宗务隆山南缘断裂构造地貌特征与晚第四纪滑动速率
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摘要
宗务隆山南缘断裂位于柴达木盆地东北缘,是祁连山南缘与柴达木盆地的边界逆断裂,对其晚第四纪活动性进行研究对于理解祁连山地区应变分配模式以及该地区断裂向柴达木盆地内部的挤压扩展过程具有重要意义。文中通过遥感影像解译和野外地质调查,结合GPS地形剖面测量以及宇宙成因核素与光释光定年,对宗务隆山南缘断裂拜京图和蓄集乡等段落开展了详细的研究。综合分析拜京图和蓄集乡地区不同期次洪积扇的垂直位错以及相应地貌面的年龄,得到宗务隆山南缘断裂晚第四纪以来的平均垂直滑动速率为(0. 41±0. 05) mm/a,水平缩短速率为0. 47～0. 80mm/a,约占祁连山地区地壳缩短速率的10%。这些结果有助于进一步理解祁连山地区的应变分配模式以及柴达木盆地北缘地区的构造变形机制。
With the continuous collision of the India and Eurasia plate in Cenozoic,the Qilian Shan began to uplift strongly from 12 Ma to 10 Ma. Nowadays,Qilian Shan is still uplifting and expanding. In the northern part of Qilian Shan,tectonic activity extends to Hexi Corridor Basin,and has affected Alashan area. In the southern part of Qilian Shan,tectonic activity extends to Qaidam Basin,forming a series of thrust faults in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin and a series of fold deformations in the basin. The southern Zongwulong Shan Fault is located in the northeastern margin of Qaidam Basin,it is the boundary thrust fault between the southern margin of Qilian Shan and Qaidam Basin. GPS studies show that the total crustal shortening rate across the Qilian Shan is 5 ～ 8 mm/a,which absorbs20% of the convergence rate of the Indian-Eurasian plate. Concerning how the strain is distributed on individual fault in the Qilian Shan,previous studies mainly focused on the northern margin of the Qilian Shan and the Hexi Corridor Basin,while the study on the southern margin of the Qilian Shan was relatively weak. Therefore,the study of late Quaternary activity of southern Zongwulong Shan Fault in southern margin of Qilian Shan is of great significance to understand the strain distribution pattern in Qilian Shan and the propagation of the fault to the interior of Qaidam Basin. At the same time,because of the strong tectonic activity,the northern margin of Qaidam Basin is also a seismicprone area. Determining the fault slip rate is also helpful to better understand the movement behaviors of faults and seismic risk assessment.Through remote sensing image interpretation and field geological survey,combined with GPS topographic profiling,cosmogenic nuclides and optically stimulated luminescence dating,we carried out a detailed study at Baijingtu site and Xujixiang site on the southern Zongwulong Shan Fault. The results show that the southern Zongwulong Shan Fault is a Holocene reverse fault,which faulted a series of piedmont alluvial fans and formed a series of fault scarps.The 43 ka,20 ka and 11 ka ages of the alluvial fan surfaces in this area can be well compared with the ages of terraces and alluvial fan surfaces in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau,and its formation is mainly controlled by climatic factors. Based on the vertical dislocations of the alluvial fans in different periods in Baijingtu and Xujixiang areas,the average vertical slip rate of the southern Zongwulong Shan Fault since late Quaternary is(0. 41± 0. 05) mm/a,and the average horizontal shortening rate is 0. 47 ～ 0. 80 mm/a,accounting for about 10% of the crustal shortening in Qilian Shan. These results are helpful to further understand the strain distribution model in Qilian Shan and the tectonic deformation mechanism in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. The deformation mechanism of the northern Qaidam Basin fault zone,which is composed of the southern Zongwulong Shan Fault,is rather complicated,and it is not a simple piggy-back thrusting style. These faults jointly control the tectonic activity characteristics of the northern Qaidam Basin.
With the continuous collision of the India and Eurasia plate in Cenozoic,the Qilian Shan began to uplift strongly from 12 Ma to 10 Ma. Nowadays,Qilian Shan is still uplifting and expanding. In the northern part of Qilian Shan,tectonic activity extends to Hexi Corridor Basin,and has affected Alashan area. In the southern part of Qilian Shan,tectonic activity extends to Qaidam Basin,forming a series of thrust faults in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin and a series of fold deformations in the basin. The southern Zongwulong Shan Fault is located in the northeastern margin of Qaidam Basin,it is the boundary thrust fault between the southern margin of Qilian Shan and Qaidam Basin. GPS studies show that the total crustal shortening rate across the Qilian Shan is 5 ～ 8 mm/a,which absorbs20% of the convergence rate of the Indian-Eurasian plate. Concerning how the strain is distributed on individual fault in the Qilian Shan,previous studies mainly focused on the northern margin of the Qilian Shan and the Hexi Corridor Basin,while the study on the southern margin of the Qilian Shan was relatively weak. Therefore,the study of late Quaternary activity of southern Zongwulong Shan Fault in southern margin of Qilian Shan is of great significance to understand the strain distribution pattern in Qilian Shan and the propagation of the fault to the interior of Qaidam Basin. At the same time,because of the strong tectonic activity,the northern margin of Qaidam Basin is also a seismicprone area. Determining the fault slip rate is also helpful to better understand the movement behaviors of faults and seismic risk assessment.Through remote sensing image interpretation and field geological survey,combined with GPS topographic profiling,cosmogenic nuclides and optically stimulated luminescence dating,we carried out a detailed study at Baijingtu site and Xujixiang site on the southern Zongwulong Shan Fault. The results show that the southern Zongwulong Shan Fault is a Holocene reverse fault,which faulted a series of piedmont alluvial fans and formed a series of fault scarps.The 43 ka,20 ka and 11 ka ages of the alluvial fan surfaces in this area can be well compared with the ages of terraces and alluvial fan surfaces in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau,and its formation is mainly controlled by climatic factors. Based on the vertical dislocations of the alluvial fans in different periods in Baijingtu and Xujixiang areas,the average vertical slip rate of the southern Zongwulong Shan Fault since late Quaternary is(0. 41± 0. 05) mm/a,and the average horizontal shortening rate is 0. 47 ～ 0. 80 mm/a,accounting for about 10% of the crustal shortening in Qilian Shan. These results are helpful to further understand the strain distribution model in Qilian Shan and the tectonic deformation mechanism in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. The deformation mechanism of the northern Qaidam Basin fault zone,which is composed of the southern Zongwulong Shan Fault,is rather complicated,and it is not a simple piggy-back thrusting style. These faults jointly control the tectonic activity characteristics of the northern Qaidam Basin.
引文
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张培震,李传友,毛凤英.2008.河流阶地演化与走滑断裂滑动速率[J].地震地质,30(1):44-57.ZHANG Pei-zhen,LI Chuan-you,MAO Feng-ying.2008.Strath terrace formation and strike-slip faulting[J].Seismology and Geology,30(1):44-57(in Chinese).
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(1)http://hess.ess.washington.edu/math/v3/v3_age_in.html。
刘小龙,袁道阳.2004.青海德令哈巴音郭勒河断裂带的新活动特征[J].西北地震学报,26(4):303-308.LIU Xiao-long,YUAN Dao-yang.2004.Study on the new active features of Bayinguole River Fault,Delingha,Qinghai Province[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,26(4):303-308(in Chinese).
闵伟,张培震,何文贵,等.2002.酒西盆地断层活动特征及古地震研究[J].地震地质,24(1):35-44.MIN Wei,ZAHNG Pei-zhen,HE Wen-gui,et al.2002.Research on the active faults and paleoearthquakes in the western Jiuquan Basin[J].Seismology and Geology,24(1):35-44(in Chinese).
庞炜,何文贵,袁道阳,等.2015.青海大柴旦断裂古地震特征[J].地球科学与环境学报,37(3):87-103.PANG Wei,HE Wen-gui,YUAN Dao-yang,et al.2015.Paleoseismic characteristics of Dachaidan Fault in Qinghai[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,37(3):87-103(in Chinese).
孙长虹,许丰,杨玉波,等.2012.2003年青海德令哈6.7级地震序列的震源机制解及其构造含义[J].地球物理学报,55(10):3338-3346.SUN Chang-hong,XU Feng,YANG Yu-bo,et al.2012.Focal mechanism solution of 2003 Delingha,Qinghai,M6.7earthquake sequence and its tectonic implication[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,55(10):3338-3346(in Chinese).
温少妍,单新建,张迎峰,等.2016.基于In SAR的青海大柴旦地震三维同震形变场获取与震源特征分析[J].地球物理学报,59(3):912-921.WEN Shao-yan,SHAN Xin-jian,ZHANG Ying-feng,et al.2016.Three-dimensional co-seismic deformation of the Da Qaidam,Qinghai earthquakes derived from D-In SAR data and their source features[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,59(3):912-921(in Chinese).
杨丽萍,苏旭.2017.德令哈市活断层探测与地震危险性评[M].北京:地震出版社.YANG Li-ping,SU Xu.2017.Active Fault Detection and Seismic Risk Assessment in Delingha City[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
姚檀栋,施雅风,秦大河,等.1997.古里雅冰芯中末次间冰期以来气候变化记录研究[J].中国科学(D辑),27(5):447-452.YAO Tan-dong,SHI Ya-feng,QIN Da-he,et al.1997.Climate variation since the last interglaciation recorded in the Guliya ice core[J].Science in China(Ser D),27(5):447-452(in Chinese).
叶建青,沈军,汪一鹏,等.1996.柴达木盆地北缘的活动构造[M]//《活动断裂研究》编委会.活动断裂研究:理论与应用5.北京:地震出版社:172-180.YE Jian-qing,SHEN Jun,WANG Yi-peng,et al.1996.Tectonic activity along the northern margin of Qaidam Basin[M]//Editorial Board of Research On Active Fault.Research on Active Fault:Theory and Application 5.Seismological Press,Beijing:172-180(in Chinese).
袁道阳.2003.青藏高原东北缘晚新生代以来的构造变形特征与时空演化[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.YUAN Dao-yang.2003.Tectonic deformation features and space-time evolution in northeastern margin of QinghaiTibetan Plateau since the late Cenozoic time[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
张培震,李传友,毛凤英.2008.河流阶地演化与走滑断裂滑动速率[J].地震地质,30(1):44-57.ZHANG Pei-zhen,LI Chuan-you,MAO Feng-ying.2008.Strath terrace formation and strike-slip faulting[J].Seismology and Geology,30(1):44-57(in Chinese).
郑文俊,袁道阳,张培震,等.2016.青藏高原东北缘活动构造几何图像、运动转换与高原扩展[J].第四纪研究,36(4):775-788.ZHENG Wen-jun,YUAN Dao-yang,ZHANG Pei-zhen,et al.2016.Tectonic geometry and kinematic dissipation of the active faults in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and their implications for understanding northeastward growth of the Plateau[J].Quaternary Sciences,36(4):775-788(in Chinese).
Allen M B,Walters R J,Song S G,et al.2017.Partitioning of oblique convergence coupled to the fault locking behavior of fold-and-thrust belts:Evidence from the Qilian Shan,northeastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Tectonics,36(12):1679-1698.
Balco G,Stone J O,Lifton N A,et al.2008.A complete and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates from10Be and26Al measurements[J].Quaternary Geochronology,3(3):174-195.
Bi H Y,Zheng W J,Ge W P,et al.2018.Constraining the distribution of vertical slip on the South Heli Shan Fault(northeastern Tibet)from high-resolution topographic data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,123(2):2482-2501.
Cerling T E,Craig H.1994.Geomorphology and in-situ cosmogenic isotopes[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,22(1):353-383.
Champagnac J D,Yuan D Y,Ge W P,et al.2010.Slip rate at the northeastern front of the Qilian Shan,China[J].Terra Nova,22(3):180-187.
Darby B J,Ritts B D,Yue Y,et al.2005.Did the Altyn Tagh Fault extend beyond the Tibetan Plateau?[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,240(2):425-435.
Elliott J R,Parsons B,Jackson J A,et al.2011.Depth segmentation of the seismogenic continental crust:The 2008and 2009 Qaidam earthquakes[J].Geophysical Research Letters,38(6):L06305.
Fang X M,Zhang W L,Meng Q Q,et al.2007.High-resolution magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Huaitoutala section in the eastern Qaidam Basin on the NE Tibetan Plateau,Qinghai Province,China and its implication on tectonic uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,258(1):293-306.
Hetzel R.2013.Active faulting,mountain growth,and erosion at the margins of the Tibetan Plateau constrained by in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides[J].Tectonophysics,582:1-24.
Hetzel R,Niedermann S,Tao M,et al.2002.Low slip rates and long-term preservation of geomorphic features in Central Asia[J].Nature,417(6887):428-432.
Hetzel R,Tao M,Stokes S,et al.2004.Late Pleistocene/Holocene slip rate of the Zhangye thrust(Qilian Shan,China)and implications for the active growth of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Tectonics,23(6):TC6006.
Molnar P,Brown E T,Burchfiel B C,et al.1994.Quaternary climate change and the formation of river terraces across growing anticlines on the north flank of the Tien Shan,China[J].Journal of Geology,102(5):583-602.
Palumbo L,Hetzel R,Tao M,et al.2009.Deciphering the rate of mountain growth during topographic presteady state:An example from the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Tectonics,28(4):TC4017.
Porter S C,An Z,Zheng H.1992.Cyclic Quaternary alluviation and terracing in a nonglaciated drainage basin on the north flank of the Qinling Shan,central China[J].Quaternary Research,38(2):157-169.
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