Existence, morphology and structure of the Yellow Sea Warm Current Branch approaching waters offshore Qingdao, China
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摘要
In this study, we focused on full-region cruise survey data, near-bottom continuous mooring observations and sea surface wind products from the western South Yellow Sea in winter; after ensuring the data reliability and accuracy, we processed and analyzed the data. Image resolution experiments were carried out to determine the lowest recognition resolutions for all image types, which represent the resolution characteristics of the data. The existence of a warm water tongue originating from the Yellow Sea Warm Current(YSWC) that approached waters offshore Qingdao was confirmed. For the first time, a high salinity water tongue, corresponding to the warm water tongue, was described and found to be more representative of the YSWC branch path. This warm tongue is a sign of the branch originating from the YSWC, which we defined as the Yellow Sea Warm Current Branch approaching waters offshore Qingdao(YSWC-QDB). The pattern of the warm and salty water tongues showed remarkable rear, branching middle, shrinking neck and expanding top regions. These patterns showed a temporal feature of the tongues, and were the result of multi-temporal branches in front of the YSWC main section as well as the YSWC-QDB crossing the southwestward path of the extension of the North Shandong Coastal Current flowing along the southeast coast of the Shandong Peninsula(NSCC-SESE). Analysis using mooring data at a sensitive and representative station also showed the existence of the YSWC-QDB. It is a probabilistic event that manifests as a northwestward flow that decreases gradually from the bottom to the surface in the early cold air transit stage and consistent in the whole water column profile in the later stage. It varies quasi-periodically with weather processes. It also transports some of the YSWC water stored in the entrance area of the Bohai and Yellow seas under winter wind conditions to the western South Yellow Sea as a compensatory current. This current, caused by northerly winds, especially northwest winds and obstruction of the NSCC-SESE, was present, and strong water reduction and compensation caused significant residual sea level oscillations. The compensatory current, if caused by strong northwest wind,began to appear when its direction was opposite to the wind direction. In addition, confirmation of the YSWC-QDB provides an oceanographic basis for the short cooling time and rapid warming in the Qingdao area in winter. This research provides a basis for further studies of the YSWC-QDB at high spatial and temporal resolutions using large sea surface datasets. For monsoon basin dynamics, this study can also be extended to the whole Bohai and Yellow seas and closed or semi-closed basins on the continental margin.
In this study, we focused on full-region cruise survey data, near-bottom continuous mooring observations and sea surface wind products from the western South Yellow Sea in winter; after ensuring the data reliability and accuracy, we processed and analyzed the data. Image resolution experiments were carried out to determine the lowest recognition resolutions for all image types, which represent the resolution characteristics of the data. The existence of a warm water tongue originating from the Yellow Sea Warm Current(YSWC) that approached waters offshore Qingdao was confirmed. For the first time, a high salinity water tongue, corresponding to the warm water tongue, was described and found to be more representative of the YSWC branch path. This warm tongue is a sign of the branch originating from the YSWC, which we defined as the Yellow Sea Warm Current Branch approaching waters offshore Qingdao(YSWC-QDB). The pattern of the warm and salty water tongues showed remarkable rear, branching middle, shrinking neck and expanding top regions. These patterns showed a temporal feature of the tongues, and were the result of multi-temporal branches in front of the YSWC main section as well as the YSWC-QDB crossing the southwestward path of the extension of the North Shandong Coastal Current flowing along the southeast coast of the Shandong Peninsula(NSCC-SESE). Analysis using mooring data at a sensitive and representative station also showed the existence of the YSWC-QDB. It is a probabilistic event that manifests as a northwestward flow that decreases gradually from the bottom to the surface in the early cold air transit stage and consistent in the whole water column profile in the later stage. It varies quasi-periodically with weather processes. It also transports some of the YSWC water stored in the entrance area of the Bohai and Yellow seas under winter wind conditions to the western South Yellow Sea as a compensatory current. This current, caused by northerly winds, especially northwest winds and obstruction of the NSCC-SESE, was present, and strong water reduction and compensation caused significant residual sea level oscillations. The compensatory current, if caused by strong northwest wind,began to appear when its direction was opposite to the wind direction. In addition, confirmation of the YSWC-QDB provides an oceanographic basis for the short cooling time and rapid warming in the Qingdao area in winter. This research provides a basis for further studies of the YSWC-QDB at high spatial and temporal resolutions using large sea surface datasets. For monsoon basin dynamics, this study can also be extended to the whole Bohai and Yellow seas and closed or semi-closed basins on the continental margin.
In this study, we focused on full-region cruise survey data, near-bottom continuous mooring observations and sea surface wind products from the western South Yellow Sea in winter; after ensuring the data reliability and accuracy, we processed and analyzed the data. Image resolution experiments were carried out to determine the lowest recognition resolutions for all image types, which represent the resolution characteristics of the data. The existence of a warm water tongue originating from the Yellow Sea Warm Current(YSWC) that approached waters offshore Qingdao was confirmed. For the first time, a high salinity water tongue, corresponding to the warm water tongue, was described and found to be more representative of the YSWC branch path. This warm tongue is a sign of the branch originating from the YSWC, which we defined as the Yellow Sea Warm Current Branch approaching waters offshore Qingdao(YSWC-QDB). The pattern of the warm and salty water tongues showed remarkable rear, branching middle, shrinking neck and expanding top regions. These patterns showed a temporal feature of the tongues, and were the result of multi-temporal branches in front of the YSWC main section as well as the YSWC-QDB crossing the southwestward path of the extension of the North Shandong Coastal Current flowing along the southeast coast of the Shandong Peninsula(NSCC-SESE). Analysis using mooring data at a sensitive and representative station also showed the existence of the YSWC-QDB. It is a probabilistic event that manifests as a northwestward flow that decreases gradually from the bottom to the surface in the early cold air transit stage and consistent in the whole water column profile in the later stage. It varies quasi-periodically with weather processes. It also transports some of the YSWC water stored in the entrance area of the Bohai and Yellow seas under winter wind conditions to the western South Yellow Sea as a compensatory current. This current, caused by northerly winds, especially northwest winds and obstruction of the NSCC-SESE, was present, and strong water reduction and compensation caused significant residual sea level oscillations. The compensatory current, if caused by strong northwest wind,began to appear when its direction was opposite to the wind direction. In addition, confirmation of the YSWC-QDB provides an oceanographic basis for the short cooling time and rapid warming in the Qingdao area in winter. This research provides a basis for further studies of the YSWC-QDB at high spatial and temporal resolutions using large sea surface datasets. For monsoon basin dynamics, this study can also be extended to the whole Bohai and Yellow seas and closed or semi-closed basins on the continental margin.
引文
Guan B X,Chen S J.1964.The Currents System of the China Sea,Oceanic Investigations Synthesis Report in the China Sea(in Chinese).Beijing:Ocean Office of State Science Committee Press.5
Guo B H.1993.Major features of the physical oceanography in the Yellow Sea(in Chinese).J Oceanogr Huanghai Bohai Seas,11:7-18
Guo Y L,Xiong X J,Chen C,Yu L,Guo Y Q.2014.Hydro-meteorological interpretation and cause analysis on Qingdao’s warmer winter(in Chinese).Coast Eng,33:1-11
Hsueh Y,Pang I C.1989.Coastally trapped long waves in the Yellow Sea.J Phys Oceanogr,19:612-625
Lin X P,Yang J Y,Guo J S,Zhang Z X,Yin Y Q,Song X Z,Zhang X H.2011.An asymmetric upwind flow,Yellow Sea Warm Current:1.New observations in the western Yellow Sea.J Geophys Res,116:C04026
National Metrological Technical Committee for Legal Metrological Management.2012.Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement(JJF 1059.1-2012)(in Chinese).Beijing:Standards Press of China.1-64
Niino H,Emery K O.1961.Sediments of shallow portions of East China Sea and South China Sea.Geol Soc Am Bull,72:731-762
Qu L X.2014.Study of the oceanic response to the winter strong wind events in the Yellow and Bohai Sea(in Chinese).Dissertation for Master’s Degree.Qingdao:Ocean University of China.1-105
Su J,Xiong X J,Liu H,Lu D J.2017.Inverse thermocline in the western South Yellow Sea in April 2007(in Chinese).Coast Eng,36:1-11
Su Y S.1989.Analysis of geographic environment and circulation system in the Yellow Sea and The East China Sea-Comprehensive investigation report of the offshore waters off Yangze River Estuary and Jeju-do Island(in Chinese).J Ocean Univ China,19:145-158
Tang Y X,Zou E M,Lie H J,Lie J H.2000.Some features of circulation in the southern Huanghai Sea(in Chinese).Acta Oceanol Sin,22:1-16
Tang Y X,Zou E M,Lie H J.2001.On the origin and path of the Huanghai Warm Current during winter and early spring(in Chinese).Acta Oceanol Sin,23:1-12
Uda M.1936.Results of simultaneous oceanographic investigations in the Japan Sea and its adjacent waters during October and November 1933(in Japanese).J Imp Fish Exp Sta,7:91-151
Wan K.2014.The study on Yellow Sea Warm Current’s mechanism and low-frequency sea level fluctuations in Bohai and Yellow Sea during winter storm(in Chinese).Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Qingdao:Ocean University of China.1-140
Wang F,Liu C,Meng Q.2012.Effect of the Yellow Sea warm current fronts on the westward shift of the Yellow Sea warm tongue in winter.Cont Shelf Res,45:98-107
Wang F,Liu C.2009.An N-shape thermal front in the western South Yellow Sea in winter.Chin J Ocean Limnol,27:898-906
Xiong X J,Guo X G,Sheng L F.2012.The Seas Near China-Physical Oceanography and Ocean Meteorology(in Chinese).Beijing:Ocean Press
Yu F,Zhang Z X,Diao X Y,Guo J S.2010.Observational evidence of the Yellow Sea warm current.Chin J Ocean Limnol,28:677-683
Zhao S,Yu F,Diao X Y,Si G C.2011.The path and mechanism of the Yellow Sea Warm Current(in Chinese).Mar Sci,35:73-80
Guo B H.1993.Major features of the physical oceanography in the Yellow Sea(in Chinese).J Oceanogr Huanghai Bohai Seas,11:7-18
Guo Y L,Xiong X J,Chen C,Yu L,Guo Y Q.2014.Hydro-meteorological interpretation and cause analysis on Qingdao’s warmer winter(in Chinese).Coast Eng,33:1-11
Hsueh Y,Pang I C.1989.Coastally trapped long waves in the Yellow Sea.J Phys Oceanogr,19:612-625
Lin X P,Yang J Y,Guo J S,Zhang Z X,Yin Y Q,Song X Z,Zhang X H.2011.An asymmetric upwind flow,Yellow Sea Warm Current:1.New observations in the western Yellow Sea.J Geophys Res,116:C04026
National Metrological Technical Committee for Legal Metrological Management.2012.Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement(JJF 1059.1-2012)(in Chinese).Beijing:Standards Press of China.1-64
Niino H,Emery K O.1961.Sediments of shallow portions of East China Sea and South China Sea.Geol Soc Am Bull,72:731-762
Qu L X.2014.Study of the oceanic response to the winter strong wind events in the Yellow and Bohai Sea(in Chinese).Dissertation for Master’s Degree.Qingdao:Ocean University of China.1-105
Su J,Xiong X J,Liu H,Lu D J.2017.Inverse thermocline in the western South Yellow Sea in April 2007(in Chinese).Coast Eng,36:1-11
Su Y S.1989.Analysis of geographic environment and circulation system in the Yellow Sea and The East China Sea-Comprehensive investigation report of the offshore waters off Yangze River Estuary and Jeju-do Island(in Chinese).J Ocean Univ China,19:145-158
Tang Y X,Zou E M,Lie H J,Lie J H.2000.Some features of circulation in the southern Huanghai Sea(in Chinese).Acta Oceanol Sin,22:1-16
Tang Y X,Zou E M,Lie H J.2001.On the origin and path of the Huanghai Warm Current during winter and early spring(in Chinese).Acta Oceanol Sin,23:1-12
Uda M.1936.Results of simultaneous oceanographic investigations in the Japan Sea and its adjacent waters during October and November 1933(in Japanese).J Imp Fish Exp Sta,7:91-151
Wan K.2014.The study on Yellow Sea Warm Current’s mechanism and low-frequency sea level fluctuations in Bohai and Yellow Sea during winter storm(in Chinese).Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Qingdao:Ocean University of China.1-140
Wang F,Liu C,Meng Q.2012.Effect of the Yellow Sea warm current fronts on the westward shift of the Yellow Sea warm tongue in winter.Cont Shelf Res,45:98-107
Wang F,Liu C.2009.An N-shape thermal front in the western South Yellow Sea in winter.Chin J Ocean Limnol,27:898-906
Xiong X J,Guo X G,Sheng L F.2012.The Seas Near China-Physical Oceanography and Ocean Meteorology(in Chinese).Beijing:Ocean Press
Yu F,Zhang Z X,Diao X Y,Guo J S.2010.Observational evidence of the Yellow Sea warm current.Chin J Ocean Limnol,28:677-683
Zhao S,Yu F,Diao X Y,Si G C.2011.The path and mechanism of the Yellow Sea Warm Current(in Chinese).Mar Sci,35:73-80
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