Analysis of vegetation changes and dominant factors on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China
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摘要
This research was undertaken to clarify the characteristics of vegetation change and its main influencing factors on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Using the greenness rate of change(GRC) and correlation factors, we analyzed the trend of vegetation change and its dominant factors from 2000 to 2015. The results indicate that the vegetation tended to improve from 2000 to 2015 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with the improved area accounting for 39.93% of the total; and the degraded area accounting for 19.32%. The areas of degraded vegetation are mainly concentrated in the low-relief and intermediate-relief mountains of the high-altitude and extremely high-altitude areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, as the vegetation characteristics are impacted by the terrain. Temperature and precipitation have obvious response mechanisms to vegetation growth, but the effects of precipitation and temperature on vegetation degradation are not significant over a short time frame. Overgrazing and population growth are the dominant factors of vegetation degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
This research was undertaken to clarify the characteristics of vegetation change and its main influencing factors on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Using the greenness rate of change(GRC) and correlation factors, we analyzed the trend of vegetation change and its dominant factors from 2000 to 2015. The results indicate that the vegetation tended to improve from 2000 to 2015 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with the improved area accounting for 39.93% of the total; and the degraded area accounting for 19.32%. The areas of degraded vegetation are mainly concentrated in the low-relief and intermediate-relief mountains of the high-altitude and extremely high-altitude areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, as the vegetation characteristics are impacted by the terrain. Temperature and precipitation have obvious response mechanisms to vegetation growth, but the effects of precipitation and temperature on vegetation degradation are not significant over a short time frame. Overgrazing and population growth are the dominant factors of vegetation degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
This research was undertaken to clarify the characteristics of vegetation change and its main influencing factors on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Using the greenness rate of change(GRC) and correlation factors, we analyzed the trend of vegetation change and its dominant factors from 2000 to 2015. The results indicate that the vegetation tended to improve from 2000 to 2015 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with the improved area accounting for 39.93% of the total; and the degraded area accounting for 19.32%. The areas of degraded vegetation are mainly concentrated in the low-relief and intermediate-relief mountains of the high-altitude and extremely high-altitude areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, as the vegetation characteristics are impacted by the terrain. Temperature and precipitation have obvious response mechanisms to vegetation growth, but the effects of precipitation and temperature on vegetation degradation are not significant over a short time frame. Overgrazing and population growth are the dominant factors of vegetation degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
引文
Anyamba A,Tucker CJ,2012.Historical Perspective of AVHRRNDVI and Vegetation Drought Monitoring.Remote Sens Drought:Innovative Monitoring Approaches.Boca Raton:CRC Press,pp.23-49.
Croux C,Dehon C,2010.Influence functions of the Spearman and Kendall correlation measures.Statistical Methods&Applications,19(4):497-515.DOI:10.1007/s10260-010-0142-z.
Dardel C,Kergoat L,Hiernaux P,et al.,2014.Re-greening Sa‐hel:30 years of remote sensing data and field observations(Mali,Niger).Remote Sensing of Environment,140:350-364.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.011.
Fensholt R,Rasmussen K,Nielsen TT,et al.,2009.Evaluation of earth observation based long term vegetation trends-In‐tercom paring NDVI time series trend analysis consistency of Sahel from AVHRR GIMMS,Terra MODIS and SPOTVGT data.Remote Sensing of Environment,113(9):1886-1898.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2009.04.004.
Godinez-Alvarez H,Herrick JE,Mattocks M,et al.,2009.Comparison of three vegetation monitoring methods:their relative utility for ecological assessment and monitoring.Ecological Indicators,9(5):1001-1008.DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.11.011.
Hu YF,Jiang SL,Yuan S,et al.,2017.Changes in soil organic carbon and its active fractions in different desertification stages of alpine-cold grassland in the eastern Qinghai-Ti‐bet Plateau.Environmental Earth Sciences,76(9):348.DOI:10.1007/s12665-017-6684-8.
Huete A,Didan K,Miura T,et al.,2002.Overview of the radio‐metric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegeta‐tion indices.Remote Sensing of Environment,83(1-2):195-213.DOI:10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00096-2.
Jamali S,Seaquist J,Eklundh L,et al.,2014.Automated map‐ping of vegetation trends with polynomials using NDVI im‐agery over the Sahel.Remote Sensing of Environment,141:79-89.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2013.10.019.
Li F,Zeng Y,Li XS,et al.,2014.Remote sensing based moni‐toring of interannual variations in vegetation activity in China from 1982 to 2009.Science China Earth Sciences,57(8):1800-1806.DOI:10.1007/s11430-014-4883-7.
Li G,Sun WL,Zhang H,et al.,2014.Balance between actual number of livestock and livestock carrying capacity of grassland after added forage of straw based on remote sens‐ing in Tibetan Plateau.Transaction of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,30(17):200-211.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.17.026.
Moss RH,Edmonds JA,Hibbard KA,et al.,2010.The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and as‐sessment.Nature,463(7282):747.DOI:10.1038/nature08823.
Nan X,Li AN,Chen Y,et al.,2016.Design and compilation of Digital Mountain map of china(1:6700000)in vertical lay‐out.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,31(3):451-458.DOI:10.11873/j.issn.1004-0323.2016.3.0454.
Otto M,H?pfner C,Curio J,et al.,2016.Assessing vegetation response to precipitation in northwest Morocco during the last decade:an application of MODIS NDVI and high reso‐lution reanalysis data.Theoretical and Applied Climatolo‐gy,123(1-2):23-41.DOI:10.1007/s00704-014-1344-3.
Peng J,Liu ZH,Liu YH,et al.,2012.Trend analysis of vegeta‐tion dynamics in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using Hurst Expo‐nent.Ecological Indicators,14(1):28-39.DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.08.011.
Pinzon JE,Tucker CJ,2014.A non-stationary 1981-2012AVHRR NDVI3g time series.Remote Sensing,6(8):6929-6960.DOI:10.3390/rs6086929.
Qian S,Mao LX,Hou YY,et al.,2007.Livestock carrying ca‐pacity and balance between carrying capacity of grassland with added forage and actual livestock in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Journal of Natural Resources,22(3):389-397.DOI:1000-3037(2007)03-0389-10.
Smith AMS,Kolden CA,Tinkham WT,et al.,2014.Remote sensing the vulnerability of vegetation in natural terrestrial ecosystems.Remote Sensing of Environment,154:322-337.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2014.03.038.
Stow D,Daeschner S,Hope A,et al.,2003.Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation in‐dex across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s.Interna‐tional Journal of Remote Sensing,24(5):1111-1117.DOI:10.1080/0143116021000020144.
Stow DA,Hope A,McGuire D,et al.,2004.Remote sensing of vegetation and land-cover change in Arctic Tundra Ecosys‐tems.Remote Sensing of Environment,89(3):281-308.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.018.
Sun HL,Zheng D,Yao TD,et al.,2012.Protection and con‐struction of the national ecological security shelter zone on Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geographica Sinica,67(1):3-12.
Tian F,Brandt M,Liu YY,et al.,2016.Remote sensing of veg‐etation dynamics in drylands:Evaluating vegetation optical depth(VOD)using AVHRR NDVI and in situ green bio‐mass data over West African Sahel.Remote Sensing of En‐vironment,177:265-276.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.056.
Tian F,Fensholt R,Verbesselt J,et al.,2015.Evaluating tempo‐ral consistency of long-term global NDVI datasets for trend analysis.Remote Sensing of Environment,163:326-340.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2015.03.031.
Wang GX,Cheng GD,Shen YP,2002.Soil organic carbon pool of grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau and its global im‐plication.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,24(6):693-700.DOI:1000-0240(2002)06-0693-08.
Wang YS,Lou ZP,Sun CC,et al.,2008.Ecological environ‐ment changes in Daya Bay,China,from 1982 to 2004.Ma‐rine Pollution Bulletin,56(11):1871-1879.DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.07.017.
Wang ZQ,Zhang YZ,Yang Y,et al.,2016.Quantitative assess the driving forces on the grassland degradation in the Qing‐hai-Tibet Plateau,in China.Ecological Informatics,33:32-44.DOI:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.03.006.
Waylen P,Southworth J,Gibbes C,et al.,2014.Time series analysis of land cover change:Developing statistical tools to determine significance of land cover changes in persis‐tence analyses.Remote Sensing,6(5):4473-4497.DOI:10.3390/rs6054473.
Xu G,Zhang HF,Chen BZ,et al.,2014.Changes in vegetation growth dynamics and relations with climate over China's landmass from 1982 to 2011.Remote Sensing,6(4):3263-3283.DOI:10.3390/rs6043263.
Yao TD,Zhu LP,2006.The response of environmental chang‐es on Tibetan Plateau to global changes and adaptation strategy.Advances in Earth Science,21(5):459-464.DOI:1001-8166(2006)05-0459-06.
Zhang L,Guo HD,Wang CZ,et al.,2014.The long-term trends(1982-2006)in vegetation greenness of the alpine ecosystem in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Environmental Earth Sciences,72(6):1827-1841.DOI:10.1007/s12665-014-3092-1.
Zhang TT,Zeng SL,Gao Y,et al.,2011.Using hyperspectral vegetation indices as a proxy to monitor soil salinity.Eco‐logical Indicators,11(6):1552-1562.DOI:10.1016/j.eco lind.2011.03.025.
Zhu JF,Zhou Y,Wang SX,et al.,2015.Multicriteria decision analysis for monitoring ecosystem service function of the Three-River Headwaters region of the Qinghai-Tibet Pla‐teau,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,187(6):355.DOI:10.1007/s10661-015-4523-5.
Croux C,Dehon C,2010.Influence functions of the Spearman and Kendall correlation measures.Statistical Methods&Applications,19(4):497-515.DOI:10.1007/s10260-010-0142-z.
Dardel C,Kergoat L,Hiernaux P,et al.,2014.Re-greening Sa‐hel:30 years of remote sensing data and field observations(Mali,Niger).Remote Sensing of Environment,140:350-364.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.011.
Fensholt R,Rasmussen K,Nielsen TT,et al.,2009.Evaluation of earth observation based long term vegetation trends-In‐tercom paring NDVI time series trend analysis consistency of Sahel from AVHRR GIMMS,Terra MODIS and SPOTVGT data.Remote Sensing of Environment,113(9):1886-1898.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2009.04.004.
Godinez-Alvarez H,Herrick JE,Mattocks M,et al.,2009.Comparison of three vegetation monitoring methods:their relative utility for ecological assessment and monitoring.Ecological Indicators,9(5):1001-1008.DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.11.011.
Hu YF,Jiang SL,Yuan S,et al.,2017.Changes in soil organic carbon and its active fractions in different desertification stages of alpine-cold grassland in the eastern Qinghai-Ti‐bet Plateau.Environmental Earth Sciences,76(9):348.DOI:10.1007/s12665-017-6684-8.
Huete A,Didan K,Miura T,et al.,2002.Overview of the radio‐metric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegeta‐tion indices.Remote Sensing of Environment,83(1-2):195-213.DOI:10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00096-2.
Jamali S,Seaquist J,Eklundh L,et al.,2014.Automated map‐ping of vegetation trends with polynomials using NDVI im‐agery over the Sahel.Remote Sensing of Environment,141:79-89.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2013.10.019.
Li F,Zeng Y,Li XS,et al.,2014.Remote sensing based moni‐toring of interannual variations in vegetation activity in China from 1982 to 2009.Science China Earth Sciences,57(8):1800-1806.DOI:10.1007/s11430-014-4883-7.
Li G,Sun WL,Zhang H,et al.,2014.Balance between actual number of livestock and livestock carrying capacity of grassland after added forage of straw based on remote sens‐ing in Tibetan Plateau.Transaction of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,30(17):200-211.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.17.026.
Moss RH,Edmonds JA,Hibbard KA,et al.,2010.The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and as‐sessment.Nature,463(7282):747.DOI:10.1038/nature08823.
Nan X,Li AN,Chen Y,et al.,2016.Design and compilation of Digital Mountain map of china(1:6700000)in vertical lay‐out.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,31(3):451-458.DOI:10.11873/j.issn.1004-0323.2016.3.0454.
Otto M,H?pfner C,Curio J,et al.,2016.Assessing vegetation response to precipitation in northwest Morocco during the last decade:an application of MODIS NDVI and high reso‐lution reanalysis data.Theoretical and Applied Climatolo‐gy,123(1-2):23-41.DOI:10.1007/s00704-014-1344-3.
Peng J,Liu ZH,Liu YH,et al.,2012.Trend analysis of vegeta‐tion dynamics in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using Hurst Expo‐nent.Ecological Indicators,14(1):28-39.DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.08.011.
Pinzon JE,Tucker CJ,2014.A non-stationary 1981-2012AVHRR NDVI3g time series.Remote Sensing,6(8):6929-6960.DOI:10.3390/rs6086929.
Qian S,Mao LX,Hou YY,et al.,2007.Livestock carrying ca‐pacity and balance between carrying capacity of grassland with added forage and actual livestock in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Journal of Natural Resources,22(3):389-397.DOI:1000-3037(2007)03-0389-10.
Smith AMS,Kolden CA,Tinkham WT,et al.,2014.Remote sensing the vulnerability of vegetation in natural terrestrial ecosystems.Remote Sensing of Environment,154:322-337.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2014.03.038.
Stow D,Daeschner S,Hope A,et al.,2003.Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation in‐dex across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s.Interna‐tional Journal of Remote Sensing,24(5):1111-1117.DOI:10.1080/0143116021000020144.
Stow DA,Hope A,McGuire D,et al.,2004.Remote sensing of vegetation and land-cover change in Arctic Tundra Ecosys‐tems.Remote Sensing of Environment,89(3):281-308.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.018.
Sun HL,Zheng D,Yao TD,et al.,2012.Protection and con‐struction of the national ecological security shelter zone on Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geographica Sinica,67(1):3-12.
Tian F,Brandt M,Liu YY,et al.,2016.Remote sensing of veg‐etation dynamics in drylands:Evaluating vegetation optical depth(VOD)using AVHRR NDVI and in situ green bio‐mass data over West African Sahel.Remote Sensing of En‐vironment,177:265-276.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.056.
Tian F,Fensholt R,Verbesselt J,et al.,2015.Evaluating tempo‐ral consistency of long-term global NDVI datasets for trend analysis.Remote Sensing of Environment,163:326-340.DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2015.03.031.
Wang GX,Cheng GD,Shen YP,2002.Soil organic carbon pool of grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau and its global im‐plication.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,24(6):693-700.DOI:1000-0240(2002)06-0693-08.
Wang YS,Lou ZP,Sun CC,et al.,2008.Ecological environ‐ment changes in Daya Bay,China,from 1982 to 2004.Ma‐rine Pollution Bulletin,56(11):1871-1879.DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.07.017.
Wang ZQ,Zhang YZ,Yang Y,et al.,2016.Quantitative assess the driving forces on the grassland degradation in the Qing‐hai-Tibet Plateau,in China.Ecological Informatics,33:32-44.DOI:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.03.006.
Waylen P,Southworth J,Gibbes C,et al.,2014.Time series analysis of land cover change:Developing statistical tools to determine significance of land cover changes in persis‐tence analyses.Remote Sensing,6(5):4473-4497.DOI:10.3390/rs6054473.
Xu G,Zhang HF,Chen BZ,et al.,2014.Changes in vegetation growth dynamics and relations with climate over China's landmass from 1982 to 2011.Remote Sensing,6(4):3263-3283.DOI:10.3390/rs6043263.
Yao TD,Zhu LP,2006.The response of environmental chang‐es on Tibetan Plateau to global changes and adaptation strategy.Advances in Earth Science,21(5):459-464.DOI:1001-8166(2006)05-0459-06.
Zhang L,Guo HD,Wang CZ,et al.,2014.The long-term trends(1982-2006)in vegetation greenness of the alpine ecosystem in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Environmental Earth Sciences,72(6):1827-1841.DOI:10.1007/s12665-014-3092-1.
Zhang TT,Zeng SL,Gao Y,et al.,2011.Using hyperspectral vegetation indices as a proxy to monitor soil salinity.Eco‐logical Indicators,11(6):1552-1562.DOI:10.1016/j.eco lind.2011.03.025.
Zhu JF,Zhou Y,Wang SX,et al.,2015.Multicriteria decision analysis for monitoring ecosystem service function of the Three-River Headwaters region of the Qinghai-Tibet Pla‐teau,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,187(6):355.DOI:10.1007/s10661-015-4523-5.
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