中国固体废物进出口格局演化分析——以废纸为例
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摘要
固体废物进出口是影响我国生态文明建设及区域可持续发展的重要因素,也是最近环境管理关注的焦点。为了认识我国固体废物的进出口形势和全球固体废物贸易的格局,本文以进口量最大的固体废物——废纸为例,系统总结梳理了近年来我国废纸进出口情况的演化,绘制了2016年国际废纸贸易的流向地图,从2015年以来的废物管理政策调整出发探讨未来废纸产业的发展和转变。研究发现:(1)作为主要的造纸原材料,我国废纸进口量从1996年的137万t增加到2016年的2850万t,增长了近20倍。(2)当前全球废纸贸易突出表现为发达国家出口、发展中国家进口的格局,我国作为最大的废纸进口国,进口约占全球总量55%的废纸,美国则为最大的废纸出口国,出口约占全球总量36%的废纸。(3)应对洋垃圾入境的挑战,未来我国应在进口管控、再生资源产业发展等多个方面继续加强政策的引导和调控作用,激励国内的再生资源市场,促使废纸利用企业调整产业布局,加快产业转型。
The importation and exportation(I&E) of solid waste are imposing ecological civilization establishment and regional sustainable development and have absorbed much concern from environmental science and geography. The reform of I&E policy for solid waste is playing an important role in combating national pollution. Paper waste is the greatest waste stream of importation in China. To realize the state-of-art of China's paper waste I&E and global structure of paper waste trading,we identified China's evolution of I&E for paper waste in recent years,mapped the international trade flow of paper waste in 2016,and discussed the way forward and its response of future paper waste industry based on the policy adjusting of solid waste at the duration of 2015-2017. We found the importation of paper waste,as raw material of paper manufacturing,grew near 20 folders from 1.37 million tons in 1996 to 28.5 million tons in 2016. Geographically,global paper waste trading was characterizing with exportation from developed countries and importation from developing country. China was the largest importer of paper waste,covering approximately 55% of global importation. And the United States was the largest exporter,taking 36% of global exportation. To response the challenge of solid waste importation,China should concentrate on strengthening and adjusting the importation controlling,recycling,and renewable resource industry,activating domestic market of renewable resource,and optimizing the landscape of paper waste recycling.
The importation and exportation(I&E) of solid waste are imposing ecological civilization establishment and regional sustainable development and have absorbed much concern from environmental science and geography. The reform of I&E policy for solid waste is playing an important role in combating national pollution. Paper waste is the greatest waste stream of importation in China. To realize the state-of-art of China's paper waste I&E and global structure of paper waste trading,we identified China's evolution of I&E for paper waste in recent years,mapped the international trade flow of paper waste in 2016,and discussed the way forward and its response of future paper waste industry based on the policy adjusting of solid waste at the duration of 2015-2017. We found the importation of paper waste,as raw material of paper manufacturing,grew near 20 folders from 1.37 million tons in 1996 to 28.5 million tons in 2016. Geographically,global paper waste trading was characterizing with exportation from developed countries and importation from developing country. China was the largest importer of paper waste,covering approximately 55% of global importation. And the United States was the largest exporter,taking 36% of global exportation. To response the challenge of solid waste importation,China should concentrate on strengthening and adjusting the importation controlling,recycling,and renewable resource industry,activating domestic market of renewable resource,and optimizing the landscape of paper waste recycling.
引文
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[18]VAN EWIJK S,PARK J Y,CHERTOW M R.Quantifying the system-wide recovery potential of waste in the global paper life cycle[J].Resources,conservation and recycling 2018,134:48-60.
[19]KONG L,HASANBEIGI A,PRICE L,et al.Energy conservation and CO2 mitigation potentials in the Chinese pulp and paper industry[J].Resources,conservation and recycling 2017,117:74-84.
[20]王海刚,衡希,吴英,等.我国造纸原料对外依存度的状况及对策分析[J].纸和造纸,2015,34(9):1-5.
[21]商务部.中国再生资源回收行业发展报告(2016)[J].再生资源与循环经济,2016,9(06):15-21.
[22]李健,唐燕,张吉辉.中国再生资源产业聚集度变动趋势及影响因素研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(5):94-100.
[23]TAN Q Y,LI J H,BOLJKOVAC C.Responding to China’s waste import ban through a new,innovative,cooperative mechanism[J].Environmental science&technology,2018,52(14):7595-7597.
[24]BROOKS A L,WANG S N,JAMBECK J R.The Chinese import ban and its impact on global plastic waste trade[J].Science advances,2018,4(6):eaat0131.
[2]傅伯杰.新时代自然地理学发展的思考[J].地理科学进展,2018,37(1):1-7.
[3]曾现来,李金惠.城市矿山开发及其资源调控:特征、可持续性和开发机理[J].中国科学:地球科学,2018,48(3):288-298.
[4]国务院.中共中央国务院关于全面加强生态环境保护坚决打好污染防治攻坚战的意见[N/OL].(2018-04-24)[2018-10-18].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-06/24/content_5300953.htm
[5]PUCKETT J L,Byster S,Westervelt R,Gutierrez S,Davis A Hussain,et al.2002.Exporting harm:The high-tech trashing of Asia.Basel action network,Silicon valley toxics coalition.Available:http://ban.org/E-waste/technotrashfinalcomp.pdf.Accessed 24 Sept 2010.
[6]KIRBY P W,LORA-WAINWRIGHT A.Exporting harm,scavenging value:transnational circuits of e-waste between Japan,China and beyond[J].Area,2015,47(1):40-47.
[7]郑洋,邱琦,李淑媛,等.加强废物进口环境管理防范环境风险对策研究[J].环境与可持续发展,2011,36(6):30-33.
[8]凌江,鞠红岩,聂晶磊.进口固体废物环境管理制度构筑[J].环境保护,2017,45(22):7-10.
[9]国务院办公厅.关于禁止洋垃圾入境推进固体废物进口管理制度改革实施方案[EB/OL].(2017-07-18).http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/g/201709/20170902653760.shtml.
[10]谭全银,郑莉霞,赵娜娜,等.我国固体废物禁止进口新政的国际形势分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2018,43(1):39-42.
[11]商务部.中国再生资源回收行业发展报告(2017)[R].北京:商务部,2017.
[12]KIRBY P W,LORA-WAINWRIGHT A.Peering through loopholes,tracing conversions:remapping the transborder trade in electronic waste[J].Area,2015,47(1):4-6.
[13]童昕,王涛,陈彦光,等.中国电子废物的地区间流动[J].地理科学进展,2018,37(7):954-962.
[14]童昕,王涛,黄慧婷,等.中国电子废物循环利用空间优化[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(10):3868-3873.
[15]LEE D,OFFENHUBER D,DUARTE F,et al.Monitour:Tracking global routes of electronic waste[J].Waste management,2018,72:362-370.
[16]SEVIGNé-ITOIZ E,GASOL C M,RIERADEVALL J,et al.Methodology of supporting decision-making of waste management with material flow analysis(MFA)and consequential life cycle assessment(CLCA):case study of waste paper recycling[J].Journal of cleaner production 2015,105:253-262.
[17]VAN EWIJK S,STEGEMANN J A,EKINS P.Global life cycle paper flows,recycling metrics,and material efficiency[J].Journal of industrial ecology 2018,22(4):686-693.
[18]VAN EWIJK S,PARK J Y,CHERTOW M R.Quantifying the system-wide recovery potential of waste in the global paper life cycle[J].Resources,conservation and recycling 2018,134:48-60.
[19]KONG L,HASANBEIGI A,PRICE L,et al.Energy conservation and CO2 mitigation potentials in the Chinese pulp and paper industry[J].Resources,conservation and recycling 2017,117:74-84.
[20]王海刚,衡希,吴英,等.我国造纸原料对外依存度的状况及对策分析[J].纸和造纸,2015,34(9):1-5.
[21]商务部.中国再生资源回收行业发展报告(2016)[J].再生资源与循环经济,2016,9(06):15-21.
[22]李健,唐燕,张吉辉.中国再生资源产业聚集度变动趋势及影响因素研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(5):94-100.
[23]TAN Q Y,LI J H,BOLJKOVAC C.Responding to China’s waste import ban through a new,innovative,cooperative mechanism[J].Environmental science&technology,2018,52(14):7595-7597.
[24]BROOKS A L,WANG S N,JAMBECK J R.The Chinese import ban and its impact on global plastic waste trade[J].Science advances,2018,4(6):eaat0131.
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