污水特质(水征)评价及其在污水再生处理工艺研究中的应用
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摘要
近年来,在污水高标准处理研究和工程实践中,发现和遇到越来越多的现有常规水质指标、工艺理论和技术知识等难以解释的新现象和难以解决的新问题.以逐步建立水质复杂体系研究理论和方法体系,构筑科学、有效的污水处理风险管理和安全保障管理系统为目标,介绍了污水的复杂体系特征,阐述了污水高标准处理中工艺设计、运行和诊断面临系统理论方法缺失的问题及其根源,提出了可有效支撑污水工艺研究的污水特质,即"水征(water feature)"的概念.通过分析污水中污染物的浓度水平、组分特征、安全性和稳定性及其时空变化,定义了水征"四维度"内涵,即污染物污染程度、组分特征、毒害效应和转化潜势等4个维度.研究和实践案例表明,水征能有效支撑水质安全评价、处理特性预测、处理工艺设计和工艺诊断优化等.在以水环境质量改善和环境风险控制为目标的污水高标准处理新阶段,基于水征研究,发展高效处理工艺、构筑科学有效的风险管理和安全保障体系尤为重要.今后需深入、持续开展污水处理中水征指标评价方法与理论体系、水征与污染物处理关键技术开发与工艺优化、水征与风险评价管理等方面的研究.
There are increasing new phenomena and new problems that cannot be explained by the common water quality parameters and theories or be solved by the available technologies in the researches and engineering practices of high-standard wastewater treatment. To establish systematic principles and methods for investigating water quality and building scientific and effective wastewater treatment risk management and safety assurance management systems,the characteristics of wastewater and the corresponding essential problems were evaluated in high-standard wastewater treatment,and a new concept of ‘water feature'was proposed to support the development of wastewater treatment technologies and processes. Water Feature refers to the concentration,composition,safety,and stability of pollutants in wastewater,as well as their temporal and spatial fluctuation,such that it covers the quantitative,temporal,and spatial dimensions. The assessment of water feature should be conducted based on the evolution methodologies of quantitative concentration,compositional characteristics,toxicological effects,and potential transformation of pollutants. The engineering practice cases suggest that the research of water feature can help to improve the risk assessment,treatability prediction,treatment process design and optimization in the high-standard wastewater treatment. The study of water feature can significantly improve the system of risk management and safety guarantee for wastewater treatment. Thus,it is necessary to investigate the systematic methodology of water feature deeply and constituently,as well as its relationship with treatment technology optimization,risk control and management.
There are increasing new phenomena and new problems that cannot be explained by the common water quality parameters and theories or be solved by the available technologies in the researches and engineering practices of high-standard wastewater treatment. To establish systematic principles and methods for investigating water quality and building scientific and effective wastewater treatment risk management and safety assurance management systems,the characteristics of wastewater and the corresponding essential problems were evaluated in high-standard wastewater treatment,and a new concept of ‘water feature'was proposed to support the development of wastewater treatment technologies and processes. Water Feature refers to the concentration,composition,safety,and stability of pollutants in wastewater,as well as their temporal and spatial fluctuation,such that it covers the quantitative,temporal,and spatial dimensions. The assessment of water feature should be conducted based on the evolution methodologies of quantitative concentration,compositional characteristics,toxicological effects,and potential transformation of pollutants. The engineering practice cases suggest that the research of water feature can help to improve the risk assessment,treatability prediction,treatment process design and optimization in the high-standard wastewater treatment. The study of water feature can significantly improve the system of risk management and safety guarantee for wastewater treatment. Thus,it is necessary to investigate the systematic methodology of water feature deeply and constituently,as well as its relationship with treatment technology optimization,risk control and management.
引文
[1]曲久辉,赵进才,任南琪,等.城市污水再生与循环利用的关键基础科学问题[J].中国基础科学,2017,19(1):6-12.QU Jiuhui,ZHAO Jincai,REN Nanqi,et al. Key basic scientific issues of urban sewage regeneration and recycling[J]. China Basic Science,2017,19(1):6-12.
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[11] TANG Xin,WU Qianyuan,ZHAO Xin,et al.Transformation of antiestrogenic-activity related dissolved organic matter in secondary effluents during ozonation[J].Water Research,2014,48:605-612.
[12] ISLAM M,MOREIRA J,CHELME-AYALA P,et al. Prediction of naphthenic acid species degradation by kinetic and surrogate models during the ozonation of oil sands process-affected water[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,493:282-290.
[13] WANG Wenlong,WU Qianyuan,HUANG Nan,et al.Potential risks from UV/H2O2oxidation and uv photocatalysis:a review of toxic,assimilable,and sensory-unpleasant transformation products[J].Water Research,2018,141:109-125.
[14] WU Qianyuan,LI Chao,DU Ye,et al. Elimination of disinfection byproduct formation potential in reclaimed water during solar light irradiation[J].Water Research,2016,95:260-267.
[15] WANG Lisha,HU Hongying,WANG Chao. Effect of ammonia nitrogen and dissolved organic matter fractions on the genotoxicity of wastewater effluent during chlorine disinfection[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(1):160-165.
[16] HU Hongying,DU Ye,WU Qianyuan,et al.Differences in dissolved organic matter between reclaimed water source and drinking water source[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,551/552:133-142.
[17]庞宇辰,席劲瑛,张彤,等.浊度与微生物指标在污水再生处理系统中的去除特性及相关性[J].环境工程学报,2014,8(10):4203-4242.PANG Yucheng,XI Jinying,ZHANG Tong,et al. Removal and relationship analysis of turbidity and microbial indicators in a municipal wastewater treatment pant[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2014,8(10):4203-4242.
[18]国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 18918—2002城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境出版社,2002.
[19]国家卫生部,国家标准化管理委员会.GB 5749—2006生活饮用水卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.
[20]魏复盛.水和废水监测分析方法[M]. 4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[21]邱勇,施汉昌,曾思育,等.污水处理厂自动控制系统的全流程策略与方法[J].中国给水排水,2011,27(2):16-19.QIU Yong,SHI Hanchang,ZENG Siyu,et al. Strategy and realization of full-flow process control system in municipal wastewater treatment plants[J].China Water&Wastewater,2011,27(2):16-19.
[22]胡洪营,吴乾元,黄晶晶,等.再生水水质安全评价与保障原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[23] EREMEKTAR G,SELCUK H,MERIC S. Investigation of the relation between COD fractions and the toxicity in a textile finishing industry wastewater:effect of preozonation[J]. Desalination,2007,211(1):314-320.
[24] MASSOUDINEJAD M,GHADERPOORI M,AZARI M R. The removal of COD and color from textile industry by chlorine hypochlorite[J]. International Jornal of Advanced Science and Technology,2015,76:35-42.
[25] EMMANUEL E,KECK G,BLANCHARD J,et al. Toxicological effects of disinfections using sodium hypochlorite on aquatic organisms and its contribution to aox formation in hospital wastewater[J].Environment International,2004,30(7):891-900.
[26] IMAI A,FUKUSHIMA T,MATSUSHIGE K,et al.Characterization of dissolved organic matter in effluents from wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Research,2002,36(4):859-870.
[27] GALAPATE R P,BAES A U,OKADA M. Transformation of dissolved organic matter during ozonation:effects on trihalomethane formation potential[J].Water Research,2001,35(9):2201-2206.
[28] HBNER U,VON GUNTEN U,JEKEL M. Evaluation of the persistence of transformation products from ozonation of trace organic compounds:a critical review[J]. Water Research,2015,68:150-170.
[29] ZHAO Xin,HUANG Huang,HU Hongying,et al. Increase of microbial growth potential in municipal secondary effluent by coagulation[J].Chemosphere,2014,109:14-19.
[30] ZHAO Xin,HU Hongying,YU Tong,et al. Effect of different molecular weight organic components on the increase of microbial growth potential of secondary effluent by ozonation[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(11):2190-2197.
[31] WU Qianyuan,HU Hongying,ZHAO Xin,et al. Effect of chlorination on the estrogenic/antiestrogenic activities of biologically treated wastewater[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(13):4940-4945.
[32] WANG Yunhong,WU Yinhu,TONG Xin,et al. Chlorine disinfection significantly aggravated the biofouling of reverse osmosis membrane used for municipal wastewater reclamation[J].Water Research,2019,154:246-257.
[33] TANG Xin,WU Qianyuan,HUANG Huang,et al.Removal potential of anti-estrogenic activity in secondary effluents by coagulation[J].Chemosphere,2013,93(10):2562-2567.
[34] DU Ye,ZHANG Xue,LI Chao,et al. Transformation of DON in reclaimed water under solar light irradiation leads to decreased haloacetamide formation potential during chloramination[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,340:319-325.
[35] TANG Xin,WU Qianyuan,ZHAO Xin,et al.A fingerprint analysis method for characterization of dissolved organic matter in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plant[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(24):14211-14218.
[36] WANG Lisha,WEI Dongbin,WEI Jie,et al. Screening and estimating of toxicity formation with photobacterium bioassay during chlorine disinfection of wastewater[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,141(1):289-294.
[37]李锋民,胡洪营.植物化感作用控制天然水体中有害藻类的机理与应用[J].给水排水,2004,30(2):1-4.LI Fengmin,HU Hongying.Mechanism of phyto-allelochemicals and its application for harmful algae control in nature water body[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2004,30(2):1-4.
[38] SAID-PULLICINO D,ERRIQUENS F G,GIGLIOTTI G.Changes in the chemical characteristics of water-extractable organic matter during composting and their influence on compost stability and maturity[J].Bioresource Technology,2007,98(9):1822-1831.
[39] VAN-DER K.Biological stability:a multidimensional quality aspect of treated water,environmental challenges[M]. Dordrecht:Springer,2000.
[40] DU Ye,LV Xiaotong,WU Qianyuan,et al.Formation and control of disinfection byproducts and toxicity during reclaimed water chlorination:a review[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2017,58:51-63.
[41]丛逸,赵欣,胡洪营,等.氯消毒对再生水可同化有机碳的影响[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(7):2602-2608.CONG Yi,ZHAO Xin,HU Hongying,et al. Influence of chlorine disinfection on the concentration of assimilable organic carbon in reclaimed water[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(7):2602-2608.
[42]杨佳,胡洪营,李鑫.再生水水质环境中典型水华藻的生长特性[J].环境科学,2010,31(1):76-81.YANG Jia,HU Hongying,LI Xin.Growth properties of typical water bloom algae in reclaimed water[J]. Environmental Science,2010,31(1):76-81.
[43] SHI Xiaolei,XU Chunhua,Hu Hongying,et al.Characterization of dissolved organic matter in the secondary effluent of pulp and paper mill wastewater before and after coagulation treatment[J]. Water Science and Technology,2016,74(6):1346-1353.
[2]中国环境报.水污染防治行动计划[M].北京:人民出版社,2015.
[3]国家环境保护部,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 4287—2012纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.
[4]胡洪营,石磊,许春华,等.区域水资源介循环利用模式:概念·结构·特征[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(6):839-847.HU Hongying,SHI Lei,XU Chunhua,et al. Water meta-cycle for regional water sustainable management:concept,system structure and advantages[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(6):839-847.
[5]胡洪营,许春华,李锋民,等.区域水循环经济体系的构建与实践[J].世界环境,2015(2):22-24.HU Hongying,XU Chunhua,LI Fengmin,et al. Construction and practice of regional water circular economic system[J]. World Environment,2015(2):22-24.
[6] SUN Yan,CHEN Zhuo,WU Guangxue,et al. Characteristics of water quality of municipal wastewater treatment plants in China:implications for resources utilization and management[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,131:1-9.
[7] KARVELAS M,KATSOYIANNIS A,SAMARA C. Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process[J].Chemosphere,2003,53(10):1201-1210.
[8] KRASNER S,WESTERHOFF P,CHEN Baiyang,et al. Impact of wastewater treatment processes on organic carbon,organic nitrogen,and dbp precursors in effluent organic matter[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(8):2911-2918.
[9]胡洪营,黄晶晶,孙艳,等.水质研究方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[10] SUN Yan,HUANG Huang,SUN Ying,et al. Ecological risk of estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage plant effluent and reclaimed water[J]. Environmental Pollution,2013,180:339-344.
[11] TANG Xin,WU Qianyuan,ZHAO Xin,et al.Transformation of antiestrogenic-activity related dissolved organic matter in secondary effluents during ozonation[J].Water Research,2014,48:605-612.
[12] ISLAM M,MOREIRA J,CHELME-AYALA P,et al. Prediction of naphthenic acid species degradation by kinetic and surrogate models during the ozonation of oil sands process-affected water[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,493:282-290.
[13] WANG Wenlong,WU Qianyuan,HUANG Nan,et al.Potential risks from UV/H2O2oxidation and uv photocatalysis:a review of toxic,assimilable,and sensory-unpleasant transformation products[J].Water Research,2018,141:109-125.
[14] WU Qianyuan,LI Chao,DU Ye,et al. Elimination of disinfection byproduct formation potential in reclaimed water during solar light irradiation[J].Water Research,2016,95:260-267.
[15] WANG Lisha,HU Hongying,WANG Chao. Effect of ammonia nitrogen and dissolved organic matter fractions on the genotoxicity of wastewater effluent during chlorine disinfection[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(1):160-165.
[16] HU Hongying,DU Ye,WU Qianyuan,et al.Differences in dissolved organic matter between reclaimed water source and drinking water source[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,551/552:133-142.
[17]庞宇辰,席劲瑛,张彤,等.浊度与微生物指标在污水再生处理系统中的去除特性及相关性[J].环境工程学报,2014,8(10):4203-4242.PANG Yucheng,XI Jinying,ZHANG Tong,et al. Removal and relationship analysis of turbidity and microbial indicators in a municipal wastewater treatment pant[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2014,8(10):4203-4242.
[18]国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 18918—2002城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境出版社,2002.
[19]国家卫生部,国家标准化管理委员会.GB 5749—2006生活饮用水卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.
[20]魏复盛.水和废水监测分析方法[M]. 4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[21]邱勇,施汉昌,曾思育,等.污水处理厂自动控制系统的全流程策略与方法[J].中国给水排水,2011,27(2):16-19.QIU Yong,SHI Hanchang,ZENG Siyu,et al. Strategy and realization of full-flow process control system in municipal wastewater treatment plants[J].China Water&Wastewater,2011,27(2):16-19.
[22]胡洪营,吴乾元,黄晶晶,等.再生水水质安全评价与保障原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[23] EREMEKTAR G,SELCUK H,MERIC S. Investigation of the relation between COD fractions and the toxicity in a textile finishing industry wastewater:effect of preozonation[J]. Desalination,2007,211(1):314-320.
[24] MASSOUDINEJAD M,GHADERPOORI M,AZARI M R. The removal of COD and color from textile industry by chlorine hypochlorite[J]. International Jornal of Advanced Science and Technology,2015,76:35-42.
[25] EMMANUEL E,KECK G,BLANCHARD J,et al. Toxicological effects of disinfections using sodium hypochlorite on aquatic organisms and its contribution to aox formation in hospital wastewater[J].Environment International,2004,30(7):891-900.
[26] IMAI A,FUKUSHIMA T,MATSUSHIGE K,et al.Characterization of dissolved organic matter in effluents from wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Research,2002,36(4):859-870.
[27] GALAPATE R P,BAES A U,OKADA M. Transformation of dissolved organic matter during ozonation:effects on trihalomethane formation potential[J].Water Research,2001,35(9):2201-2206.
[28] HBNER U,VON GUNTEN U,JEKEL M. Evaluation of the persistence of transformation products from ozonation of trace organic compounds:a critical review[J]. Water Research,2015,68:150-170.
[29] ZHAO Xin,HUANG Huang,HU Hongying,et al. Increase of microbial growth potential in municipal secondary effluent by coagulation[J].Chemosphere,2014,109:14-19.
[30] ZHAO Xin,HU Hongying,YU Tong,et al. Effect of different molecular weight organic components on the increase of microbial growth potential of secondary effluent by ozonation[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(11):2190-2197.
[31] WU Qianyuan,HU Hongying,ZHAO Xin,et al. Effect of chlorination on the estrogenic/antiestrogenic activities of biologically treated wastewater[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(13):4940-4945.
[32] WANG Yunhong,WU Yinhu,TONG Xin,et al. Chlorine disinfection significantly aggravated the biofouling of reverse osmosis membrane used for municipal wastewater reclamation[J].Water Research,2019,154:246-257.
[33] TANG Xin,WU Qianyuan,HUANG Huang,et al.Removal potential of anti-estrogenic activity in secondary effluents by coagulation[J].Chemosphere,2013,93(10):2562-2567.
[34] DU Ye,ZHANG Xue,LI Chao,et al. Transformation of DON in reclaimed water under solar light irradiation leads to decreased haloacetamide formation potential during chloramination[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,340:319-325.
[35] TANG Xin,WU Qianyuan,ZHAO Xin,et al.A fingerprint analysis method for characterization of dissolved organic matter in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plant[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(24):14211-14218.
[36] WANG Lisha,WEI Dongbin,WEI Jie,et al. Screening and estimating of toxicity formation with photobacterium bioassay during chlorine disinfection of wastewater[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,141(1):289-294.
[37]李锋民,胡洪营.植物化感作用控制天然水体中有害藻类的机理与应用[J].给水排水,2004,30(2):1-4.LI Fengmin,HU Hongying.Mechanism of phyto-allelochemicals and its application for harmful algae control in nature water body[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2004,30(2):1-4.
[38] SAID-PULLICINO D,ERRIQUENS F G,GIGLIOTTI G.Changes in the chemical characteristics of water-extractable organic matter during composting and their influence on compost stability and maturity[J].Bioresource Technology,2007,98(9):1822-1831.
[39] VAN-DER K.Biological stability:a multidimensional quality aspect of treated water,environmental challenges[M]. Dordrecht:Springer,2000.
[40] DU Ye,LV Xiaotong,WU Qianyuan,et al.Formation and control of disinfection byproducts and toxicity during reclaimed water chlorination:a review[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2017,58:51-63.
[41]丛逸,赵欣,胡洪营,等.氯消毒对再生水可同化有机碳的影响[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(7):2602-2608.CONG Yi,ZHAO Xin,HU Hongying,et al. Influence of chlorine disinfection on the concentration of assimilable organic carbon in reclaimed water[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(7):2602-2608.
[42]杨佳,胡洪营,李鑫.再生水水质环境中典型水华藻的生长特性[J].环境科学,2010,31(1):76-81.YANG Jia,HU Hongying,LI Xin.Growth properties of typical water bloom algae in reclaimed water[J]. Environmental Science,2010,31(1):76-81.
[43] SHI Xiaolei,XU Chunhua,Hu Hongying,et al.Characterization of dissolved organic matter in the secondary effluent of pulp and paper mill wastewater before and after coagulation treatment[J]. Water Science and Technology,2016,74(6):1346-1353.
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