城镇化与农业全要素生产率提升:异质性与空间效应
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摘要
农业过剩劳动力的城镇化流动有助于改善农业资源配置效率,实现全要素生产率的增长,进而推动农业发展质量,实现乡村振兴战略。本文基于SBM-DDF和Malmquist-Luenberger生产率指数,在测算农业过剩劳动力的基础上,从常住城镇化和就业城镇化视角分别考察了其对农业全要素生产率的差异性影响。研究发现:①地区间的农业劳动力要素过剩表现出较大差异。具体,中部地区的农业过剩劳动力高于东部和西部,粮食主产区的过剩量高于主销区和平衡区。②整体上,常住城镇化和就业城镇化对农业全要素生产率均表现出促进作用。分地区显示,常住城镇化的促进作用对西部地区最为明显,其次为东部和西部;就不同粮食功能区而言,其对粮食平衡区的促进作用最大,然后是主销区和主产区。③区分不同产业就业城镇化对农业全要素生产率的影响,发现相比于第二产业就业城镇化,第三产业就业城镇化对农业全要素生产率的正向影响更大;进一步地,第二、三产业就业城镇化对东部和主销区的农业全要素生产率影响不显著,对其余区域均有着显著地正向影响。④空间分析表明,就业城镇化具有正向的空间溢出效应,但常住城镇化则不存在;实现"就业"和"身份"的双重改变,是实现农业过剩劳动力持久"转身"的决定因素。政策启示在于,本地城镇化是解决农业过剩劳动力的首选;关注包容性社会政策设计,积极引导农业过剩劳动力城镇服务业就业,不失为改善现阶段城乡社会鸿沟,强化非农"转身"稳定性,实现乡村振兴计划的可行方案。
The urbanization flow of agricultural surplus labor helps to improve the efficiency of agricultural resource allocation,achieve the total factor productivity growth,and promote the quality of agricultural development,as well as realize rural revitalization plan.Based on the SBM-DDF and ML productivity index,this paper investigates the influence of urbanization on total factor productivity( TFP) in agriculture from the perspectives of residential urbanization and employment urbanization. The results show that: ①Agricultural labor surplus shows great differences among regions. Specifically,the surplus agricultural labor force in the central region is higher than that in the eastern and western regions,and the surplus in the main grain producing areas is higher than that in the main selling areas and the balance areas. ②On the whole,residential urbanization and employment urbanization have promoted agricultural TFP. Analyzing the regional data,we find that that residential urbanization has the greatest promoting effect on the western region,followed by the eastern and western regions; as far as the different grain functional areas are concerned,it has the greatest effect on the grain balance area,followed by the main grain sales area and the main grain producing area. ③Distinguishing the impact of employment urbanization in different industries on agricultural TFP,we find that employment urbanization in the tertiary industry has a greater positive impact on agricultural TFP than employment urbanization in secondary industry; furthermore,employment urbanization in secondary and tertiary industries has no significant impact on agricultural TFP in eastern and main grain sales area,and has a significant impact on other regions. ④Spatial analysis shows that employment urbanization has a positive spatial spillover effect,but residential urbanization does not exist this effect; the change of‘employment'and‘identity'is the decisive factor to realize the lasting‘turnaround'of agricultural surplus labor force. The policy enlightenment is that local urbanization is the first choice to solve the problem of agricultural surplus labor force; paying attention to the design of inclusive social policy and actively guiding the employment of urban service industry with agricultural surplus labor force can be regarded as a feasible scheme to improve the social gap between urban and rural areas,strengthen the stability of non-agricultural‘turnaround'and realize the Rural Revitalization plan.
The urbanization flow of agricultural surplus labor helps to improve the efficiency of agricultural resource allocation,achieve the total factor productivity growth,and promote the quality of agricultural development,as well as realize rural revitalization plan.Based on the SBM-DDF and ML productivity index,this paper investigates the influence of urbanization on total factor productivity( TFP) in agriculture from the perspectives of residential urbanization and employment urbanization. The results show that: ①Agricultural labor surplus shows great differences among regions. Specifically,the surplus agricultural labor force in the central region is higher than that in the eastern and western regions,and the surplus in the main grain producing areas is higher than that in the main selling areas and the balance areas. ②On the whole,residential urbanization and employment urbanization have promoted agricultural TFP. Analyzing the regional data,we find that that residential urbanization has the greatest promoting effect on the western region,followed by the eastern and western regions; as far as the different grain functional areas are concerned,it has the greatest effect on the grain balance area,followed by the main grain sales area and the main grain producing area. ③Distinguishing the impact of employment urbanization in different industries on agricultural TFP,we find that employment urbanization in the tertiary industry has a greater positive impact on agricultural TFP than employment urbanization in secondary industry; furthermore,employment urbanization in secondary and tertiary industries has no significant impact on agricultural TFP in eastern and main grain sales area,and has a significant impact on other regions. ④Spatial analysis shows that employment urbanization has a positive spatial spillover effect,but residential urbanization does not exist this effect; the change of‘employment'and‘identity'is the decisive factor to realize the lasting‘turnaround'of agricultural surplus labor force. The policy enlightenment is that local urbanization is the first choice to solve the problem of agricultural surplus labor force; paying attention to the design of inclusive social policy and actively guiding the employment of urban service industry with agricultural surplus labor force can be regarded as a feasible scheme to improve the social gap between urban and rural areas,strengthen the stability of non-agricultural‘turnaround'and realize the Rural Revitalization plan.
引文
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[15]王克强,贺俊刚,刘红梅.户籍堤坝效应与东部城市就业吸引力研究[J].中国人口科学,2014(6):2-14.
[16]张红宇.城镇化进程中农村劳动力转移:战略抉择和政策思路[J].中国农村经济,2011(6):4-14.
[17]马晓河,胡拥军.一亿农业转移人口市民化的难题研究[J].农业经济问题,2018(4):4-14.
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[19]WOUTERSE F.Migration and technical efficiency in cereal production:evidence from Burkina Faso.[J].Agricultural economics,2010,41(5):385-395.
[2]COMIN D,HOBIJN B.Technology diffusion and postwar growth[J].Nber macroeconomics annual,2011,25(1):209-246.
[3]CHANDA A,DALFAARD C J.Dual economies and international total factor productivity differences:channelling the impact from institutions,trade,and geography[J].Economica,2008,75(300):629-661.
[4]张乐,曹静.中国农业全要素生产率增长:配置效率变化的引入---基于随机前沿生产函数法的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2013(3):4-15.
[5]THAPA G,GAIHA R.Smallholder farming in Asia and the Pacific:Challenges and opportunities[C].Conference on New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture.International Fund for Agricultural Development Rome,2011,25.
[6]MASTERS B,ROHDE K.Reducing the risk of herbicide runoff in sugarcane farming through controlled traffic and early-banded application[J].Agriculture ecosystems&environment,2013,180(6):29-39.
[7]蔡昉.中国经济改革效应分析---劳动力重新配置的视角[J].经济研究,2017(7):4-17.
[8]张兴华.中国农村剩余劳动力的重新估算[J].中国农村经济,2013(8):49-54.
[9]郝大明.农业劳动力转移对中国经济增长的贡献率:1953-2015[J].中国农村经济,2016(9):44-57.
[10]王兵,唐文狮,吴延瑞.城镇化提高中国绿色发展效率了吗?[J].经济评论,2014(4):38-49.
[11]高帆.我国区域农业全要素生产率的演变趋势与影响因素---基于省际面板数据的实证分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2015(5):3-19.
[12]盖庆恩,朱喜,程名望,史清华.土地资源配置不当与劳动生产率[J].经济研究,2017(5):117-130.
[13]陈训波.资源配置、全要素生产率与农业经济增长愿景[J].改革,2012(8):82-90.
[14]HICKS J H,KLEEMANS M,LI N Y.Reevaluating agricultural productivity gaps with longitudinal microdata[J].Nber working papers,2017.
[15]王克强,贺俊刚,刘红梅.户籍堤坝效应与东部城市就业吸引力研究[J].中国人口科学,2014(6):2-14.
[16]张红宇.城镇化进程中农村劳动力转移:战略抉择和政策思路[J].中国农村经济,2011(6):4-14.
[17]马晓河,胡拥军.一亿农业转移人口市民化的难题研究[J].农业经济问题,2018(4):4-14.
[18]TAN S,HEERINK N,KUYVENHOVEN A.Impact of land fragmentation on rice producers’technical efficiency in south-east China[J].NJAS-Wageningen journal of life sciences,2010,57(2):117-123.
[19]WOUTERSE F.Migration and technical efficiency in cereal production:evidence from Burkina Faso.[J].Agricultural economics,2010,41(5):385-395.
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