长江南京段近20年来河槽演变及其对人类活动的响应
|
摘要
利用1998年和2013年历史水下地形数据,结合2015年和2016年多波束测深、流速与河床沉积物数据,探讨了南京段河槽演变对人类活动的响应规律。结果表明:①1998～2013年南京河段整体呈现冲刷状态,净冲刷量为0.56亿m~3。②南京段主河槽发育有平床和沙波等微地貌,两侧发育有水下陡坡。其中,平床和小尺度沙波区域平均流速为0.79 m/s,而巨型沙波区域平均流速为1.41 m/s。③人类活动对该河段的水下微地貌演变与河势演变起到至关重要的作用。由于三峡大坝等人类活动的影响,上游来沙量仍将持续低于多年平均值,南京段河槽会进一步冲刷并极可能给涉水工程安全带来威胁。
The high-resolution morphological data of riverbed were observed by RESON 7125 multi-beam system during August 2015 and September 2016.Before that,few scholars used high resolution multi-beam data to study the subaqueous topography in Nanjing segment.The data of flow velocity and sediment samples were synchronously collected by an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler(ADCP)and a sediment sampler.Bathymetric data of the Nanjing reach of the Yangtze River in 1998 and 2013 were used to analyze the change of erosion/deposition in this area.The results show that:1)The net erosion volume of riverbed was 5.6×10~7m~3between 1998 and 2013.In this period,the envelope area of 0 m has reduced 5.0×10~6m~2,and that of-2 m,-5 m and-10 m increased 1.0×10~6m~2,3.0×10~6m~2and 9.0×10~6m~2respectively.The width of the river channel was narrowed,but the riverbed erosion occurred.Thus the navigation condition has been improved.2)Dunes generated over approximately 97.09%of the downlink navigation channel,while only was 52.09%of the uplink navigation channel existed dunes.According to the standard classification of subaqueous dunes proposed by Ashley,the very large dunes,large dunes,medium dunes and small dunes were observed in the Nanjing reach.The mean flow velocity over small dunes and smooth bed floor was 0.79 m/s,while over very large dunes reached1.41 m/s.The subaqueous steep slope was observed in both two sides of the river bank and the maximum slope(Slope height/length)of the subaqueous steep slope was up to 0.34.3)Human activities have an important influence on the evolution of riverbed micro-morphology and river regime in the Nanjing reach:the Channel Renovation Projects leads to the more stable bank lines and the deeper channel;the construction of bridge engineering results in the local scour surrounding the bridge foundations.However,smooth bed floor existed in the upstream of the bridge foundation,while the downstream developed very large dunes.4)Due to construction of the Three Gorges Dam and the other human activities,the sediment load is increasingly decreasing according to the real-time monitoring data of Datong hydrological station.At the same time,the calculation results of field measured data in the study area show that the bed shear stress are 0.42 N/m~2and 0.38 N/m~2,however,the critical shear stress of channel is one magnitude less than the bed shear stress,they are 0.09 N/m~2and 0.05 N/m~2.It means that the riverbed sediment will be in a state of frequent transport for some time to come,and it also investigates that the channel depositional environment will be in erosion in the future.The analysis of grain size of riverbed sediment which were collected in the field show that the median grain size of sediment in 2015 was coarser than it in 2008.All of the results show that the Nanjing segment would experience significant riverbed erosion in the future,and it would be a serious threat to the safety of the wading project.
The high-resolution morphological data of riverbed were observed by RESON 7125 multi-beam system during August 2015 and September 2016.Before that,few scholars used high resolution multi-beam data to study the subaqueous topography in Nanjing segment.The data of flow velocity and sediment samples were synchronously collected by an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler(ADCP)and a sediment sampler.Bathymetric data of the Nanjing reach of the Yangtze River in 1998 and 2013 were used to analyze the change of erosion/deposition in this area.The results show that:1)The net erosion volume of riverbed was 5.6×10~7m~3between 1998 and 2013.In this period,the envelope area of 0 m has reduced 5.0×10~6m~2,and that of-2 m,-5 m and-10 m increased 1.0×10~6m~2,3.0×10~6m~2and 9.0×10~6m~2respectively.The width of the river channel was narrowed,but the riverbed erosion occurred.Thus the navigation condition has been improved.2)Dunes generated over approximately 97.09%of the downlink navigation channel,while only was 52.09%of the uplink navigation channel existed dunes.According to the standard classification of subaqueous dunes proposed by Ashley,the very large dunes,large dunes,medium dunes and small dunes were observed in the Nanjing reach.The mean flow velocity over small dunes and smooth bed floor was 0.79 m/s,while over very large dunes reached1.41 m/s.The subaqueous steep slope was observed in both two sides of the river bank and the maximum slope(Slope height/length)of the subaqueous steep slope was up to 0.34.3)Human activities have an important influence on the evolution of riverbed micro-morphology and river regime in the Nanjing reach:the Channel Renovation Projects leads to the more stable bank lines and the deeper channel;the construction of bridge engineering results in the local scour surrounding the bridge foundations.However,smooth bed floor existed in the upstream of the bridge foundation,while the downstream developed very large dunes.4)Due to construction of the Three Gorges Dam and the other human activities,the sediment load is increasingly decreasing according to the real-time monitoring data of Datong hydrological station.At the same time,the calculation results of field measured data in the study area show that the bed shear stress are 0.42 N/m~2and 0.38 N/m~2,however,the critical shear stress of channel is one magnitude less than the bed shear stress,they are 0.09 N/m~2and 0.05 N/m~2.It means that the riverbed sediment will be in a state of frequent transport for some time to come,and it also investigates that the channel depositional environment will be in erosion in the future.The analysis of grain size of riverbed sediment which were collected in the field show that the median grain size of sediment in 2015 was coarser than it in 2008.All of the results show that the Nanjing segment would experience significant riverbed erosion in the future,and it would be a serious threat to the safety of the wading project.
引文
[1]徐晓君,杨世伦,张珍.三峡水库蓄水以来长江中下游干流河床沉积物粒度变化的初步研究[J].地理科学, 2010, 30(1):103-107.[Xu Xiaojun, Yang Shilun, Zhang Zhen. Variation in grain size of sedimentin middle and lower Changjiang River since impoundment of three gorges reservoir. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2010, 30(1):103-107.]
[2]许全喜.三峡工程蓄水运用前后长江中下游干流河道冲淤规律研究[J].水力发电学报, 2013, 32(2):146-154.[Xu Quanxi.Study of sediment deposition and erosion patterns in the middle and downstream Changjiang mainstream after impoundment of TGR. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 2013, 32(2):146-154.]
[3]戴仕宝,杨世伦,赵华云,等.三峡水库蓄水运用初期长江中下游河道冲淤响应[J].泥沙研究, 2005(5):35-39.[Dai Shibao,Yang Shilun, Zhao Huayun et al. Response of middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River to the initial operation stage of the Three Gorges Project. Journal of Sediment Research, 2005(5):35-39.]
[4]王延贵,史红玲,刘茜.水库拦沙对长江水沙态势变化的影响[J].水科学进展, 2014,25(4):467-476.[Wang Yangui, Shi Hongling, Liu Xi. Influence of sediment trapping in reservoirs on runoff and sediment discharge variations in Yangtze River. Advances in Water Science, 2014, 25(4):467-476.]
[5]齐述华,熊梦雅,廖富强,等.人类活动对鄱阳湖泥沙收支平衡的影响[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(6):888-894.[Qi Shuhua, Xiong Mengya, Liao Fuqiang et al. Impacts of human activities on sediments budget in Poyang Lake. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016, 36(6):888-894.]
[6]施少华,林承坤,杨桂山.长江中下游河道与岸线演变特点[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2002, 11(1):69-73.[Shi Shaohua,Lin Chengkun, Yang Guishan. Channel evolution of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Resources&Enuironment in the Yangtza Basin, 2002, 11(1):69-73.]
[7]Yang S L, Milliman J D, Xu K H et al. Downstream sedimentary and geomorphic impacts of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2014,138:469-486.
[8]胡春宏,方春明.三峡工程泥沙问题解决途径与运行效果研究[J].中国科学:技术科学, 2017(8):832-844.[Hu Chunhong,Fang Chunming. Research on sediment problem solutions for the Three Gorges Project and it operational effects. Scientia Sinica, 2017(8):832-844.]
[9]屈贵贤,王建,高正荣,等.基于GIS的长江梅子洲头护岸工程对河势演变的影响分析[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2008(6):927-931.[Qu Guixian, Wang Jian, Gao Zhengrong et al. Effect of shoal head revetment on fluvial process of the Meizizhou reach of the Yangtze River based on GIS. Resources&Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2008(6):927-931.]
[10]段学军,邹辉.长江岸线的空间功能、开发问题及管理对策[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(12):1822-1833.[Duan Xuejun, Zou Hui.Space functions, development problems and management countermeasures of waterfront resourses along the Changjiang River. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(12):1822-1833.]
[11]王建,刘平,高正荣,等.长江干流江苏段44年来河道冲淤变化的时空特征[J].地理学报, 2007,62(11):1185-1193.[Wang Jian,Liu Ping, Gao Zhengrong et al. Temporal-spatial variation of the channel in Jiangsu reach of the Yangtze River during the last 44years. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(11):1185-1193.]
[12]侯卫国,胡春燕,谢作涛.长江南京八卦洲河段演变分析及治理对策探讨[J].人民长江, 2011,42(7):39-42.[Hou Weiguo,Hu Chunyan, Xie Zuotao. Study on river regime evolution of Baguazhou Reach of Yangtze River and regulation countermeasures in Nanjing City. Yangtze River, 2011, 42(7):39-42.]
[13]黄家柱.遥感与地理信息系统技术在长江下游江岸稳定性评价中的应用[J].地理科学, 1999, 19(6):521-524.[Huang Jiazhu. The application of remote sensing and GIS to the assessment of bank stability in the lower Yangtze River. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1999, 19(6):521-524.]
[14]石国钰,许全喜,陈泽方.长江中下游河道冲淤与河床自动调整作用分析[J].山地学报, 2002,20(3):257-265.[Shi Guoyu,Xu Quanxi, Chen Zefang. Analysis on channel scouring and silting and self-adjusting in midstream and downstream reaches of Changjiang River. Journal of Mountain Research, 2002, 20(3):257-265.]
[15]李振青,陈凤玉.南京栖霞龙潭水道河床演变与开发治理[J].人民长江, 1999, 30(5):25-27.[Li Zhenqing, Chen Fengyu.Evolution of river bed and harnessing of Nanjing Xixia-Longtan waterway. Yangtze River, 1999, 30(5):25-27]
[16]杨云平,李义天,樊咏阳.长江口前缘沙洲演变与流域泥沙要素关系[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2014,23(5):652-658.[Yang Yunping, Li Yitian, Fan Yongyang. Relationship between sediment elements of river basin and front sand islands evolution in Yangtze estuary. Resources&Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2014, 23(5):652-658.]
[17]石盛玉,程和琴,郑树伟,等.三峡截流以来长江洪季潮区界变动河段冲刷地貌[J].海洋学报, 2017,39(3):85-95.[Shi Shengyu, Cheng Heqin, Zheng Shuwei et al. Erosional topography of the tidal limit in the Yangtze River in flood seasons after the river closure at Three Gorges. Haiyang Xuebao, 2017, 39(3):85-95.]
[18]王张娇.三峡封坝前长江中下游河床沉积物分布及河床稳定性模拟研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2006.[Wang Zhangjiao.Sediment distribution and before-dam study in Middle and Lower Yangtze River Stability. Shanghai:East China Normal University, 2006.]
[19]Rijn L C V. Sediment transport, part iii:Bed forms and alluvial roughness[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1984, 110(12):1733-1754.
[20]詹义正,余明辉,邓金运,等.沙波波高随水流强度变化规律的探讨[J].武汉大学学报(工学版), 2006,39(6):10-13.[Zhan Yinzheng, Yu Minghui, Deng Jinyun et al. Research on variation law of wave height based on current in tension. Eng. J. Wuhan Univ, 2006, 39(6):10-13]
[21]郑树伟,程和琴,吴帅虎,等.链珠状沙波的发现及意义[J].中国科学:地球科学,2016,46(1):18-26.[Zheng Shuwei, Cheng Heqin, Wu Shuaihu et al. Discovery and implications of catenarybead subaqueous dunes. Sci. China Earth Sci., 2016, 46(1):18-26.]
[22]Wu J, Wanng Y, Cheng H. Bedforms and bed material transport pathways in the Changjiang(Yangtze)Estuary[J]. Geomorphology, 2009, 104(3):175-184.
[23]张晓鹤,李九发,朱文武,等.近期长江河口冲淤演变过程研究[J].海洋学报, 2015,37(3):134-143.[Zhang Xiaohe, Li Jiufa,Zhu Wenwu et al. Study on recent bed changes of erosion and siltation in Yangtze River Estuary. Haiyang Xuebao, 2015, 37(3):134-143]
[24]Zheng Shuwei, Xu Yijun, Cheng Heqin et al. Assessment of bridge scour in the lower, middle, and upper Yangtze River estuary with riverbed sonar profiling techniques[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018,190(1):15-28.
[25]Zheng Shuwei, Cheng Heqin, Shi Shengyu et al. Morphology and mechanism of the very large dunes in the tidal reach of the Yangtze River, China[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2016,139:54-61.
[26]程和琴,宋波,薛元忠,等.长江口粗粉砂和极细砂输移特性研究——幕式再悬浮和底形运动[J].泥沙研究, 2000(1):20-27.[Cheng Heqin, Song Bo, Xue Yuanzhong et al. Mechanics on transport of coarser silt and very fine sand in the Changjiang Estuary—Episodic re-suspension and large-scale bedform movement. Journal of Sediment Research, 2000(1):20-27]
[27]钱宁,万兆慧.泥沙运动力学[M],北京:科学出版社,2003:145-189.[Qian Ning, Wan Zhaohui. Mechanics of sediment movement(in Chinese). Beijing:Science Press, 2003:145-189]
[28]Baker C J. The laminar horseshoe vortex[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1979, 95(2):347-367.
[29]Akib S, Jahangirzadeh A, Basser H. Local scour around complex pier groups and combined piles at semi-integral bridge[J]. Journal of Hydrology&Hydromechanics, 2014, 62(2):108-116.
[30]郭兴杰,程和琴,莫若瑜,等.长江口沙波统计特征及输移规律[J].海洋学报, 2015,37(5):148-158.[Guo Xingjie, Cheng Heqin, Mo Ruoyu et al. Statistical characteristics and transport law of sand waves in the Yangtze Estuary. Haiyang Xuebao, 2015,37(5):148-158]
[31]张芳枝,陈晓平.河流冲刷作用下堤岸稳定性研究进展[J].水利水电科技进展, 2009, 29(4):84-88.[Zhang Fangzhi, Chen Xiaoping. Research progress on stability analysis of embankment under effects of river scouring. Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources, 2009, 29(4):84-88.]
[2]许全喜.三峡工程蓄水运用前后长江中下游干流河道冲淤规律研究[J].水力发电学报, 2013, 32(2):146-154.[Xu Quanxi.Study of sediment deposition and erosion patterns in the middle and downstream Changjiang mainstream after impoundment of TGR. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 2013, 32(2):146-154.]
[3]戴仕宝,杨世伦,赵华云,等.三峡水库蓄水运用初期长江中下游河道冲淤响应[J].泥沙研究, 2005(5):35-39.[Dai Shibao,Yang Shilun, Zhao Huayun et al. Response of middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River to the initial operation stage of the Three Gorges Project. Journal of Sediment Research, 2005(5):35-39.]
[4]王延贵,史红玲,刘茜.水库拦沙对长江水沙态势变化的影响[J].水科学进展, 2014,25(4):467-476.[Wang Yangui, Shi Hongling, Liu Xi. Influence of sediment trapping in reservoirs on runoff and sediment discharge variations in Yangtze River. Advances in Water Science, 2014, 25(4):467-476.]
[5]齐述华,熊梦雅,廖富强,等.人类活动对鄱阳湖泥沙收支平衡的影响[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(6):888-894.[Qi Shuhua, Xiong Mengya, Liao Fuqiang et al. Impacts of human activities on sediments budget in Poyang Lake. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016, 36(6):888-894.]
[6]施少华,林承坤,杨桂山.长江中下游河道与岸线演变特点[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2002, 11(1):69-73.[Shi Shaohua,Lin Chengkun, Yang Guishan. Channel evolution of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Resources&Enuironment in the Yangtza Basin, 2002, 11(1):69-73.]
[7]Yang S L, Milliman J D, Xu K H et al. Downstream sedimentary and geomorphic impacts of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2014,138:469-486.
[8]胡春宏,方春明.三峡工程泥沙问题解决途径与运行效果研究[J].中国科学:技术科学, 2017(8):832-844.[Hu Chunhong,Fang Chunming. Research on sediment problem solutions for the Three Gorges Project and it operational effects. Scientia Sinica, 2017(8):832-844.]
[9]屈贵贤,王建,高正荣,等.基于GIS的长江梅子洲头护岸工程对河势演变的影响分析[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2008(6):927-931.[Qu Guixian, Wang Jian, Gao Zhengrong et al. Effect of shoal head revetment on fluvial process of the Meizizhou reach of the Yangtze River based on GIS. Resources&Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2008(6):927-931.]
[10]段学军,邹辉.长江岸线的空间功能、开发问题及管理对策[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(12):1822-1833.[Duan Xuejun, Zou Hui.Space functions, development problems and management countermeasures of waterfront resourses along the Changjiang River. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(12):1822-1833.]
[11]王建,刘平,高正荣,等.长江干流江苏段44年来河道冲淤变化的时空特征[J].地理学报, 2007,62(11):1185-1193.[Wang Jian,Liu Ping, Gao Zhengrong et al. Temporal-spatial variation of the channel in Jiangsu reach of the Yangtze River during the last 44years. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(11):1185-1193.]
[12]侯卫国,胡春燕,谢作涛.长江南京八卦洲河段演变分析及治理对策探讨[J].人民长江, 2011,42(7):39-42.[Hou Weiguo,Hu Chunyan, Xie Zuotao. Study on river regime evolution of Baguazhou Reach of Yangtze River and regulation countermeasures in Nanjing City. Yangtze River, 2011, 42(7):39-42.]
[13]黄家柱.遥感与地理信息系统技术在长江下游江岸稳定性评价中的应用[J].地理科学, 1999, 19(6):521-524.[Huang Jiazhu. The application of remote sensing and GIS to the assessment of bank stability in the lower Yangtze River. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1999, 19(6):521-524.]
[14]石国钰,许全喜,陈泽方.长江中下游河道冲淤与河床自动调整作用分析[J].山地学报, 2002,20(3):257-265.[Shi Guoyu,Xu Quanxi, Chen Zefang. Analysis on channel scouring and silting and self-adjusting in midstream and downstream reaches of Changjiang River. Journal of Mountain Research, 2002, 20(3):257-265.]
[15]李振青,陈凤玉.南京栖霞龙潭水道河床演变与开发治理[J].人民长江, 1999, 30(5):25-27.[Li Zhenqing, Chen Fengyu.Evolution of river bed and harnessing of Nanjing Xixia-Longtan waterway. Yangtze River, 1999, 30(5):25-27]
[16]杨云平,李义天,樊咏阳.长江口前缘沙洲演变与流域泥沙要素关系[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2014,23(5):652-658.[Yang Yunping, Li Yitian, Fan Yongyang. Relationship between sediment elements of river basin and front sand islands evolution in Yangtze estuary. Resources&Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2014, 23(5):652-658.]
[17]石盛玉,程和琴,郑树伟,等.三峡截流以来长江洪季潮区界变动河段冲刷地貌[J].海洋学报, 2017,39(3):85-95.[Shi Shengyu, Cheng Heqin, Zheng Shuwei et al. Erosional topography of the tidal limit in the Yangtze River in flood seasons after the river closure at Three Gorges. Haiyang Xuebao, 2017, 39(3):85-95.]
[18]王张娇.三峡封坝前长江中下游河床沉积物分布及河床稳定性模拟研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2006.[Wang Zhangjiao.Sediment distribution and before-dam study in Middle and Lower Yangtze River Stability. Shanghai:East China Normal University, 2006.]
[19]Rijn L C V. Sediment transport, part iii:Bed forms and alluvial roughness[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1984, 110(12):1733-1754.
[20]詹义正,余明辉,邓金运,等.沙波波高随水流强度变化规律的探讨[J].武汉大学学报(工学版), 2006,39(6):10-13.[Zhan Yinzheng, Yu Minghui, Deng Jinyun et al. Research on variation law of wave height based on current in tension. Eng. J. Wuhan Univ, 2006, 39(6):10-13]
[21]郑树伟,程和琴,吴帅虎,等.链珠状沙波的发现及意义[J].中国科学:地球科学,2016,46(1):18-26.[Zheng Shuwei, Cheng Heqin, Wu Shuaihu et al. Discovery and implications of catenarybead subaqueous dunes. Sci. China Earth Sci., 2016, 46(1):18-26.]
[22]Wu J, Wanng Y, Cheng H. Bedforms and bed material transport pathways in the Changjiang(Yangtze)Estuary[J]. Geomorphology, 2009, 104(3):175-184.
[23]张晓鹤,李九发,朱文武,等.近期长江河口冲淤演变过程研究[J].海洋学报, 2015,37(3):134-143.[Zhang Xiaohe, Li Jiufa,Zhu Wenwu et al. Study on recent bed changes of erosion and siltation in Yangtze River Estuary. Haiyang Xuebao, 2015, 37(3):134-143]
[24]Zheng Shuwei, Xu Yijun, Cheng Heqin et al. Assessment of bridge scour in the lower, middle, and upper Yangtze River estuary with riverbed sonar profiling techniques[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018,190(1):15-28.
[25]Zheng Shuwei, Cheng Heqin, Shi Shengyu et al. Morphology and mechanism of the very large dunes in the tidal reach of the Yangtze River, China[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2016,139:54-61.
[26]程和琴,宋波,薛元忠,等.长江口粗粉砂和极细砂输移特性研究——幕式再悬浮和底形运动[J].泥沙研究, 2000(1):20-27.[Cheng Heqin, Song Bo, Xue Yuanzhong et al. Mechanics on transport of coarser silt and very fine sand in the Changjiang Estuary—Episodic re-suspension and large-scale bedform movement. Journal of Sediment Research, 2000(1):20-27]
[27]钱宁,万兆慧.泥沙运动力学[M],北京:科学出版社,2003:145-189.[Qian Ning, Wan Zhaohui. Mechanics of sediment movement(in Chinese). Beijing:Science Press, 2003:145-189]
[28]Baker C J. The laminar horseshoe vortex[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1979, 95(2):347-367.
[29]Akib S, Jahangirzadeh A, Basser H. Local scour around complex pier groups and combined piles at semi-integral bridge[J]. Journal of Hydrology&Hydromechanics, 2014, 62(2):108-116.
[30]郭兴杰,程和琴,莫若瑜,等.长江口沙波统计特征及输移规律[J].海洋学报, 2015,37(5):148-158.[Guo Xingjie, Cheng Heqin, Mo Ruoyu et al. Statistical characteristics and transport law of sand waves in the Yangtze Estuary. Haiyang Xuebao, 2015,37(5):148-158]
[31]张芳枝,陈晓平.河流冲刷作用下堤岸稳定性研究进展[J].水利水电科技进展, 2009, 29(4):84-88.[Zhang Fangzhi, Chen Xiaoping. Research progress on stability analysis of embankment under effects of river scouring. Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources, 2009, 29(4):84-88.]
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |