中国城市空间形态的环境效应
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摘要
中国城市需要更为紧凑的空间形态,但是城市空间紧凑性的环境效应并不十分清晰。采集城市管网设施指标、城市道路、交通设施指标、生态协同指标等建立环境因子指标集,选择标准化紧凑度指数NCI、标准化离散度指数NDIS、最大斑块面积指数LPI、景观形状指数LSI、平均形状指数SHAPE_MEAN、周长-面积分形维数PAFRAC等形态指标,运用统计分析的方法探索中国146座城市的空间形态的单因子环境效应、综合环境效应及环境效应的差异性。研究结果表明:(1)人均城市道路面积、供水管密度、排水管密度、万人拥有公交车辆、万人拥有出租车辆、人均公园绿地面积等环境因子与城市空间形态密切相关。城市紧凑度越高,城市管网系统密度越低,公共交通设施越少,人均公园绿地面积越少。城市形状越复杂,城市管网系统密度越高,公共交通投入越大,人均公园绿地面积越大。(2)综合环境因子与LSI呈中等强度的正相关(r=0.43,P<0.01)。城市空间形状越复杂,城市资源环境相关设施总体投入越多。(3)在不同的紧凑及形状复杂性水平下,万人拥有公交车辆、万人拥有出租车辆、供水管道密度及综合环境因子的显著性差异再次表明城市越紧凑,交通越发达;城市形状越复杂,环境投入越多。本文研究证明了城市空间形态越紧凑、资源越是节约,紧凑型城市空间形态能够用于中国城市建设。
The environmental effect of the urban spatial compactness of Chinese cities is unclear. In this study, indices of urban pipe network facilities, urban road and traffic facilities, and ecological synergy were established. Morphological indices of normalized compactness index(NCI), normalized dispersion index(NDIS), largest patch area index(LPI), landscape shape index(LSI), mean shape index(SHAPE_MEAN), and perimeter-area fractal dimension(PAFRAC) were used to statistically analyze the single factor environmental effects, comprehensive environmental effect, and difference in environmental effects of the urban spatial form of 146 cities. The results showed that(1) the per capita urban road area, density of water supply pipe, density of drainage pipe, bus vehicles of 10000 people, taxis of 10000 people, and per capita park green area were closely related to the urban spatial form. A higher urban compactness was associated with a lower density of the urban pipe network, fewer public transport facilities, and lower per capita park area. A more complex urban form was associated with a higher density of the urban pipe network system, greater investment of public transport, and larger per capita park area.(2) The comprehensive environmental factor was positively correlated with LSI(r=0.43, P<0.01). A more complex urban spatial shape was associated with a greater investment in urban resources and environment-related facilities.(3) The significant difference between bus vehicles of 10000 people, taxis of 10000 people, density of water supply pipe, and comprehensive environmental factor at different levels of compactness and shape-complexity again showed that a more compact city showed greater development of traffic, a more complex city, and greater environmental investment. These results support the more compact urban form and higher economic resources. The compact urban spatial form can be applied to urban construction in China.
The environmental effect of the urban spatial compactness of Chinese cities is unclear. In this study, indices of urban pipe network facilities, urban road and traffic facilities, and ecological synergy were established. Morphological indices of normalized compactness index(NCI), normalized dispersion index(NDIS), largest patch area index(LPI), landscape shape index(LSI), mean shape index(SHAPE_MEAN), and perimeter-area fractal dimension(PAFRAC) were used to statistically analyze the single factor environmental effects, comprehensive environmental effect, and difference in environmental effects of the urban spatial form of 146 cities. The results showed that(1) the per capita urban road area, density of water supply pipe, density of drainage pipe, bus vehicles of 10000 people, taxis of 10000 people, and per capita park green area were closely related to the urban spatial form. A higher urban compactness was associated with a lower density of the urban pipe network, fewer public transport facilities, and lower per capita park area. A more complex urban form was associated with a higher density of the urban pipe network system, greater investment of public transport, and larger per capita park area.(2) The comprehensive environmental factor was positively correlated with LSI(r=0.43, P<0.01). A more complex urban spatial shape was associated with a greater investment in urban resources and environment-related facilities.(3) The significant difference between bus vehicles of 10000 people, taxis of 10000 people, density of water supply pipe, and comprehensive environmental factor at different levels of compactness and shape-complexity again showed that a more compact city showed greater development of traffic, a more complex city, and greater environmental investment. These results support the more compact urban form and higher economic resources. The compact urban spatial form can be applied to urban construction in China.
引文
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[21] 贾玉秋,唐立娜,桂柳鸣.城市空间形态离散度指数 NDIS 构建与应用.生态学报,2018,38(20):7269-7275.
[22] 布仁仓,胡远满,常禹,李秀珍,贺红士.景观指数之间的相关分析.生态学报,2005,25(10):2764- 2775.
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[24] 马丽,金凤君.中国城市化发展的紧凑度评价分析.地理科学进展,2011,30(8):1014- 1020.
[2] Shen Y,Kwan M P,Chai Y W.Investigating commuting flexibility with GPS data and 3D geovisualization:a case study of Beijing,China.Journal of Transport Geography,2013,32:1- 11.
[3] Chen R J,Zhang Y H,Yang C X,Zhao Z H,Xu X H,Kan H D.Acute effect of ambient air pollution on stroke mortality in the China air pollution and health effects study.Stroke,2013,44(4):954- 960.
[4] Li M N,Zhang L L.Haze in China:current and future challenges.Environmental Pollution,2014,189:85- 86.
[5] Guan W J,Zheng X Y,Chung K F,Zhong N S.Impact of air pollution on the burden of chronic respiratory diseases in China:time for urgent action.The Lancet,2016,388(10054):1939- 1951.
[6] Maji K J,Dikshit A K,Arora M,Deshpande A.Estimating premature mortality attributable to PM2.5 exposure and benefit of air pollution control policies in China for 2020.Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:683- 693.
[7] Set?l? H,Bardgett R D,Birkhofer K,Brady M,Byrne L,De Ruiter P C,De Vries F T,Gardi C,Hedlund K,Hemerik K,Hotes S,Liiri M,Mortimer S R,Pavao-Zuckerman M,Pouyat R,Tsiafouli M,Van Der Putten W H.Urban and agricultural soils:conflicts and trade-offs in the optimization of ecosystem services.Urban Ecosystems,2014,17(1):239- 253.
[8] 龙惟定,白玮,梁浩,范蕊,张改景.低碳城市的城市形态和能源愿景.建筑科学,2010,26(2):13- 18,23- 23.
[9] Dong W H,Liu Z,Zhang L J,Tang Q H,Liao H,Li X E.Assessing heat health risk for sustainability in Beijing′s urban heat island.Sustainability,2014,6(10):7334- 7357.
[10] Ma W J,Zeng W L,Zhou M G,Wang L J,Rutherford S,Lin H L,Liu T,Zhang Y H,Xiao J P,Zhang Y W,Wang X F,Gu X,Chu C.The short-term effect of heat waves on mortality and its modifiers in China:an analysis from 66 communities.Environment International,2015,75:103- 109.
[11] He C Y,Liu Z F,Tian J,Ma Q.Urban expansion dynamics and natural habitat loss in China:a multiscale landscape perspective.Global Change Biology,2014,20(9):2886- 2902.
[12] Bu H M,Meng W,Zhang Y,Wan J.Relationships between land use patterns and water quality in the Taizi River basin,China.Ecological Indicators,2014,41:187- 197.
[13] 岳宜宝.紧凑城市的可持续性与评价方法评述.国际城市规划,2009,24(6):95- 101.
[14] Zuo X,Hua H,Dong Z F,Hao C X.Environmental performance index at the provincial level for China 2006- 2011.Ecological Indicators,2017,75:48- 56.
[15] 黄永斌,董锁成,白永平,李俊,毛琦梁.中国地级以上城市紧凑度时空演变特征研究.地理科学,2014,34(5):531- 538.
[16] 刘勇.城市形态与城市物质代谢效率的相关性分析.城市发展研究,2010,17(6):27- 31.
[17] Liu Y,Song Y,Arp H P.Examination of the relationship between urban form and urban eco-efficiency in China.Habitat International,2012,36(1):171- 177.
[18] 祖佳嬉,叶长盛.江西省城市紧凑度综合测度与分析.东华理工大学学报:社会科学版,2013,32(3):338- 344.
[19] 李海峰.城市形态、交通模式和居民出行方式研究.南京:东南大学,2006.
[20] 赵景柱,宋瑜,石龙宇,唐立娜.城市空间形态紧凑度模型构建方法研究.生态学报,2011,31(21):6338- 6343.
[21] 贾玉秋,唐立娜,桂柳鸣.城市空间形态离散度指数 NDIS 构建与应用.生态学报,2018,38(20):7269-7275.
[22] 布仁仓,胡远满,常禹,李秀珍,贺红士.景观指数之间的相关分析.生态学报,2005,25(10):2764- 2775.
[23] 邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版).高等教育出版社,2007.
[24] 马丽,金凤君.中国城市化发展的紧凑度评价分析.地理科学进展,2011,30(8):1014- 1020.
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