西南地区生物文化多样性空间格局定量研究
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摘要
自然条件的丰富性与独特性以及多民族聚居的特征使得西南地区成为我国生物多样性和文化多样性的热点地区,但当前仍然缺乏对区域生物文化多样性格局的定量研究。以西南地区603个县级行政区为基本单元,探讨了西南地区的文化多样性与生物多样性的分布格局,在此基础上定量计算了生物文化多样性,从而识别西南地区生物文化多样性空间格局,并分析不同因素对多样性空间分布的影响。文化多样性与生物多样性存在一定的空间分布差异,同时也存在高低值聚类的重叠区域。高生物文化多样性的区域与高生物多样性的区域分布较为相似,而低生物文化多样性的区域与低文化多样性的区域分布较为接近;生物文化多样性的高低值聚类区呈现明显的片状格局。由于生境条件与人为干扰等原因,西南地区文化多样性、生物多样性与生物文化多样性沿河流流向大多呈现"低-高"或"低-高-低"的变化状态。影响因素分析表明,文化多样性与生物多样性产生相互促进的作用;三种多样性的空间分布都受到平均坡度的重要影响;多样性高的单元聚集在地形坡度大、海拔与坡度的差异程度较大而水体覆盖率较低的区域。文化多样性与生物多样性的密切联系表现在地理空间上的交叉重合,因此,对文化多样性与生物多样性的保护应统筹兼顾,并更多从生物文化多样性的视角或者途径来开展相关研究与保护实践。
The richness and uniqueness of natural conditions make Southwest China a hot spot for biological diversity. There is also a long history of traditional customs and colourful ethnic culture in Southwest China, owing to the presence of several ethnic minorities. Both biological and cultural diversity are the basis for conserving the natural world and human societies. Considered as the sum of differences in the world, biocultural diversity refers to the complex connection between these two forms of diversity, and increasing attention is now being paid to this concept. Southwest China is the ideal region to study spatial patterns of diversity and the factors influencing them, but little quantitative research exists. Thus, we used 603 administrative districts at the county level to quantitatively calculate biocultural diversity, to identify any spatial patterns, and to analyse how different factors influence spatial distribution of this diversity. Cultural and biological diversity differed slightly in spatial distribution, but many high-value or low-value clustering areas overlapped. Among them, the Hengduan Mountains, as well as the lower reaches of the Lancang River Basin and the Yuanjiang River Basin, were high-value clustering areas for cultural and biological diversity. Low-value clustering areas included the upper reaches of the Yalu Tsangpo River Basin, the Nujiang River Basin, and the Sichuan Basin. In addition, high biocultural and biological diversity had similar regional distributions, as did low biocultural and cultural diversity. Overlapping effects of high-/low-value clustering areas for both variables resulted in a blanket pattern of biocultural diversity. Owing to terrain conditions and human disturbance, the three forms of diversity, viz., cultural, biological, and biocultural, all tended to change from "low to high" or "low to high to low" along the course of the rivers within watersheds. Analysis of influencing factors demonstrated that cultural and biological diversity played a mutually reinforcing role to each other. Moreover, average slope strongly affected the distributions of cultural, biological, and biocultural diversity. Highly diverse areas tended to be those with steeper slopes, larger altitude, and slope variation, but lower water coverage. The close connection between cultural and biological diversity was reflected in geographical overlap. We conclude that diversity conservation in Southwest China should consider both cultural and biological diversity. More research and protection practices should be implemented to better understand biocultural diversity.
The richness and uniqueness of natural conditions make Southwest China a hot spot for biological diversity. There is also a long history of traditional customs and colourful ethnic culture in Southwest China, owing to the presence of several ethnic minorities. Both biological and cultural diversity are the basis for conserving the natural world and human societies. Considered as the sum of differences in the world, biocultural diversity refers to the complex connection between these two forms of diversity, and increasing attention is now being paid to this concept. Southwest China is the ideal region to study spatial patterns of diversity and the factors influencing them, but little quantitative research exists. Thus, we used 603 administrative districts at the county level to quantitatively calculate biocultural diversity, to identify any spatial patterns, and to analyse how different factors influence spatial distribution of this diversity. Cultural and biological diversity differed slightly in spatial distribution, but many high-value or low-value clustering areas overlapped. Among them, the Hengduan Mountains, as well as the lower reaches of the Lancang River Basin and the Yuanjiang River Basin, were high-value clustering areas for cultural and biological diversity. Low-value clustering areas included the upper reaches of the Yalu Tsangpo River Basin, the Nujiang River Basin, and the Sichuan Basin. In addition, high biocultural and biological diversity had similar regional distributions, as did low biocultural and cultural diversity. Overlapping effects of high-/low-value clustering areas for both variables resulted in a blanket pattern of biocultural diversity. Owing to terrain conditions and human disturbance, the three forms of diversity, viz., cultural, biological, and biocultural, all tended to change from "low to high" or "low to high to low" along the course of the rivers within watersheds. Analysis of influencing factors demonstrated that cultural and biological diversity played a mutually reinforcing role to each other. Moreover, average slope strongly affected the distributions of cultural, biological, and biocultural diversity. Highly diverse areas tended to be those with steeper slopes, larger altitude, and slope variation, but lower water coverage. The close connection between cultural and biological diversity was reflected in geographical overlap. We conclude that diversity conservation in Southwest China should consider both cultural and biological diversity. More research and protection practices should be implemented to better understand biocultural diversity.
引文
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[24] 周红章.物种与物种多样性.生物多样性,2000,8(2):215- 226.
[25] Moore J L,Manne L,Brooks T,Burgess N D,Davies R,Rahbek C,Williams P,Balmford A.The distribution of cultural and biological diversity in Africa.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2002,269(1501):1645- 1653.
[26] Sutherland W J.Parallel extinction risk and global distribution of languages and species.Nature,2003,423(6937):276- 279.
[27] 刘国华.西南生态安全格局形成机制及演变机理.生态学报,2016,36(22):7088- 7091.
[28] Samson C,Pretty J.Environmental and health benefits of hunting lifestyles and diets for the Innu of Labrador.Food Policy,2006,31(6):528- 553.
[29] Pilgrim S E,Cullen L C,Smith D J,Pretty J.Ecological knowledge is lost in wealthier communities and countries.Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(4):1004- 1009.
[30] Rapport D J,Whitford W G.How ecosystems respond to stress:common properties of arid and aquatic systems.BioScience,1999,49(3):193- 203.
[2] 毛舒欣,沈园,邓红兵.生物文化多样性研究进展.生态学报,2017,37(24):8179- 8186.
[3] Posey D A.Cultural and spiritual values of biodiversity:a complementary contribution to the global biodiversity assessment//Posey D A,ed.Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity.London:United Nations Environment Programme and Intermediate Technology Publications,1999.
[4] 王娟,杨宇明,王泾,石明,裴盛基.试论文化多样性与生物多样性的相互关系//中国生物多样性保护与研究进展Ⅵ——第六届全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会论文集.丽江:中国科学院生物多样性委员会,2004:57- 68.
[5] 季维智.保护生物学基础.北京:中国林业出版社,2000.
[6] Loh J,Harmon D.A global index of biocultural diversity.Ecological Indicators,2005,5(3):231- 241.
[7] Pretty J,Adams B,Berkes F,De Athayde S F,Dudley N,Hunn E,Maffi L,Milton K,Rapport D,Robbins P,Sterling E,Stolton S,Tsing A,Vintinner E,Pilgrim S.The intersections of biological diversity and cultural diversity:towards integration.Conservation and Society,2009,7(2):100- 112.
[8] Gavin M C,McCarter J,Mead A,Berkes F,Stepp J R,Peterson D,Tang R F.Defining biocultural approaches to conservation.Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2015,30(3):140- 145.
[9] 李德铢,杨湘云,王雨华,蔡杰.中国西南野生生物种质资源库.中国科学院院刊,2010,25(5):565- 569,550- 550.
[10] 杨圣敏,丁宏.中国民族志.北京:中央民族大学出版社,2003.
[11] 王恩涌,胡兆量,周尚意,赫维红,刘岩.中国文化地理.北京:科学出版社,2008.
[12] 沈园,毛舒欣,邱莎,李涛,邓红兵.西南地区文化多样性时空格局研究.生态学报,2018,38(21):1- 11.DOI:10.5846/stxb201802060315.
[13] 渠爱雪,孟召宜.我国文化多样性时空格局及其成因研究.人文地理,2014,29(6):53- 59,124- 124.
[14] 国家统计局人口和就业统计司,国家民族事务委员会经济发展司.中国2010年人口普查分民族人口资料(下).北京:民族出版社,2013.
[15] 张路,肖燚,郑华,徐卫华,逯非,江凌,饶恩明,肖洋,吴炳方,曾源,欧阳志云.2010年中国生态系统服务空间数据集.(2017-07- 10) [2018- 3- 28] http://www.csdata.org/p/106/#history.
[16] 蒋敏.中国省域交通与城市化的耦合度分析.新疆社会科学,2008,(5):19- 24.
[17] Ord J K,Getis A.Local spatial autocorrelation statistics:distributional issues and an application.Geographical Analysis,1995,27(4):286- 306.
[18] Mitchell A.The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis.Redlands,CA:ESRI Press,2005.
[19] Duque J C,Ramos R,Suriňach J.Supervised regionalization methods:a survey.International Regional Science Review,2007,30(3):195- 220.
[20] IBM.IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows,Version 20.Armonk,NY:IBM Corporation,2011.
[21] Maffi L.On Biocultural Diversity:Linking Language,Knowledge,and the Environment.Washington,DC:Smithsonian Institution Press,2001.
[22] 尤伟琼.云南民族识别研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2012.
[23] 孟召宜,沈正平,渠爱雪,马晓冬.文化多样性研究述评与展望.淮海工学院学报:人文社会科学版,2015,13(4):74- 81.
[24] 周红章.物种与物种多样性.生物多样性,2000,8(2):215- 226.
[25] Moore J L,Manne L,Brooks T,Burgess N D,Davies R,Rahbek C,Williams P,Balmford A.The distribution of cultural and biological diversity in Africa.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2002,269(1501):1645- 1653.
[26] Sutherland W J.Parallel extinction risk and global distribution of languages and species.Nature,2003,423(6937):276- 279.
[27] 刘国华.西南生态安全格局形成机制及演变机理.生态学报,2016,36(22):7088- 7091.
[28] Samson C,Pretty J.Environmental and health benefits of hunting lifestyles and diets for the Innu of Labrador.Food Policy,2006,31(6):528- 553.
[29] Pilgrim S E,Cullen L C,Smith D J,Pretty J.Ecological knowledge is lost in wealthier communities and countries.Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(4):1004- 1009.
[30] Rapport D J,Whitford W G.How ecosystems respond to stress:common properties of arid and aquatic systems.BioScience,1999,49(3):193- 203.
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