artifacts in the museum of Jordanian heritage[J].Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry,2010,10(2):85-96.