MOISTURE TRANSPORT PATHS AND SOURCES OF SOUTH CHINA ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ONSET OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON
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摘要
This study simulated the moisture transport process of southern China annually first rainy season(SCAFRS)using a Lagrangian airflow trajectory model(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory: HYSPLIT), to determine SCAFRS moisture transport characteristics and their relationship with South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM). It is found that the moisture transport paths and sources of SCAFRS are closely related to the onset of SCSSM. Divided by SCSSM onset dates, the moisture transport characteristics of SCAFRS are compared quantitatively.Before the onset of SCSSM, precipitation of SCAFRS mainly comes from western Pacific and eastern China. Their contributions are 24% and 25%, respectively. The amount of water vapor carried along the path coming from Bay of Bengal-South China Sea(BSC) is relatively high, but the contribution rate of this path to SCAFRS precipitation is relatively low. Mainly due to strong precipitation over Bay of Bengal before the onset of SCSSM, this region is a moisture sink, which makes most moisture deposit in this region and only a small portion of water vapor transported to southern China. After the onset of SCSSM, most water vapor is transported to southern China by the southwesterly paths. The Indian Ocean is the main moisture source, which contributes almost 25% to SCAFRS precipitation. The contributions of moisture originating from BSC and eastern China to southern China precipitation after the onset of SCSSM are 21% and 18%, respectively.
This study simulated the moisture transport process of southern China annually first rainy season(SCAFRS)using a Lagrangian airflow trajectory model(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory: HYSPLIT), to determine SCAFRS moisture transport characteristics and their relationship with South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM). It is found that the moisture transport paths and sources of SCAFRS are closely related to the onset of SCSSM. Divided by SCSSM onset dates, the moisture transport characteristics of SCAFRS are compared quantitatively.Before the onset of SCSSM, precipitation of SCAFRS mainly comes from western Pacific and eastern China. Their contributions are 24% and 25%, respectively. The amount of water vapor carried along the path coming from Bay of Bengal-South China Sea(BSC) is relatively high, but the contribution rate of this path to SCAFRS precipitation is relatively low. Mainly due to strong precipitation over Bay of Bengal before the onset of SCSSM, this region is a moisture sink, which makes most moisture deposit in this region and only a small portion of water vapor transported to southern China. After the onset of SCSSM, most water vapor is transported to southern China by the southwesterly paths. The Indian Ocean is the main moisture source, which contributes almost 25% to SCAFRS precipitation. The contributions of moisture originating from BSC and eastern China to southern China precipitation after the onset of SCSSM are 21% and 18%, respectively.
This study simulated the moisture transport process of southern China annually first rainy season(SCAFRS)using a Lagrangian airflow trajectory model(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory: HYSPLIT), to determine SCAFRS moisture transport characteristics and their relationship with South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM). It is found that the moisture transport paths and sources of SCAFRS are closely related to the onset of SCSSM. Divided by SCSSM onset dates, the moisture transport characteristics of SCAFRS are compared quantitatively.Before the onset of SCSSM, precipitation of SCAFRS mainly comes from western Pacific and eastern China. Their contributions are 24% and 25%, respectively. The amount of water vapor carried along the path coming from Bay of Bengal-South China Sea(BSC) is relatively high, but the contribution rate of this path to SCAFRS precipitation is relatively low. Mainly due to strong precipitation over Bay of Bengal before the onset of SCSSM, this region is a moisture sink, which makes most moisture deposit in this region and only a small portion of water vapor transported to southern China. After the onset of SCSSM, most water vapor is transported to southern China by the southwesterly paths. The Indian Ocean is the main moisture source, which contributes almost 25% to SCAFRS precipitation. The contributions of moisture originating from BSC and eastern China to southern China precipitation after the onset of SCSSM are 21% and 18%, respectively.
引文
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[2]TU Chang-wang,HUANG Shi-song.The advance and retreat of the summer monsoon in China[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,1984,18(1):1-20(in Chinese).
[3]LU Shi-jin.Climate of Southern China[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1990:67-80(in Chinese).
[4]QIANG Xue-min,YANG Xiu-qun,SUN Cheng-yi.Areview on recent research on the first rainy season’s onset and end dates in south China[J].Meteor Mon,2008,34(3):10-15(in Chinese).
[5]HU Guo-quan,DING Yi-hui.A study on the energy and water cycles over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basins during the 1991 heavy rain periods[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2003,61(2):146-163(in Chinese).
[6]WINSCHALL A,PFAHL S,SODEMANN H,et al.Comparison of Eulerian and Lagrangian moisture source diagnostics-the flood event in eastern Europe in May2010[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2013,13(11):29333-29373.
[7]CHEN Shi-xun,GAO Shao-feng.Characteristics of South China Summer Monsoon and Its Relationship with Precipitation in Rainy Season[C]//National Tropical Summer Monsoon Conference Collection(1981).Yunnan:Yunnan People's Publishing House,1983:129-141(in Chinese).
[8]TANG Dong-sheng,WANG Jian-de,LIU Wen-quan.Elation of south China precipitation of large scale water transporting flows and atmospheric heating fields[J].Trans Atmos Sci,1994(2):148-152(in Chinese).
[9]CHANG Yue,HE Jin-hai,LIU Yun-yun,et al.Features of moisture transport of in pre-summmer flood season of drought and flood years over south China[J].Plat Meteor,2006,25(6):1064-1070(in Chinese).
[10]LIN Ai-lan,GU De-jun,ZHENG Bin,et al.Anomalous transport of water vapor for sustained torrential rain and its variation[J].J Trop Meteor,2014,30(6):1001-1010(in Chinese).
[11]BRUBAKER K L,DIRMEYER P A,SUDRADJAT A,et al.A 36-yr climatological description of the evaporative sources of warm-season precipitation in the Mississippi River Basin[J].J Hydrometeor,2001,2(6):537-557.
[12]BRIMELOW C J,REUTER W G.Transport of atmospheric moisture during three extreme rainfall events over the Mackenzie River Basin[J].J Hydrometeor,2005,6(4):23-440.
[13]GIMENO L,DRUMOND A,NIETO R,et al.On the origin of continental precipitation[J].Geophys Res Lett,2010,37(13):69-73.
[14]STOHL A,JAMES P.A Lagrangian analysis of the atmospheric branch of the global water cycle,Part I:Method description,validation and demonstration for the August 2002 flooding in central Europe[J].J Hydrometeor,2004,5(4):656-678.
[15]STOHL A,JAMES P.A Lagrangian analysis of the atmospheric branch of the global water cycle,Part II:Moisture transports between Earth's ocean basins and river catchments[J].J Hydrometeor,2005,6(6):961-984.
[16]NIETO R,GIMENO L,TRIGO R M.A Lagrangian identification of major sources of sahel moisture[J].Geophys Res Lett,2006,33(18):273-274.
[17]NIETO R,GIMENO L,GALLEGO D,et al.Contributions to the moisture budget of airmasses over Iceland[J].Meteor Z,2007,16(1):37-44.
[18]DRUMOND A,NIETO R,GIMENO L,et al.ALagrangian identification of major sources of moisture over central Brazil and La Plata Basin[J].J Geophys Res:Atmos,2008,113(D1428):1-9.
[19]CHEN Bin,XU Xiang-de,ZHAO Tian-liang.Main moisture sources affecting lower Yangtze River Basin in boreal summers during 2004-2009[J].Int J Climatol,2013,33(4):1035-1046.
[20]SHEN Ru-gui,TAO Quan-zhen,LAI Ying-ying,et al.Low Latitude Circulation and Precipitation in the Troops in the Upper and Lower Troops of the South China First Rainy Season,National Tropical Summer Monsoon Conference Collection(1982)[M].Yunnan:Yunnan People's Publishing House,1982:10-21(in Chinese).
[21]CHEN Long-xun,ZHU Qian-gen,LUO Hui-bang,et al.East Asian monsoon[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1991:362-363(in Chinese).
[22]CHI Yan-zhen,HE Jin-hai,WU Zhi-wei.Feature analysis of the different precipitation periods in the pre-flood season in south China[J].Trans Atmos Sci,2005,28(2):163-171(in Chinese).
[23]DRAXLER R R,HESS G D.Description of the HYSPLIT_4 Modeling System[C]//National Oceanic&Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum Erl Arl.1997:197-199.
[24]DRAXLER R R,HESS G D.An overview of the HYSPLIT-4 modeling system for trajectories[J].Aust Meteor Mag,1998,47(4):295-308.
[25]JIANG Zhi-hong,REN Wei,LIU Zheng-yu,et al.Analysis of water vapor transport characteristics during the Meiyu over Yangtze-Huaihe River valley using the Lagrangian method[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2013,71(2):295-304(in Chinese).
[26]SUN Bo,WANG Hui-jun.Moisture sources of semi-arid grassland in China using the Lagrangian particle model FLEXPART[J].J Climate,2014,27(6):2457-2474.
[27]CHU Qu-cheng,WANG Qi-guang,FENG Guo-lin.Determination of the major moisture sources of cumulative effect of torrential rain events during the pre-flood season over south China using a Lagrangian particle model[J].J Geophys Res:Atmos,2017,122(16):8369-8382.
[28]KALNAY E,KANAMITSU M,KISTLER R,et al.The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,1996,77(3):437-472.
[29]WANG Bin,LIN Ho,ZHANG Yong-sheng,et al.Definition of South China Sea monsoon onset and commencement of the East Asia summer monsoon[J].JClimate,2004,17(4):699-710.
[30]HE Jin-hai,DING Yi-hui,GAO Hui,et al.Definition of the Onset Dates of South China Sea Summer Monsoon and Monsoon Index[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2001:1-4(in Chinese).
[31]GAO Hui,HE Jin-hai,TAN Yan-ke,et al.Definition of40-year onset date of South China Sea summer monsoon[J].Trans Atmos Sci,2001,24(3):379-383(in Chinese).
[32]LIU Xiao,WANG Cheng-gang,HUANG Hui-jun.Analysis of the characteristics of the land-sea boundary layer over the Dianbai area during the active and inactive periods of South China Sea summer monsoon in 2012[J].J Trop Meteor,2017,33(1):93-103(in Chinese).
[33]LI Chun-hui,PAN Wei-juan,LI Xia,et al.The variation characteristics of 10-30 days oscillation intensity of spring over the South China Sea-western Pacific Ocean and their effects of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset[J].J Trop Meteor,2017,33(1):43-52(in Chinese).
[34]ZHENG Bin,LI Chun-hui,LIN Ai-lan,et al.Definition and application of the indices for the South China Sea summer monsoon activities[J].J Trop Meteor,2016,32(4):433-443(in Chinese).
[35]WU Heng-qiang,ZHANG Ai-hua.Relationship between the variation of Antarctic sea ice and the pre-flood season rainfall in south China[J].Trans Atmos Sci,1998,21(2):266-273(in Chinese).
[36]CAI Xue-zhan,WU Bin,WEN Zhen-zhi.Effect of ENSOcycle on west Pacific subtropical high and drought/flood in Fujian during rainy season[J].Trans Atmos Sci,2003,26(6):837-844(in Chinese).
[37]XIE Cheng-ying,LI Min-jiao,ZHANG Xue-qin,et al.Moisture transport features in summer and its rainfall effects over key region in southern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plat Meteor,2015,34(2):327-337(in Chinese).
[38]GUO Lian-yi,JIANG Zhi-hong,CHEN Wei-lin.Using a hidden Markov model to analyze the rainfall pattern and its temporal variation over east China during the flood season[J].Meteor Res,2018,32(3):1-29.
[39]JIANG Zhi-hong,JIANG Shuai,SHI Yi,et al.Impact of moisture source variation on decadal-scale changes of precipitation in north China from 1951 to 2010[J].JGeophys Res:Atmos,2017,122(2):600-613.
[40]DING Jv-li,XU Zhi-sheng,FEI Jian-fang,et al.Analysis of the definition of the onset and ending dates of the annually first rainy season in south China and its interannual variation characteristics[J].J Trop Meteor,2009,25(1):59-65(in Chinese).
[41]LI Li-ping,BAI Ting.Low-frequency characteristic of multi-year mean summer precipitation in south China and its relationships with low-frequency water vapor transport[J].Trans Atmos Sci,2014,37(3):323-332(in Chinese).
[2]TU Chang-wang,HUANG Shi-song.The advance and retreat of the summer monsoon in China[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,1984,18(1):1-20(in Chinese).
[3]LU Shi-jin.Climate of Southern China[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1990:67-80(in Chinese).
[4]QIANG Xue-min,YANG Xiu-qun,SUN Cheng-yi.Areview on recent research on the first rainy season’s onset and end dates in south China[J].Meteor Mon,2008,34(3):10-15(in Chinese).
[5]HU Guo-quan,DING Yi-hui.A study on the energy and water cycles over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basins during the 1991 heavy rain periods[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2003,61(2):146-163(in Chinese).
[6]WINSCHALL A,PFAHL S,SODEMANN H,et al.Comparison of Eulerian and Lagrangian moisture source diagnostics-the flood event in eastern Europe in May2010[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2013,13(11):29333-29373.
[7]CHEN Shi-xun,GAO Shao-feng.Characteristics of South China Summer Monsoon and Its Relationship with Precipitation in Rainy Season[C]//National Tropical Summer Monsoon Conference Collection(1981).Yunnan:Yunnan People's Publishing House,1983:129-141(in Chinese).
[8]TANG Dong-sheng,WANG Jian-de,LIU Wen-quan.Elation of south China precipitation of large scale water transporting flows and atmospheric heating fields[J].Trans Atmos Sci,1994(2):148-152(in Chinese).
[9]CHANG Yue,HE Jin-hai,LIU Yun-yun,et al.Features of moisture transport of in pre-summmer flood season of drought and flood years over south China[J].Plat Meteor,2006,25(6):1064-1070(in Chinese).
[10]LIN Ai-lan,GU De-jun,ZHENG Bin,et al.Anomalous transport of water vapor for sustained torrential rain and its variation[J].J Trop Meteor,2014,30(6):1001-1010(in Chinese).
[11]BRUBAKER K L,DIRMEYER P A,SUDRADJAT A,et al.A 36-yr climatological description of the evaporative sources of warm-season precipitation in the Mississippi River Basin[J].J Hydrometeor,2001,2(6):537-557.
[12]BRIMELOW C J,REUTER W G.Transport of atmospheric moisture during three extreme rainfall events over the Mackenzie River Basin[J].J Hydrometeor,2005,6(4):23-440.
[13]GIMENO L,DRUMOND A,NIETO R,et al.On the origin of continental precipitation[J].Geophys Res Lett,2010,37(13):69-73.
[14]STOHL A,JAMES P.A Lagrangian analysis of the atmospheric branch of the global water cycle,Part I:Method description,validation and demonstration for the August 2002 flooding in central Europe[J].J Hydrometeor,2004,5(4):656-678.
[15]STOHL A,JAMES P.A Lagrangian analysis of the atmospheric branch of the global water cycle,Part II:Moisture transports between Earth's ocean basins and river catchments[J].J Hydrometeor,2005,6(6):961-984.
[16]NIETO R,GIMENO L,TRIGO R M.A Lagrangian identification of major sources of sahel moisture[J].Geophys Res Lett,2006,33(18):273-274.
[17]NIETO R,GIMENO L,GALLEGO D,et al.Contributions to the moisture budget of airmasses over Iceland[J].Meteor Z,2007,16(1):37-44.
[18]DRUMOND A,NIETO R,GIMENO L,et al.ALagrangian identification of major sources of moisture over central Brazil and La Plata Basin[J].J Geophys Res:Atmos,2008,113(D1428):1-9.
[19]CHEN Bin,XU Xiang-de,ZHAO Tian-liang.Main moisture sources affecting lower Yangtze River Basin in boreal summers during 2004-2009[J].Int J Climatol,2013,33(4):1035-1046.
[20]SHEN Ru-gui,TAO Quan-zhen,LAI Ying-ying,et al.Low Latitude Circulation and Precipitation in the Troops in the Upper and Lower Troops of the South China First Rainy Season,National Tropical Summer Monsoon Conference Collection(1982)[M].Yunnan:Yunnan People's Publishing House,1982:10-21(in Chinese).
[21]CHEN Long-xun,ZHU Qian-gen,LUO Hui-bang,et al.East Asian monsoon[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1991:362-363(in Chinese).
[22]CHI Yan-zhen,HE Jin-hai,WU Zhi-wei.Feature analysis of the different precipitation periods in the pre-flood season in south China[J].Trans Atmos Sci,2005,28(2):163-171(in Chinese).
[23]DRAXLER R R,HESS G D.Description of the HYSPLIT_4 Modeling System[C]//National Oceanic&Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum Erl Arl.1997:197-199.
[24]DRAXLER R R,HESS G D.An overview of the HYSPLIT-4 modeling system for trajectories[J].Aust Meteor Mag,1998,47(4):295-308.
[25]JIANG Zhi-hong,REN Wei,LIU Zheng-yu,et al.Analysis of water vapor transport characteristics during the Meiyu over Yangtze-Huaihe River valley using the Lagrangian method[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2013,71(2):295-304(in Chinese).
[26]SUN Bo,WANG Hui-jun.Moisture sources of semi-arid grassland in China using the Lagrangian particle model FLEXPART[J].J Climate,2014,27(6):2457-2474.
[27]CHU Qu-cheng,WANG Qi-guang,FENG Guo-lin.Determination of the major moisture sources of cumulative effect of torrential rain events during the pre-flood season over south China using a Lagrangian particle model[J].J Geophys Res:Atmos,2017,122(16):8369-8382.
[28]KALNAY E,KANAMITSU M,KISTLER R,et al.The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,1996,77(3):437-472.
[29]WANG Bin,LIN Ho,ZHANG Yong-sheng,et al.Definition of South China Sea monsoon onset and commencement of the East Asia summer monsoon[J].JClimate,2004,17(4):699-710.
[30]HE Jin-hai,DING Yi-hui,GAO Hui,et al.Definition of the Onset Dates of South China Sea Summer Monsoon and Monsoon Index[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2001:1-4(in Chinese).
[31]GAO Hui,HE Jin-hai,TAN Yan-ke,et al.Definition of40-year onset date of South China Sea summer monsoon[J].Trans Atmos Sci,2001,24(3):379-383(in Chinese).
[32]LIU Xiao,WANG Cheng-gang,HUANG Hui-jun.Analysis of the characteristics of the land-sea boundary layer over the Dianbai area during the active and inactive periods of South China Sea summer monsoon in 2012[J].J Trop Meteor,2017,33(1):93-103(in Chinese).
[33]LI Chun-hui,PAN Wei-juan,LI Xia,et al.The variation characteristics of 10-30 days oscillation intensity of spring over the South China Sea-western Pacific Ocean and their effects of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset[J].J Trop Meteor,2017,33(1):43-52(in Chinese).
[34]ZHENG Bin,LI Chun-hui,LIN Ai-lan,et al.Definition and application of the indices for the South China Sea summer monsoon activities[J].J Trop Meteor,2016,32(4):433-443(in Chinese).
[35]WU Heng-qiang,ZHANG Ai-hua.Relationship between the variation of Antarctic sea ice and the pre-flood season rainfall in south China[J].Trans Atmos Sci,1998,21(2):266-273(in Chinese).
[36]CAI Xue-zhan,WU Bin,WEN Zhen-zhi.Effect of ENSOcycle on west Pacific subtropical high and drought/flood in Fujian during rainy season[J].Trans Atmos Sci,2003,26(6):837-844(in Chinese).
[37]XIE Cheng-ying,LI Min-jiao,ZHANG Xue-qin,et al.Moisture transport features in summer and its rainfall effects over key region in southern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plat Meteor,2015,34(2):327-337(in Chinese).
[38]GUO Lian-yi,JIANG Zhi-hong,CHEN Wei-lin.Using a hidden Markov model to analyze the rainfall pattern and its temporal variation over east China during the flood season[J].Meteor Res,2018,32(3):1-29.
[39]JIANG Zhi-hong,JIANG Shuai,SHI Yi,et al.Impact of moisture source variation on decadal-scale changes of precipitation in north China from 1951 to 2010[J].JGeophys Res:Atmos,2017,122(2):600-613.
[40]DING Jv-li,XU Zhi-sheng,FEI Jian-fang,et al.Analysis of the definition of the onset and ending dates of the annually first rainy season in south China and its interannual variation characteristics[J].J Trop Meteor,2009,25(1):59-65(in Chinese).
[41]LI Li-ping,BAI Ting.Low-frequency characteristic of multi-year mean summer precipitation in south China and its relationships with low-frequency water vapor transport[J].Trans Atmos Sci,2014,37(3):323-332(in Chinese).
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