玉米、花生及其间作茬口与施磷对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响机制
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摘要
该试验在玉米单作茬口、玉米-花生间作茬口(间作茬口)、花生单作茬口共3种茬口,以及0 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)(P_0)和180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)(P_1) 2个磷水平下,研究了间作茬口与施磷对冬小麦分蘖、叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质积累、光合特性及产量的影响机制,为玉米花生间作与小麦-玉米复种轮作提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)间作茬口较玉米茬口显著提高了冬小麦有效分蘖数、LAI、净光合速率和干物质积累量,并提高了冬小麦旗叶的SPAD值、CO_2饱和点、光饱和点及最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、表观量子效率(AQY)、羧化效率(CE)、最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))、最大RUBP再生的电子传递速率(J_(max))和最大磷酸丙糖利用速率(V_(TPU)),且CE、V_(cmax)、V_(TPU)的增幅均达到显著水平(P<0.05),有效改善了冬小麦产量构成,显著提高籽粒产量(P<0.05)。(2)间作茬口较花生茬口提高了冬小麦乳熟期的P_(nmax)、AQY、CE,增加了穗粒数和粒重,提高了产量。(3)与不施磷相比,施磷180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)显著促进间作茬口冬小麦生长,显著提高冬小麦旗叶的SPAD值、P_(nmax)、AQY、CE、V_(cmax)、J_(max)、V_(TPU)和籽粒产量(P<0.05)。研究发现,间作茬口较玉米茬口能有效增强冬小麦旗叶表观量子效率和CO_2羧化能力,显著提高小麦花后光合能力,促进冬小麦生长,从而增加穗粒数、粒重和籽粒产量,且间作茬口结合施磷180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)效果更好。
In order to provide a theoretical basis for a rotation between maize-peanut intercropping and wheat-maize multiple cropping, we studied the effects of maize intercropping peanut crops for rotation and phosphate fertilizer on tillering, leaf area index(LAI), dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic performance in flag leaves, and grain yield for winter wheat. A field experiment with three types of crops for rotation including sole maize, maize-peanut intercropping, and sole peanut, and two phosphate fertilizer levels including application 0 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)(P_0) and 180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)(P_1) was conducted. Results showed that:(1) compared with maize crops for rotation, maize-peanut intercropping crops for rotation(intercropping crops for rotation) significantly increased the effective tillering numbers, LAI, net photosynthetic rate, and dry matter of winter wheat; The SPAD value, CO_2 saturation point, light saturation point, maximum net photosynthetic rate(P_(nmax)), AQY, carboxylation efficiency(CE), rubisco maximum carboxylation rate(V_(cmax)), maximum electron transfer rate(J_(max)) and triose phosphate utilization rate(V_(TPU)) of winter wheat flag leaves were also increased, CE, V_(cmax) and V_(TPU) enhanced to a significant level(P<0.05), and significantly improved(P<0.05) winter wheat grain yield and the composition.(2) Intercropping crops for rotation increased the P_(nmax), AQY and CE in wheat flag leaves at milk stage, enhanced the kernels per spike, kernel weight and yield of winter wheat compared with peanut crops for rotation.(3) Supplying phosphate fertilizer with 180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2) significantly improved winter wheat growth, and increased the SPAD value, P_(nmax), AQY, CE, V_(cmax), J_(max), and V_(TPU) in flag leaves, and grain yield(P<0.05) in intercropping crops for rotation plots, compared with no phosphate fertilizer application. The study found that intercropping crops for rotation could effectively strengthen the apparent quantum efficiency and CO_2 carboxylation capacity in flag leaves of winter wheat, significantly enhance the photosynthetic capacity after flowering, and improve winter wheat growth. Thus, the kernels per spike, kernel weight and grain yield of winter wheat were increased, and intercropping crops for rotation combining with 180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2) phosphate fertilizer could get more effective to winter wheat.
In order to provide a theoretical basis for a rotation between maize-peanut intercropping and wheat-maize multiple cropping, we studied the effects of maize intercropping peanut crops for rotation and phosphate fertilizer on tillering, leaf area index(LAI), dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic performance in flag leaves, and grain yield for winter wheat. A field experiment with three types of crops for rotation including sole maize, maize-peanut intercropping, and sole peanut, and two phosphate fertilizer levels including application 0 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)(P_0) and 180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)(P_1) was conducted. Results showed that:(1) compared with maize crops for rotation, maize-peanut intercropping crops for rotation(intercropping crops for rotation) significantly increased the effective tillering numbers, LAI, net photosynthetic rate, and dry matter of winter wheat; The SPAD value, CO_2 saturation point, light saturation point, maximum net photosynthetic rate(P_(nmax)), AQY, carboxylation efficiency(CE), rubisco maximum carboxylation rate(V_(cmax)), maximum electron transfer rate(J_(max)) and triose phosphate utilization rate(V_(TPU)) of winter wheat flag leaves were also increased, CE, V_(cmax) and V_(TPU) enhanced to a significant level(P<0.05), and significantly improved(P<0.05) winter wheat grain yield and the composition.(2) Intercropping crops for rotation increased the P_(nmax), AQY and CE in wheat flag leaves at milk stage, enhanced the kernels per spike, kernel weight and yield of winter wheat compared with peanut crops for rotation.(3) Supplying phosphate fertilizer with 180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2) significantly improved winter wheat growth, and increased the SPAD value, P_(nmax), AQY, CE, V_(cmax), J_(max), and V_(TPU) in flag leaves, and grain yield(P<0.05) in intercropping crops for rotation plots, compared with no phosphate fertilizer application. The study found that intercropping crops for rotation could effectively strengthen the apparent quantum efficiency and CO_2 carboxylation capacity in flag leaves of winter wheat, significantly enhance the photosynthetic capacity after flowering, and improve winter wheat growth. Thus, the kernels per spike, kernel weight and grain yield of winter wheat were increased, and intercropping crops for rotation combining with 180 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2) phosphate fertilizer could get more effective to winter wheat.
引文
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[2] 薛庆喜.作物茬口对缓解大豆连作危害效果的研究[J].大豆科学,2010,29 (1):68-71.XUE Q X.Effects of crop stubbles on alleviating the damages by continuous cropping soybean[J].Soybean Science,2010,29(1):68-71.
[3] 王劲松,樊芳芳,郭珺,等.不同作物轮作对连作高粱生长及其根际土壤环境的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(27):2 283-2 291.WANG J S,FAN F F,GUO J et al.Effects of different crop rotations on growth of continuous cropping sorghum a its rhizosphere soil micro-environment[J].Chinese Journal Applied Ecology,2016,27(27):2 283-2 291.
[4] BARTON L,MURPHY DV,BUTTERBACH-Bahl K.Influence of crop rotation and liming on greenhouse gas emissions from a semi-arid soil[J].Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2013,167:23-32.
[5] MCDANIEL M D,GRANDY A S,TIEMANN L K,et al.Crop rotation complexity regulates the decomposition of high and low quality residues[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2014,78:243-254.
[6] 张福韬,乔云发,苗淑杰,等.轮作对黑土团聚体有机质光谱特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):208-214.ZHANG F T,QIAO Y F,MIAO S J,et al.Effects of crop rotation on spectrum characteristics of organic matter in mollisol aggregates[J].Journal of Soil and Water,2015,29(6):208-214.
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[8] 张向前.不同氮水平下玉米间作大豆和花生的效应研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2013.
[9] YANG X L,CHEN Y Q,PACENKA S,et al.Effect of diversified crop rotations on groundwater levels and crop water productivity in the North China Plain[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,522:428-438.
[10] 王崇桃,李少昆.玉米生产限制因素评估与技术优先序[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(6):1 136-1 146.WANG C T,LI S K.Assessment of limiting factors and techniques prioritization for maize production in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(6):1 136-1 146.
[11] ZUO Y M,LIU Y X,ZHANG F S,et al.Studies on the improvement iron nutrition of peanut intercropping with maize on nitrogen fixation at early stages of growth of peanut on a calcareous soil[J].Soil Science & Plant Nutrition,2005,50:1 071-1 078.
[12] 何志刚,汪仁,王秀娟,等.不同玉米/花生间作模式对土壤微生物量及产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(33):233-236.HE Z G,WANG R,WANG X J,et al.The impact of intercropping on the yield and soil microorganism of different peanut and corn[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2013,29(33):233-236.
[13] 张向前,黄国勤,卞新民,等.间作对玉米品质、产量及土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(22):7 082-7 090.ZHANG Q Q,HUANG G Q,BIAN X M,et al.Effects of intercropping on quality and yield of maize grain microorganism quantity,and enzyme activities in soils[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(22):7 082-7 090.
[14] 章家恩,高爱霞,徐华勤,等.玉米/花生间作对土壤微生物和土壤养分状况的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(7):1 597-1 602.ZHANG J E,GAO A X,XU H Q,et al.Effects of maize/peanut intercropping on rhizosphere soil microbes and nutrients content[J].Chinese Journal Applied Ecology,2009,20(7):1 597-1 602.
[15] 姜玉超.玉米花生间作对土壤肥力特性的影响[D].河南洛阳:河南科技大学,2015.
[16] 王飞,李清华,林诚,等.冷浸田水旱轮作对作物生产及土壤特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(5):1 469-1 476.WANG F,LI Q H,LIN C,et al.Influence of paddy rice-upland crop rotation of cold-waterlogged paddy field on crops production and soil characteristics[J].Chinese Journal Applied Ecology,2015,26(5):1 469-1 476.
[17] 王惠珍,张新慧,李应东,等.轮作与连作当归光合特性和挥发油的比较[J].草业学报,2011,20(1):69-74.WANG H Z,ZHANG X H,LI Y D,et al.Comparison of photosynthetic characteristic and the essential oils in crop rotation and continuous cropping of Angelica sinensis[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(1):69-74.
[18] 吴楚,范志强,王政权.磷胁迫对水曲柳幼苗叶绿素合成、光合作用和生物量分配格局的影响[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(6):935-940.WU C,FAN Z Q,WANG Z Q.Effect of phosphorus stress on chlorophyll biosynthesis,photosynthesis and biomass partitioning pattern of Fraxinus mandchurica seedlings[J].Chinese Journal Applied Ecology,2004,15(6):935-940.
[19] JACOB J,LAWLOR D W.Dependence of photosynthesis of sunflower and maize leaves on phosphate supply,ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity,and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate pool size[J].Plant Physiology,1992,98(3):801-7.
[20] 张岁岐,山仑.土壤干旱条件下磷素营养对春小麦水分状况和光合作用的影响[J].西北植物学报,1997,(1):20-27.ZHANG S Q,SHAN L.The effect of phosphorus nutrition on water status and photosynthesis of spring wheat under soil drought condition[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,1997,(1):20-27.
[21] 崔欢虎,王娟玲,马步州,等.茬口和灌水对小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2009,17(3):479-483.CUI H H,WANG J L,MA B Z,et al.Effect of crop rotation and irrigation on wheat yield and water-use efficiency[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2009,17(3):479-483.
[22] 叶优良,肖焱波,黄玉芳,等.小麦/玉米和蚕豆/玉米间作对水分利用的影响[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(3):445-449.YE Y L,XIAO Y B,HUANG Y F,et al.Effect of wheat/maize and faba bean/maize inter cropping on water use[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2008,24(3):445-449.
[23] 李来祥,刘广才,李隆.小麦/玉米间作优势及地上部与地下部因素的相对贡献研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2008,32(1):74-80.LI L X,LIU G C,LI L .Intercropping advantage and contribution ofabove-ground and under-ground interactions in wheat-maize intercropping[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2008,26(1):74-80.
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