基于GPT2w模型计算中国地区对流层加权平均温度的精度分析
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摘要
以2015年GGOS Atmosphere格网产品和探空站资料为参考值,评价GPT2w模型在中国地区计算对流层加权平均温度T_m的精度和适用性。结果表明:1)在中国地区,1°分辨率的GPT2w模型精度和稳定性优于5°分辨率,且GPT2w模型表现出显著的系统性误差;2)T_m的bias和RMS误差均具有明显的时空变化特性,季节变化表现为春冬季较大、夏季较小,空间变化上RMS误差表现为随纬度增加而变大;3)受地形起伏和T_m日周期变化影响,T_m在中国西部和东北地区误差较大。
In this study, the global geodetic observing system(GGOS) atmosphere grid atmospheric weighted mean temperature(T_m) products and radiosonde profiles in 2015 are treated as reference values to investigate the T_m derived from the GPT2 w model in China. The results are:(1) the performance of GPT2 w model with 1-degree resolution is better than those with 5-degree resolution, and the significant systematic errors are observed for GPT2 w model in China;(2) the bias and RMS error of the T_m have obvious spatio-temporal variations, both bias and RMS present larger values in spring and winter days and smaller ones in summer days; furthermore, the RMS value of GPT2 w model increases with latitude in China;(3) additionally, larger errors exist in parts of western and northeastern China, mainly due to the highly undulating terrain and the significant diurnal variations of T_m.
In this study, the global geodetic observing system(GGOS) atmosphere grid atmospheric weighted mean temperature(T_m) products and radiosonde profiles in 2015 are treated as reference values to investigate the T_m derived from the GPT2 w model in China. The results are:(1) the performance of GPT2 w model with 1-degree resolution is better than those with 5-degree resolution, and the significant systematic errors are observed for GPT2 w model in China;(2) the bias and RMS error of the T_m have obvious spatio-temporal variations, both bias and RMS present larger values in spring and winter days and smaller ones in summer days; furthermore, the RMS value of GPT2 w model increases with latitude in China;(3) additionally, larger errors exist in parts of western and northeastern China, mainly due to the highly undulating terrain and the significant diurnal variations of T_m.
引文
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[2] 李建国,毛节泰,李成才,等.使用全球定位系统遥感水汽分布原理和中国东部地区加权“平均温度”的回归分析[J].气象学报,1999,57(3):283-292(Li Jianguo,Mao Jietai,Li Chengcai,et al.The Approach to Remote Sensing of Water Vapor Based on GPS and Linear Regression Tm in Eastern Region of China[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,1999,57(3):283-292)
[3] Liu L L,Yao C L,Wen H Y.Empirical Tm Modeling in the Region of Guangxi[J].Geodesy and Geodynamics,2012,3(4):47-52
[4] 姚宜斌,张豹,许超钤,等.Tm-Ts的相关性分析及全球纬度相关的线性关系模型构建[J].科学通报,2014,59(9):816-824 (Yao Yibin,Zhang Bao,Xu Chaoqian,et al.Analysis of the Global Tm-Ts Correlation and Establishment of the Latitude-Related Linear Model[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(9):816-824)
[5] Yao Y B,Zhang B,Xu C Q,et al.Improved One/Multi-Parameter Models That Consider Seasonal and Geographic Variations for Estimating Weighted Mean Temperature in Ground-Based GPS Meteorology[J].Journal of Geodesy,2014,88(3):273-282
[6] Emardson T R,Derks H J P.On the Relation between the Wet Delay and the Integrated Precipitable Water Vapour in the European Atmosphere[J].Meteorological Applications,2000,7(1):61-68
[7] 姚朝龙,罗志才,刘立龙,等.顾及地形起伏的中国低纬度地区湿延迟与可降水量转换关系研究[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2015,40(7):907-912 (Yao Chaolong,Luo Zhicai,Liu Lilong,et al.On the Relation between the Wet Delay and the Water Precipitable Vapor in Consideration of Topograghic Relief in the Low-Latitude Region of China[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2015,40(7):907-912)
[8] 刘立龙,陈香萍,封海洋,等.新疆地区Emardson大气水汽转换系数适用性分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2016,36(5):434-437 (Liu Lilong,Chen Xiangping,Feng Haiyang,et al.Analysis of the Applicability of the Emardson Model for Transformation Coefficient of Water Vapor in the Region of Xinjiang[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2016,36(5):434-437)
[9] Yao Y B,Zhu S,Yue S Q.A Globally Applicable,Season-Specific Model for Estimating the Weighted Mean Temperature of the Atmosphere[J].Journal of Geodesy,2012,86(12):1 125-1 135
[10] 陈鹏,陈家君.利用NCEP再分析资料建立全球大气加权平均温度模型[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2014,34(3):133-136 (Chen Peng,Chen Jiajun.Establishment of Global Atmospheric Weighted Average Temperature Model Using NCEP Reanalysis Data[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2014,34(3):133-136)
[11] B?hm J,M?ller G,Schindelegger M,et al.Development of an Improved Empirical Model for Slant Delays in the Troposphere (GPT2w) [J].GPS Solut,2015,19(3):433-441
[12] Yao Y B,Zhang B,Yue S Q,et al.Global Empirical Model for Mapping Zenith Wet Delays onto Precipitable Water[J].Journal of Geodesy,2013,87(5):439-448
[13] Yao Y B,Xu C Q,Zhang B,et al.GTm-III:A New Global Empirical Model for Mapping Zenith Wet Delays onto Precipitable Water Vapor[J].Geophysical Journal International,2014,197(1):202-212
[14] Huang L K,Jiang W P,Liu L L,et al.A New Global Grid Model for the Determination of Atmospheric Weighted Mean Temperature in GPS Precipitable Water Vapor[J].Journal of Geodesy,2019,93(2):159-176
[15] Zhang H X,Yuan Y B,Li W,et al.GPS PPP-Derived Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval Based on Tm/Ps from Multiple Sources of Meteorological Data Sets in China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmosphere,2017,122(8):4 165-4 183
[2] 李建国,毛节泰,李成才,等.使用全球定位系统遥感水汽分布原理和中国东部地区加权“平均温度”的回归分析[J].气象学报,1999,57(3):283-292(Li Jianguo,Mao Jietai,Li Chengcai,et al.The Approach to Remote Sensing of Water Vapor Based on GPS and Linear Regression Tm in Eastern Region of China[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,1999,57(3):283-292)
[3] Liu L L,Yao C L,Wen H Y.Empirical Tm Modeling in the Region of Guangxi[J].Geodesy and Geodynamics,2012,3(4):47-52
[4] 姚宜斌,张豹,许超钤,等.Tm-Ts的相关性分析及全球纬度相关的线性关系模型构建[J].科学通报,2014,59(9):816-824 (Yao Yibin,Zhang Bao,Xu Chaoqian,et al.Analysis of the Global Tm-Ts Correlation and Establishment of the Latitude-Related Linear Model[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(9):816-824)
[5] Yao Y B,Zhang B,Xu C Q,et al.Improved One/Multi-Parameter Models That Consider Seasonal and Geographic Variations for Estimating Weighted Mean Temperature in Ground-Based GPS Meteorology[J].Journal of Geodesy,2014,88(3):273-282
[6] Emardson T R,Derks H J P.On the Relation between the Wet Delay and the Integrated Precipitable Water Vapour in the European Atmosphere[J].Meteorological Applications,2000,7(1):61-68
[7] 姚朝龙,罗志才,刘立龙,等.顾及地形起伏的中国低纬度地区湿延迟与可降水量转换关系研究[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2015,40(7):907-912 (Yao Chaolong,Luo Zhicai,Liu Lilong,et al.On the Relation between the Wet Delay and the Water Precipitable Vapor in Consideration of Topograghic Relief in the Low-Latitude Region of China[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2015,40(7):907-912)
[8] 刘立龙,陈香萍,封海洋,等.新疆地区Emardson大气水汽转换系数适用性分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2016,36(5):434-437 (Liu Lilong,Chen Xiangping,Feng Haiyang,et al.Analysis of the Applicability of the Emardson Model for Transformation Coefficient of Water Vapor in the Region of Xinjiang[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2016,36(5):434-437)
[9] Yao Y B,Zhu S,Yue S Q.A Globally Applicable,Season-Specific Model for Estimating the Weighted Mean Temperature of the Atmosphere[J].Journal of Geodesy,2012,86(12):1 125-1 135
[10] 陈鹏,陈家君.利用NCEP再分析资料建立全球大气加权平均温度模型[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2014,34(3):133-136 (Chen Peng,Chen Jiajun.Establishment of Global Atmospheric Weighted Average Temperature Model Using NCEP Reanalysis Data[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2014,34(3):133-136)
[11] B?hm J,M?ller G,Schindelegger M,et al.Development of an Improved Empirical Model for Slant Delays in the Troposphere (GPT2w) [J].GPS Solut,2015,19(3):433-441
[12] Yao Y B,Zhang B,Yue S Q,et al.Global Empirical Model for Mapping Zenith Wet Delays onto Precipitable Water[J].Journal of Geodesy,2013,87(5):439-448
[13] Yao Y B,Xu C Q,Zhang B,et al.GTm-III:A New Global Empirical Model for Mapping Zenith Wet Delays onto Precipitable Water Vapor[J].Geophysical Journal International,2014,197(1):202-212
[14] Huang L K,Jiang W P,Liu L L,et al.A New Global Grid Model for the Determination of Atmospheric Weighted Mean Temperature in GPS Precipitable Water Vapor[J].Journal of Geodesy,2019,93(2):159-176
[15] Zhang H X,Yuan Y B,Li W,et al.GPS PPP-Derived Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval Based on Tm/Ps from Multiple Sources of Meteorological Data Sets in China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmosphere,2017,122(8):4 165-4 183
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