桃树体不同部位果实着色差异及其与环境因子的关系研究
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摘要
为探讨树体冠层不同部位桃果实着色机制差异及其与环境因子的关系,以晚熟桃品种‘霞晖8号’为试材,研究了果实3个典型发育时期(硬核期、膨大期、成熟期)树体冠层上部、中部外围、中部内膛和下部的温度、光照环境因子变化动态,并就其对果皮色泽、色素含量的影响及与果实着色相关的基因表达特点进行解析。结果表明:(1)与冠层下部果实相比,‘霞晖8号’冠层上部、中部外围和中部内膛成熟果实果皮a~*/b~*(红色饱和度/黄色饱和度)显著较高。(2)冠层下部成熟果实的果皮花色素苷含量最低而叶绿素含量最高,且与其他部位间差异显著。(3)果实不同发育时期花色素苷合成相关基因的表达量差异表明,果皮花色素苷合成是多基因协同调控的过程。(4)果实转色前,低光照强度抑制了花色素苷合成相关基因的表达,其中对UFGT、DFR、CHS基因的调控作用最明显;果实成熟期,与高光照条件相比,低光照条件下果皮花色素苷合成相关基因上调表达。研究认为,树体冠层不同部位光照条件差异可能是导致果实着色差异的主要环境因素之一,它通过调节与果皮花色素苷积累相关的基因表达水平控制果皮的着色。
To explore the mechanism of variation in fruit coloring of peach(Amygdalus persica) in different tree canopy positions and its relationship with environmental factors, we studied the dynamic changes in temperature and light intensity in different canopy positions, i.e., upper, outer middle, inner middle and lower canopy during three fruit development stages like stone hardening stage, expanding stage and maturing stage of late-ripening cultivar ‘Xiahui 8' peach. The effects of environment on peel color, pigment content and the gene expression level related to fruit coloration were also studied. The results showed that:(1) the ripe fruits in upper and middle canopy(upper, outer middle and inner middle) of ‘Xiahui 8' peach had significantly higher a~*/b~*(a~*, b~*are red and yellow saturation scale, respectively.) compared to the lower canopy fruit.(2) The ripe fruit in lower canopy had significantly lower Ant(anthocyanin) content and higher Chl(chlorophyll) in peel compared to the other fruits.(3) The expression levels of Ant biosynthetic related genes(UFGT, DFR, LDOX, CHS, F3H) revealed that all these five genes in peel were involved in Ant biosynthesis.(4) Before peel color changing, low light intensity could down-regulate the expression level of the Ant biosynthetic related genes especially UFGT, DFR and CHS; While compared to the strong light environment, the expression levels of the related genes as mentioned above increased relatively under the weak light environment during fruit maturing stage. The results also suggested that the difference of light in different tree canopy positions might be one of the main environmental factors leading to fruit color difference.
To explore the mechanism of variation in fruit coloring of peach(Amygdalus persica) in different tree canopy positions and its relationship with environmental factors, we studied the dynamic changes in temperature and light intensity in different canopy positions, i.e., upper, outer middle, inner middle and lower canopy during three fruit development stages like stone hardening stage, expanding stage and maturing stage of late-ripening cultivar ‘Xiahui 8' peach. The effects of environment on peel color, pigment content and the gene expression level related to fruit coloration were also studied. The results showed that:(1) the ripe fruits in upper and middle canopy(upper, outer middle and inner middle) of ‘Xiahui 8' peach had significantly higher a~*/b~*(a~*, b~*are red and yellow saturation scale, respectively.) compared to the lower canopy fruit.(2) The ripe fruit in lower canopy had significantly lower Ant(anthocyanin) content and higher Chl(chlorophyll) in peel compared to the other fruits.(3) The expression levels of Ant biosynthetic related genes(UFGT, DFR, LDOX, CHS, F3H) revealed that all these five genes in peel were involved in Ant biosynthesis.(4) Before peel color changing, low light intensity could down-regulate the expression level of the Ant biosynthetic related genes especially UFGT, DFR and CHS; While compared to the strong light environment, the expression levels of the related genes as mentioned above increased relatively under the weak light environment during fruit maturing stage. The results also suggested that the difference of light in different tree canopy positions might be one of the main environmental factors leading to fruit color difference.
引文
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[8] 席奔,张敏敏,柳巧禛,等.葡萄果实成熟期花色苷与白藜芦醇合成相关基因的表达[J].西北植物学报,2017,37(10):2 010-2 016.XI B,ZHANG M M,LIU Q Z,et al.Expression of anthocyanin and resveratrol biosynthesis related genes in grapevine ripening stage[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2017,37(10):2 010-2 016.
[9] WANG B,BAI Y,HE J J,et al.Root restriction affected anthocyanin composition and up-regulated the transcription of their biosynthetic genes during berry development in ‘Summer Black’ grape[J].Acta Physiologiae Plantarum,2013,35(7):2 205-2 217.
[10] 马瑞娟,张斌斌,张春华,等.采前除袋铺设反光膜对桃果实着色及相关基因表达的影响[J].园艺学报,2015,42(11):2 123-2 132.MA R J,ZHANG B B,ZHANG C H,et al.Effect of bag removing with reflective film mulching before harvest on fruit coloration and expression of anthocyanin related genes in peach[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2015,42(11):2 123-2 132.
[11] 李玉阔,方金豹,林苗苗,等.基于RNA-seq的套袋对‘天源红’猕猴桃果实花色苷合成关键结构基因表达的影响[J].果树学报,2017,34(12):1 509-1 519.LI Y K,FANG J B,LIN M M,et al.Effect of bagging on expression of crucial structural genes of anthocyan-in biosynthesis in ‘Tianyuanhong’ kiwifruit based on RNA-seq[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2017,34(12):1 509-1 519.
[12] 孙志鸿,孙忠富,杨朝选,等.果树生态生理数学模拟的研究进展和应用[J].果树学报,2005,22(4):361-366.SUN Z H,SUN Z F,YANG C X,et al.Advances on research and application of mathematical simulation in fruit tree ecophysiology[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2005,22(4):361-366.
[13] 高华君,王少敏,王江勇.套袋对苹果果皮花青苷合成及着色的影响[J].果树学报,2006,23(5):750-755.GAO H J,WANG S M,WANG J Y.Effect of bagging on anthocyanin biosynthesis and pigmentation in apple skin[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2006,23(5):750-755.
[14] 黄春辉,俞波,苏俊,等.红色砂梨2个品种着色过程中的外观变化及其解剖学结构观察[J].果树学报,2009,26(1):19-24,127.HUANG C H,YU B,SU J,et al.A study of the visual changes of the skin color and fruit transection structure of two Chinese red skinned pear cultivars during fruit coloring process[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2009,26(1):19-24,127.
[15] 魏永赞,胡福初,郑雪文,等.光照对荔枝果实着色和花色素苷生物合成影响的分子机制研究[J].园艺学报,2017,44(7):1 363-1 370.WEI Y Z,HU F C,ZHENG X W,et al.The molecular mechanism of the impacts of illumination on litchi fruit coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2017,44(7):1 363-1 370.
[16] 何平,李林光,王海波,等.套袋对‘秋雪’桃果实品质及花青素合成相关基因表达的影响[J].植物生理学报,2018,54(2):273-281.HE P,LI L G,WANG H B,et al.Effect of bagging on fruit quality and anthocyanin synthesis-related gene expression of ‘Qiuxue’ peach[J].Plant Physiology Journal,2018,54(2):273-281.
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