南水北调中线水源区2000—2015年森林动态变化遥感监测
|
摘要
【目的】监测南水北调中线水源区2000—2015年森林空间分布格局,研究森林动态变化过程及其机制,为水源区森林生态系统保护和水质安全提供理论依据。【方法】基于2000、2010和2015年3期30 m分辨率国产环境灾害卫星HJ-1 A/B CCD以及Landsat TM影像数据,采用面向对象决策树分类方法,监测南水北调中线水源区的土地覆被,并运用像元二分模型和归一化植被指数估算植被覆盖度。【结果】3期土地覆被数据精度(K)分别为89. 4%、86. 9%和84. 4%,2000年用户精度为98%,2010年用户精度为96%,2015年用户精度为94%。土地覆被监测结果表明,受退耕还林和封山育林等生态工程项目实施影响,2000—2015年,南水北调中线水源区森林面积持续增加,增幅达9. 5%,增加面积主要来自草地、耕地和建设用地;然而,随着水源区大规模移民和区域经济不断发展,也使得约4 547 km~2的森林转化为耕地、草地和建设用地。分市统计分析表明,十堰市和安康市森林面积增量最大,均超过1 300 km~2,生态修复工程效果显著。2000—2015年,水源区植被覆盖度也呈增加趋势,其中森林植被覆盖度增幅达25. 4%,且植被覆盖度在0. 6以上的森林面积比例3期均超过70%。【结论】近15年来,南水北调中线水源区森林面积和森林植被覆盖度增加显著,森林密度得到提升,高密度的森林植被能够在地表形成植被保护层,降低水源区发生水力侵蚀和沟渠侵蚀的风险,从而提高水源区水土保持能力。
【Objective】 Monitoring the spatial distribution pattern of forest in the water source area of the middle-route of the south-to-north water diversion project from 2000 to 2015 and studying the process mechanism of forest dynamic change provide a theoretical basis for forest ecosystem protection and water quality safety in the study area.【Method】Based on the 30 m resolution HJ-1 A/B CCD images(2010,2015) and Landsat TM images(2000),the object-based decision tree classification method was used to obtain the land cover and the pixel dichotomy model for fractional vegetation coverage(FVC) estimation by NDVI.【Result 】 The classification accuracy K value went up to 89. 4%,86. 9% and 84. 4%,respectively and the user's accuracy of forest was 98% in 2000,96% in 2010 and 94% in 2015. The result showed that the acreage of forest increased continually from 2000 to 2015,and mainly transferred from grassland,cropland and construction land,due to the implementation of ecological projects,such as Grain for Green. However,because of the mass migration and the continuous development of regional economy,part of the forest acreage turned to cropland,grassland and construction land. Due to the remarkable implementation of ecological projects,in the statistical analysis of cities,the increments of forest area in Shiyan city and Ankang city were the most,reaching 1 383. 9 km~2 and1 344. 8 km~2,respectively. From 2000 to 2015,the FVC of forest increased with a rate of 25. 4%. The acreage with FVC above 0. 6 took account of the largest proportion of forest area.【Conclusion】 In summary,not only the acreage of forest,but also the FVC of forest both increased significantly. Thus the quality of forest in the water source area has been improved generally,which form the vegetation protective layer on the surface to reduce the risk of water erosion and ditch erosion,so as to improve the soil and water conservation capacity of the water source area.
【Objective】 Monitoring the spatial distribution pattern of forest in the water source area of the middle-route of the south-to-north water diversion project from 2000 to 2015 and studying the process mechanism of forest dynamic change provide a theoretical basis for forest ecosystem protection and water quality safety in the study area.【Method】Based on the 30 m resolution HJ-1 A/B CCD images(2010,2015) and Landsat TM images(2000),the object-based decision tree classification method was used to obtain the land cover and the pixel dichotomy model for fractional vegetation coverage(FVC) estimation by NDVI.【Result 】 The classification accuracy K value went up to 89. 4%,86. 9% and 84. 4%,respectively and the user's accuracy of forest was 98% in 2000,96% in 2010 and 94% in 2015. The result showed that the acreage of forest increased continually from 2000 to 2015,and mainly transferred from grassland,cropland and construction land,due to the implementation of ecological projects,such as Grain for Green. However,because of the mass migration and the continuous development of regional economy,part of the forest acreage turned to cropland,grassland and construction land. Due to the remarkable implementation of ecological projects,in the statistical analysis of cities,the increments of forest area in Shiyan city and Ankang city were the most,reaching 1 383. 9 km~2 and1 344. 8 km~2,respectively. From 2000 to 2015,the FVC of forest increased with a rate of 25. 4%. The acreage with FVC above 0. 6 took account of the largest proportion of forest area.【Conclusion】 In summary,not only the acreage of forest,but also the FVC of forest both increased significantly. Thus the quality of forest in the water source area has been improved generally,which form the vegetation protective layer on the surface to reduce the risk of water erosion and ditch erosion,so as to improve the soil and water conservation capacity of the water source area.
引文
曹慕俊,赵振宇.1980.从大自然的惩罚中清醒过来---陕西省宝鸡地区森林资源情况的调查.经济研究,(9):73-75.(Cao M J,Zhao Z Y.1980.Waking up from the punishment of nature-a survey of forest resources in Baoji area of Shaanxi Province.Economic Research Journal,(9):73-75.[in Chinese])
郭亚鸽,于信芳,江东,等.2012.面向对象的森林植被图像识别分类方法.地球信息科学学报,14(4):514-522.(Guo Y G,Yu X F,Jiang D,et al.2012.Study on forest classification based on object oriented techniques.Journal of Geo-Information Science,14(4):514-522.[in Chinese])
黄瑾.2010.面向对象遥感影像分类方法在土地利用信息提取中的应用研究.成都:成都理工大学硕士学位论文.(Huang J.2010.Object-oriented classification technique of remote sensing image used in classification of land use.Chengdu:MS thesis of Chengdu University of Technology.[in Chinese])
黄建文,陈永富,鞠洪波.2006.基于面向对象技术的退耕还林树冠遥感信息提取研究.林业科学,42(S1):68-71.(Huang J W,Chen Y F,Ju H B.2006.Study on tree-crown extraction form QuickBird imagery based on object-oriented approach in the project of converting cropland to forest.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,42(S1):68-71.[in Chinese])
胡玉福,邓良基,刘宇,等.2015.基于RS和GIS的大渡河上游植被覆盖时空变化.林业科学,51(7):49-59.(Hu Y F,Deng L J,Liu Y,et al.2015.Temporal and spatial variation of vegetation coverage in upper Dadu River based on RS and GIS.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,51(7):49-59.[in Chinese])
贾宝全,邱尔发,张红旗.2012.基于归一化植被指数的西安市域植被变化.林业科学,48(10):6-12.(Jia B Q,Qiu E F,Zhang H Q.2012.Xi’an vegetation dynamics based on NDVI.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,48(10):6-12.[in Chinese])
李春干,邵国凡.2010.面向对象的SPOT5图像森林分类.林业科学,46(8):130-139.(Li C G,Shao G F.2010.Object-oriented classification of forest cover using SPOT5 imagery.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,46(8):130-139.[in Chinese])
刘平.2014.国家新一轮退耕还林还草政策解读.云南林业,(6):47-49.(Liu P.2014.The policy interpretation of the new round in returning farmland to forest and grass.Yunnan Forestry,(6):47-49.[in Chinese])
钮立明,蒙继华,吴炳方,等.2011.HJ-1A星HSI数据2级产品处理流程研究.国土资源遥感,(1):77-82.(Niu L M,Meng J H,Wu B F,et al.2011.Research on standard preprocessing flow for HJ-1A HIS level 2 data product.Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,(1):77-82.[in Chinese])
任泽俭,田光辉,杨淑华.2008.南水北调工程征地移民工作的实施与政策.水利建设与管理,(1):43-44,17.(Ren Z J,Tian G H,Yang S H.2008.The implementation of the southto-north water diversion project in immigrantion and policy.Water Resources Development&Management,(1):43-44,17.[in Chinese])
申怀飞,侯刚,翟书梅,等.2013.南水北调中线水源区土地利用/覆被变化及其驱动因素分析.贵州农业科学,41(6):167-171.(Shen H F,Hou G,Zhai S M,et al.2013.Land use/cover change and the driving force in the water supplying area of the middle-route of the south-to-north water diversion(MR-SNWD)project.Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,41(6):167-171.[in Chinese])
沈泽昊,张全发,岳超,等.2006.南水北调中线水源区土地利用/土地覆被的空间格局.地理学报,61(6):633-644.(Shen Z H,Zhang Q F,Yue C,et al.2006.The spatial pattern of land use/land cover in the water supplying area of the middle-route of the south-to-north water diversion(MR-SNWD)project.Acta Geographic Sinica,61(6):633-644.[in Chinese])
孙华,林辉,莫登奎,等.2007.面向对象的决策树分类技术.中南林业科技大学学报,27(4):39-43.(Sun H,Lin H,Mo D K,et al.2007.Technology of object-oriented decision tree classification.Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,27(4):39-43.[in Chinese])
苏簪铀,邱炳文,陈崇成.2009.基于面向对象分类技术的景观信息提取研究.遥感应用信息,(2):42-46.(Su Z Y,Qiu B W,Chen C C.2009.Study on extraction of landscape information based on the object-oriented classification techniques.Remote Sensing Information,(2):42-46.[in Chinese])
王宝恩,由国文,朱东恺.2006.南水北调工程征地移民政策与管理体制.水力发电,32(9):9-12.(Wang B E,You G W,Zhu D K.2006.Policy and management system of land acquisition&resettlement induced by south-to-north water diversion project.Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,32(9):9-12.[in Chinese])
王公华.2008.对建立丹江口水库水源生态保护区与地方财政问题的思考.财政与发展,(10):30-33.(Wang G H.2008.The thoughts of establishing the Danjiangkou reservoir water source conservation and local fiscal problems.Finance and Development,(10):30-32.[in Chinese])
王久玲,黄进良,王立辉,等.2014.面向对象的多时相HJ星影像甘蔗识别方法.农业工程学报,30(11):145-151.(Wang J L,Huang J L,Wang L H,et al.2014.Identification of sugarcane based on object-oriented analysis using time-series HJCCD data.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,30(11):145-151.[in Chinese])
吴炳方.2017a.中国土地覆被.北京:科学出版社.(Wu B F.2017a.Land cover in China.Beijing:Science Press.[in Chinese])
吴炳方.2017b.中华人民共和国土地覆被地图集(1∶1 000 000).北京:中国地图出版社.(Wu B F.2017b.Land cover atlas of the people’s republic of China(1∶1 000 000).Beijing:Sino Maps Press.[in Chinese])
吴炳方,苑全治,颜长珍,等.2014.21世纪前十年的中国土地覆盖变化.第四纪研究,34(4):723-731.(Wu B F,Yuan Q Z,Yan C Z,et al.2014.Land cover changes of China from 2000 to 2010.Quaternary Science,34(4):723-731.[in Chinese])
吴昌广,周志翔,肖文发,等.2012.基于MODIS NDVI的三峡库区植被覆盖度动态监测.林业科学,48(1):22-28.(Wu C G,Zhou Z X,Xiao W F,et al.2012.Dynamic monitoring of vegetation coverage in Three Gorges Reservoir area based on MODISNDVI.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,48(1):22-28.[in Chinese])
谢家丽,颜长珍,宋翔.2014.基于HJ-1星CCD数据的面向对象人工表面信息提取研究---以陕西关中平原为例.安徽农业科学,42(15):4897-4900.(Xie J L,Yan C Z,Song X.2014.Extraction of artificial surface based on HJ-1 satellite CCD images with object-oriented method-a case study in Guanzhong Plain,Shaanxi Province.Journal of Anhui Agriculture Sciences,42(15):4897-4900.[in Chinese])
杨佩国,胡俊锋,刘睿.2013.HJ-1B卫星热红外遥感影像农田地表温度反演.测绘科学,38(1):60-62.(Yang P G,Hu J F,Liu R.2013.Land surface temperature retrieval method in farmland area for HJ-1B IRS4.Science of Surveying and Mapping,38(1):60-62.[in Chinese])
杨云彦.2007.南水北调工程与中部地区经济社会协调发展.中南财经政法大学学报,(3):3-9,142.(Yang Y Y.2007.A study on China’s south-to-north water transfers and harmonious social economic development in central region.Journal of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,(3):3-9,142.[in Chinese])
余凌云.2011.十堰服务南水北调中线工程五年回眸.新华网湖北频道.[2015-02-10].http://www.hb.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2011-12/12/content_24319970.html.(Yu L Y.2011.The recent five years of south-to-north water diversion project in Shiyan.Xinhua Channel of Hubei Province[2015-02-10].http://www.hb.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2011-12/12/content_24319970.html.
张耀伟.2014.安康保护南水北调中线水源水质---在守山护水中兴产富民.陕西日报.[2015-02-10].http://sn.people.com.cn/n/2014/1204/c190250-23110067.html.(Zhang Y W.2014.The water protection in Ankang in the south-to-north water diversion project-enrich people with the protecting water and mountain.Shanxi Daily[2015-02-10].http://sn.people.com.cn/n/2014/1204/c190250-23110067.html.
张胜利.2008.南水北调中线水源林水质年际变化及趋势---以秦岭火地塘天然林为例.林业科学,44(2):15-22.(Zhang S L.2008.Annual changes and trends in the water quality of the forest water supply region for the middle line of the south-to-north water transfer project-a case study from the Huoditang natural forest area.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,44(2):15-22.[in Chinese])
张雨霁,李海涛,顾海燕.2011.基于决策树的面向对象变化信息自动提取研究.遥感应用,(2):91-97.(Zhang Y J,Li H T,Gui H Y.2011.A research on object-oriented analysis of automatic change information extraction based on decision tree.Remote Sensing Information,(2):91-97.[in Chinese])
张周威,韩杰,余涛,等.2013.环境卫星影像预处理顺序研究.武汉大学学报:信息科学版,38(12):1456-1459.(Zhang Z W,Han J,Yu T,et al.2013.Preprocess order of HJ satellite data.Geometrics and Information Science of Wuhan University,38(12):1456-1459.[in Chinese])
周志强,曾源,张磊,等.2012.南水北调中线水源区植被覆盖度遥感监测分析.国土资源遥感,(1):70-76.(Zhou Z Q,Zeng Y,Zhang L,et al.2012,Remote sensing monitoring and analysis of fractional vegetation cover in the water source area of the middle route of projects to divert water from the south to the north.Remote Sensing For Land&Resources,(1):70-76.[in Chinese])
Congalton R G,Mead R A.1983.A quantitative method to test for consistency and correctness in photointerpretation.Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing,49:69-74.
Dong Z,Yan Y,Duan J,et al.2011.Computing payment for ecosystem services in watersheds:an analysis of the middle route project of south-to-north water diversion in China.Journal of Environmental Sciences,23(12):2005-2012.
Desclée B,Bogaert P,Defourny P.2006.Forest change detection by statistical object-based method.Remote Sensing of Environment,102(1/2):1-11.
Gutman G,Ignatov A.1998.The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models.International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation,19(8):1533-1543.
Gu Z J,Wu X X,Zhou F,et al.2013.Estimating the effect of Pinus massoniana Lamb.plots on soil and water conservation during rainfall events using vegetation fractional coverage.Catena,109:225-233.
Hansen M C C,Potapov P V,Moore R,et al.2013.High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change.Science,342(6160):850-853.
Jing X,Yao W Q,Wang J H,et al.2011.A study on the relationship between dynamic change of vegetation coverage and precipitation in Beijing’s mountainous areas during the last 20 years.Mathematical and Computer Modelling,54(3/4):1079-1085.
Jian S Q,Zhao C Y,Fang S M,et al.2015.Effects of different vegetation restoration on soil water storage and water balance in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,206:85-96.
Kallel A,Le Hégarat-Mascle S,OttléC,et al.2007.Determination of vegetation cover fraction by inversion of a four-parameter model based on isoline parametrization.Remote Sensing of Environment,111(4):553-566.
Li S,Gu S,Tan X,et al.2009.Water quality in the upper Han River basin,China:the impacts of land use/land cover in riparian buffer zone.Journal of Hazardous Materials,165:(1/3)317-324.
Li S,Liang W,Fu B,et al.2016.Vegetation changes in recent largescale ecological restoration projects and subsequent impact on water resources in China’s Loess Plateau Science of the Total Environment,569-570:1032-1039.
Mc Feeters S K.1996.The use of the normalized difference water index(NDWI)in the delineation of open water features.International Journal of Remote Sensing,17(7):1425-1432.
Rundquist B C.2002.The influence of canopy green vegetation fraction on spectral measurements over native tallgrass prairie.Remote Sensing of Environment,81(1):129-135.
Rouse Jr J W,Haas R H,Schell J A,et al.1974.Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS.The Third ERTS Symposium.1:309-317.
Sulong I,Mohd-Lokman H,Mohd-Tarmizi K,et al.2002.Mangrove mapping using Landsat imagery and aerial photographs:Kemaman District,Terengganu,Malaysia.Environment,Development and Sustainability,4(2):135-152.
T?mmervik H,Hgda K A,Solheiim I.2003.Monitoring vegetation changes in Pasvik(Norway)and Pechenga in Kola Peninsula(Russia)using multitemporal Landsat MSS/TM data.Remote Sensing of Environment,85(3):370-388.
Wang L,Ma C.1999.A study on the environmental geology of the middle route project of the south-north water transfer.Engineering Geology,51(3):153-165.
Zha Y,Gao J,Ni S.2003.Use of normalized difference built-up index in automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery.International Journal of Remote Sensing,24(3):583-594.
Zhang X,Liao C,Li J,et al.2013.Fractional vegetation cover estimation in arid and semi-arid environments using HJ-1 satellite hyperspectral data.International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation,21:506-512.
Zhang L,Li X S,Yuan Q Z,et al.2014.Object-based approach to national land cover mapping using HJ satellite imagery.Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,8(1):1-18.
郭亚鸽,于信芳,江东,等.2012.面向对象的森林植被图像识别分类方法.地球信息科学学报,14(4):514-522.(Guo Y G,Yu X F,Jiang D,et al.2012.Study on forest classification based on object oriented techniques.Journal of Geo-Information Science,14(4):514-522.[in Chinese])
黄瑾.2010.面向对象遥感影像分类方法在土地利用信息提取中的应用研究.成都:成都理工大学硕士学位论文.(Huang J.2010.Object-oriented classification technique of remote sensing image used in classification of land use.Chengdu:MS thesis of Chengdu University of Technology.[in Chinese])
黄建文,陈永富,鞠洪波.2006.基于面向对象技术的退耕还林树冠遥感信息提取研究.林业科学,42(S1):68-71.(Huang J W,Chen Y F,Ju H B.2006.Study on tree-crown extraction form QuickBird imagery based on object-oriented approach in the project of converting cropland to forest.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,42(S1):68-71.[in Chinese])
胡玉福,邓良基,刘宇,等.2015.基于RS和GIS的大渡河上游植被覆盖时空变化.林业科学,51(7):49-59.(Hu Y F,Deng L J,Liu Y,et al.2015.Temporal and spatial variation of vegetation coverage in upper Dadu River based on RS and GIS.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,51(7):49-59.[in Chinese])
贾宝全,邱尔发,张红旗.2012.基于归一化植被指数的西安市域植被变化.林业科学,48(10):6-12.(Jia B Q,Qiu E F,Zhang H Q.2012.Xi’an vegetation dynamics based on NDVI.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,48(10):6-12.[in Chinese])
李春干,邵国凡.2010.面向对象的SPOT5图像森林分类.林业科学,46(8):130-139.(Li C G,Shao G F.2010.Object-oriented classification of forest cover using SPOT5 imagery.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,46(8):130-139.[in Chinese])
刘平.2014.国家新一轮退耕还林还草政策解读.云南林业,(6):47-49.(Liu P.2014.The policy interpretation of the new round in returning farmland to forest and grass.Yunnan Forestry,(6):47-49.[in Chinese])
钮立明,蒙继华,吴炳方,等.2011.HJ-1A星HSI数据2级产品处理流程研究.国土资源遥感,(1):77-82.(Niu L M,Meng J H,Wu B F,et al.2011.Research on standard preprocessing flow for HJ-1A HIS level 2 data product.Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,(1):77-82.[in Chinese])
任泽俭,田光辉,杨淑华.2008.南水北调工程征地移民工作的实施与政策.水利建设与管理,(1):43-44,17.(Ren Z J,Tian G H,Yang S H.2008.The implementation of the southto-north water diversion project in immigrantion and policy.Water Resources Development&Management,(1):43-44,17.[in Chinese])
申怀飞,侯刚,翟书梅,等.2013.南水北调中线水源区土地利用/覆被变化及其驱动因素分析.贵州农业科学,41(6):167-171.(Shen H F,Hou G,Zhai S M,et al.2013.Land use/cover change and the driving force in the water supplying area of the middle-route of the south-to-north water diversion(MR-SNWD)project.Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,41(6):167-171.[in Chinese])
沈泽昊,张全发,岳超,等.2006.南水北调中线水源区土地利用/土地覆被的空间格局.地理学报,61(6):633-644.(Shen Z H,Zhang Q F,Yue C,et al.2006.The spatial pattern of land use/land cover in the water supplying area of the middle-route of the south-to-north water diversion(MR-SNWD)project.Acta Geographic Sinica,61(6):633-644.[in Chinese])
孙华,林辉,莫登奎,等.2007.面向对象的决策树分类技术.中南林业科技大学学报,27(4):39-43.(Sun H,Lin H,Mo D K,et al.2007.Technology of object-oriented decision tree classification.Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,27(4):39-43.[in Chinese])
苏簪铀,邱炳文,陈崇成.2009.基于面向对象分类技术的景观信息提取研究.遥感应用信息,(2):42-46.(Su Z Y,Qiu B W,Chen C C.2009.Study on extraction of landscape information based on the object-oriented classification techniques.Remote Sensing Information,(2):42-46.[in Chinese])
王宝恩,由国文,朱东恺.2006.南水北调工程征地移民政策与管理体制.水力发电,32(9):9-12.(Wang B E,You G W,Zhu D K.2006.Policy and management system of land acquisition&resettlement induced by south-to-north water diversion project.Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,32(9):9-12.[in Chinese])
王公华.2008.对建立丹江口水库水源生态保护区与地方财政问题的思考.财政与发展,(10):30-33.(Wang G H.2008.The thoughts of establishing the Danjiangkou reservoir water source conservation and local fiscal problems.Finance and Development,(10):30-32.[in Chinese])
王久玲,黄进良,王立辉,等.2014.面向对象的多时相HJ星影像甘蔗识别方法.农业工程学报,30(11):145-151.(Wang J L,Huang J L,Wang L H,et al.2014.Identification of sugarcane based on object-oriented analysis using time-series HJCCD data.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,30(11):145-151.[in Chinese])
吴炳方.2017a.中国土地覆被.北京:科学出版社.(Wu B F.2017a.Land cover in China.Beijing:Science Press.[in Chinese])
吴炳方.2017b.中华人民共和国土地覆被地图集(1∶1 000 000).北京:中国地图出版社.(Wu B F.2017b.Land cover atlas of the people’s republic of China(1∶1 000 000).Beijing:Sino Maps Press.[in Chinese])
吴炳方,苑全治,颜长珍,等.2014.21世纪前十年的中国土地覆盖变化.第四纪研究,34(4):723-731.(Wu B F,Yuan Q Z,Yan C Z,et al.2014.Land cover changes of China from 2000 to 2010.Quaternary Science,34(4):723-731.[in Chinese])
吴昌广,周志翔,肖文发,等.2012.基于MODIS NDVI的三峡库区植被覆盖度动态监测.林业科学,48(1):22-28.(Wu C G,Zhou Z X,Xiao W F,et al.2012.Dynamic monitoring of vegetation coverage in Three Gorges Reservoir area based on MODISNDVI.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,48(1):22-28.[in Chinese])
谢家丽,颜长珍,宋翔.2014.基于HJ-1星CCD数据的面向对象人工表面信息提取研究---以陕西关中平原为例.安徽农业科学,42(15):4897-4900.(Xie J L,Yan C Z,Song X.2014.Extraction of artificial surface based on HJ-1 satellite CCD images with object-oriented method-a case study in Guanzhong Plain,Shaanxi Province.Journal of Anhui Agriculture Sciences,42(15):4897-4900.[in Chinese])
杨佩国,胡俊锋,刘睿.2013.HJ-1B卫星热红外遥感影像农田地表温度反演.测绘科学,38(1):60-62.(Yang P G,Hu J F,Liu R.2013.Land surface temperature retrieval method in farmland area for HJ-1B IRS4.Science of Surveying and Mapping,38(1):60-62.[in Chinese])
杨云彦.2007.南水北调工程与中部地区经济社会协调发展.中南财经政法大学学报,(3):3-9,142.(Yang Y Y.2007.A study on China’s south-to-north water transfers and harmonious social economic development in central region.Journal of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,(3):3-9,142.[in Chinese])
余凌云.2011.十堰服务南水北调中线工程五年回眸.新华网湖北频道.[2015-02-10].http://www.hb.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2011-12/12/content_24319970.html.(Yu L Y.2011.The recent five years of south-to-north water diversion project in Shiyan.Xinhua Channel of Hubei Province[2015-02-10].http://www.hb.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2011-12/12/content_24319970.html.
张耀伟.2014.安康保护南水北调中线水源水质---在守山护水中兴产富民.陕西日报.[2015-02-10].http://sn.people.com.cn/n/2014/1204/c190250-23110067.html.(Zhang Y W.2014.The water protection in Ankang in the south-to-north water diversion project-enrich people with the protecting water and mountain.Shanxi Daily[2015-02-10].http://sn.people.com.cn/n/2014/1204/c190250-23110067.html.
张胜利.2008.南水北调中线水源林水质年际变化及趋势---以秦岭火地塘天然林为例.林业科学,44(2):15-22.(Zhang S L.2008.Annual changes and trends in the water quality of the forest water supply region for the middle line of the south-to-north water transfer project-a case study from the Huoditang natural forest area.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,44(2):15-22.[in Chinese])
张雨霁,李海涛,顾海燕.2011.基于决策树的面向对象变化信息自动提取研究.遥感应用,(2):91-97.(Zhang Y J,Li H T,Gui H Y.2011.A research on object-oriented analysis of automatic change information extraction based on decision tree.Remote Sensing Information,(2):91-97.[in Chinese])
张周威,韩杰,余涛,等.2013.环境卫星影像预处理顺序研究.武汉大学学报:信息科学版,38(12):1456-1459.(Zhang Z W,Han J,Yu T,et al.2013.Preprocess order of HJ satellite data.Geometrics and Information Science of Wuhan University,38(12):1456-1459.[in Chinese])
周志强,曾源,张磊,等.2012.南水北调中线水源区植被覆盖度遥感监测分析.国土资源遥感,(1):70-76.(Zhou Z Q,Zeng Y,Zhang L,et al.2012,Remote sensing monitoring and analysis of fractional vegetation cover in the water source area of the middle route of projects to divert water from the south to the north.Remote Sensing For Land&Resources,(1):70-76.[in Chinese])
Congalton R G,Mead R A.1983.A quantitative method to test for consistency and correctness in photointerpretation.Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing,49:69-74.
Dong Z,Yan Y,Duan J,et al.2011.Computing payment for ecosystem services in watersheds:an analysis of the middle route project of south-to-north water diversion in China.Journal of Environmental Sciences,23(12):2005-2012.
Desclée B,Bogaert P,Defourny P.2006.Forest change detection by statistical object-based method.Remote Sensing of Environment,102(1/2):1-11.
Gutman G,Ignatov A.1998.The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models.International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation,19(8):1533-1543.
Gu Z J,Wu X X,Zhou F,et al.2013.Estimating the effect of Pinus massoniana Lamb.plots on soil and water conservation during rainfall events using vegetation fractional coverage.Catena,109:225-233.
Hansen M C C,Potapov P V,Moore R,et al.2013.High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change.Science,342(6160):850-853.
Jing X,Yao W Q,Wang J H,et al.2011.A study on the relationship between dynamic change of vegetation coverage and precipitation in Beijing’s mountainous areas during the last 20 years.Mathematical and Computer Modelling,54(3/4):1079-1085.
Jian S Q,Zhao C Y,Fang S M,et al.2015.Effects of different vegetation restoration on soil water storage and water balance in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,206:85-96.
Kallel A,Le Hégarat-Mascle S,OttléC,et al.2007.Determination of vegetation cover fraction by inversion of a four-parameter model based on isoline parametrization.Remote Sensing of Environment,111(4):553-566.
Li S,Gu S,Tan X,et al.2009.Water quality in the upper Han River basin,China:the impacts of land use/land cover in riparian buffer zone.Journal of Hazardous Materials,165:(1/3)317-324.
Li S,Liang W,Fu B,et al.2016.Vegetation changes in recent largescale ecological restoration projects and subsequent impact on water resources in China’s Loess Plateau Science of the Total Environment,569-570:1032-1039.
Mc Feeters S K.1996.The use of the normalized difference water index(NDWI)in the delineation of open water features.International Journal of Remote Sensing,17(7):1425-1432.
Rundquist B C.2002.The influence of canopy green vegetation fraction on spectral measurements over native tallgrass prairie.Remote Sensing of Environment,81(1):129-135.
Rouse Jr J W,Haas R H,Schell J A,et al.1974.Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS.The Third ERTS Symposium.1:309-317.
Sulong I,Mohd-Lokman H,Mohd-Tarmizi K,et al.2002.Mangrove mapping using Landsat imagery and aerial photographs:Kemaman District,Terengganu,Malaysia.Environment,Development and Sustainability,4(2):135-152.
T?mmervik H,Hgda K A,Solheiim I.2003.Monitoring vegetation changes in Pasvik(Norway)and Pechenga in Kola Peninsula(Russia)using multitemporal Landsat MSS/TM data.Remote Sensing of Environment,85(3):370-388.
Wang L,Ma C.1999.A study on the environmental geology of the middle route project of the south-north water transfer.Engineering Geology,51(3):153-165.
Zha Y,Gao J,Ni S.2003.Use of normalized difference built-up index in automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery.International Journal of Remote Sensing,24(3):583-594.
Zhang X,Liao C,Li J,et al.2013.Fractional vegetation cover estimation in arid and semi-arid environments using HJ-1 satellite hyperspectral data.International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation,21:506-512.
Zhang L,Li X S,Yuan Q Z,et al.2014.Object-based approach to national land cover mapping using HJ satellite imagery.Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,8(1):1-18.