湖南沅水砂矿金刚石类型、形貌学特征及其对形成过程的指示
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摘要
天然金刚石的形貌一定程度上可以反映金刚石形成时深部源区地球化学环境及物理化学条件,砂矿金刚石则会因为二次搬运、沉积等环境改变而形成叠加的形貌特征,依据其蚀像形貌,可以探索金刚石在地壳表面存留的时间及其经历的搬运过程。对湖南现代河流小颗粒砂矿金刚石样品晶体形态、表面微形貌及类型进行了分析对比。结果显示,湖南砂矿金刚石表面蚀像形态丰富且清晰,金刚石在经历地表沉积搬运后表面特征仍保留较好,表明其地壳的存留及搬运时间较短。部分样品(111)面呈现复三角形形状,晶面出现较多三角形和少数六边形蚀像,反映其寄主岩石岩浆喷发时相对富H_2O流体。结合扬子克拉通已发现含金刚石微粒钾镁煌斑岩的事实,推测湖南砂矿金刚石原生矿寄主岩石更大可能是类似钾镁煌斑岩的岩石。结合湖南砂矿金刚石晶体形貌、包裹体等方面特征与西澳金刚石存在相似性、Rodinia超大陆裂解前与扬子克拉通之间存在的联系等,暗示至少部分湖南砂矿金刚石的来源和西澳金刚石的源区具有内在联系,其最早的形成时间应该不早于古元古代,更大可能和新元古代板块聚合过程有关。
Primary crystal & face morphology of natural diamonds can reflect their geochemical characteristics and forming conditions at deep mantle to some extent, and secondary micromorphology superimposed in magmatic transit to surface and in stream transportation can be used to explore their post-forming experience and the remaining time of diamonds on earth's surface. This paper presented the types based on infrared spectrometer analysis, crystal & face morphology of 297 diamonds from modern deposits along Yuan river basin in Hunan. The results show that 282 diamonds belong toⅠaAB type, 3 diamonds areⅠaB type, and 5 diamonds are Ⅱa type. Morphology analysis results show that Hunan diamonds have clear and well preserved surface erosion possibly reflecting a rapid magma transit from far deep to the surface. Triangular and occasional hexagonal etch pits are common on crystal face(111) of some diamonds indicating a forming environment of oxidizing H_2O-rich metasomatic fluid/melts in the mantle during diamond resorption events. One diamond shows extraordinary crystalline form like a diver helmet which was only found in Kalimantan diamonds. Hunan diamonds show clear similarity with Western Australia diamonds in crystal morphology, nitrogen content-based diamond type, inclusions and carbon isotopes. These evidences suggest possible genetic relationship between Hunan diamonds and Western Australia diamonds, and therefore Hunan diamonds were formed not earlier than the Paleoproterozoic, and more likely related to the subduction in Neoproterozoic.
Primary crystal & face morphology of natural diamonds can reflect their geochemical characteristics and forming conditions at deep mantle to some extent, and secondary micromorphology superimposed in magmatic transit to surface and in stream transportation can be used to explore their post-forming experience and the remaining time of diamonds on earth's surface. This paper presented the types based on infrared spectrometer analysis, crystal & face morphology of 297 diamonds from modern deposits along Yuan river basin in Hunan. The results show that 282 diamonds belong toⅠaAB type, 3 diamonds areⅠaB type, and 5 diamonds are Ⅱa type. Morphology analysis results show that Hunan diamonds have clear and well preserved surface erosion possibly reflecting a rapid magma transit from far deep to the surface. Triangular and occasional hexagonal etch pits are common on crystal face(111) of some diamonds indicating a forming environment of oxidizing H_2O-rich metasomatic fluid/melts in the mantle during diamond resorption events. One diamond shows extraordinary crystalline form like a diver helmet which was only found in Kalimantan diamonds. Hunan diamonds show clear similarity with Western Australia diamonds in crystal morphology, nitrogen content-based diamond type, inclusions and carbon isotopes. These evidences suggest possible genetic relationship between Hunan diamonds and Western Australia diamonds, and therefore Hunan diamonds were formed not earlier than the Paleoproterozoic, and more likely related to the subduction in Neoproterozoic.
引文
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[34] VANCE E R,HARRIS J W,MILLEDGE H J.Possible origins of MYMalphaMYM damage in diamonds from kimberlite and alluvial sources[J].Mineralogical Magazine,1973,39(303):349-360.
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[2] RESANO M,VANHAECKE F,HUTSEBAUT D,et al.Possibilities of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for diamond fingerprinting[J].Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry,2003,18(10):1238-1242.
[3] ZHANG Z,FEDORTCHOUK Y.Records of mantle metasomatism in the morphology of diamonds from the Slave craton[J].European Journal of Mineralogy,2012,24(4):619-632(14).
[4] ROBINSON D N.Surface textures and other features of diamonds[D].Cape Town:University of Cape Town,1979.
[5] 张培元.世界各地金刚石特色[J].中国宝石,1999(1):69-74.ZHANG P Y.Distinctive features of diamond worldwide[J].China Gems,1999(1):69-74.
[6] FEDORTCHOUK Y,PERRITT S,CHINN I L.Diamond surface features and metasomatic processes in subcratonic mantle[C]//11th IKC Extended Abstracts,2017.
[7] FEDORTCHOUK Y,CANIL D.Diamond oxidation at atmospheric pressure:development of surface features and the effect of oxygen fugacity[J].European Journal of Mineralogy,2009,21(3):623-635.
[8] 张蓓莉,陈华,丘志力,等.联合国金伯利进程框架下的钻石原产地研究[M].北京:地质出版社,2013.ZHANG B L,CHEN H,QIU Z L,et al.Diamond origin study under the framework of the United Nations Kimberley process[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2013.
[9] 陆太进,陈华,张健,等.津巴布韦金刚石独特的形态及其“指纹”特征的意义[J].地质通报,2011,30(10):1638-1645.LU T J,CHEN H,ZHANG J,et al.Unique morphology of Zimbabwe diamond and its “fingerprint” characteristic significance[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2011,30(10):1638-1645
[10] 李荣清.湖南金刚石原生矿找矿研究的现状与展望[J].矿床地质,1996(supp 2):17-18.LI R Q.Present situation and prospect of research on diamond primary ore prospecting in Hunan[J].Mineral Deposits,1996(Supp 2):17-18.
[11] 董和金.对扬子地台原生金刚石找矿的五点建议[J].国土资源导刊,2012,9(1):83-84.DONG H J.Five suggestions for the prospecting of primary diamonds in Yangtze Platform [J].Land & Resources Herald,2012,9(1):83-84.
[12] 董斌.湖南金刚石原生矿找矿工作与方向的再思考[J].国土资源情报,2009(7):49-52.DONG B.Reconsideration of prospecting work and direction for primary diamond deposits in Hunan[J].Land and Resources Information,2009(7):49-52.
[13] 马文运.沅江流域宝石级金刚石砂矿特征[J].湖南地质,1989(1):51-53.MA W Y.Characteristics of the jewel grade placer diamond in Yuanjiang valley[J].Hunan Geology,1989(1):51-53.
[14] 谈逸梅,容振球.湖南金刚石和宝石金刚石[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,1983,2(1):4-6.TAN Y M,RONG Z Q.Diamonds and gem diamonds in Hunan[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,1983,2(1):4-6.
[15] 杨明星,高岩.湖南金刚石的褐斑特征及其意义[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2002,4(4):15-19.YANG M X,GAO Y.Characters of brown spot on diamond from Hunan province and its implication[J].Journal of Gems and Gemmology,2002,4(4):15-19.
[16] 杨明星,潘兆橹.湖南金刚石的显微塑性变形特征[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2004,29(1):45-49.YANG M X,PAN Z L.Characters of plastic deformation on diamonds from Hunan province,China[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,2004,29(1):45-49.
[17] 丘志力,王琦,秦社彩,等.湖南砂矿金刚石包裹体原位测试:对金刚石成因来源的启示[J].大地构造与成矿学,2014,38(3):590-597.QIU Z L,WANG Q,QIN S C,et al.In-situ analysis of mineral inclusions in alluvial diamonds from Hunan:Insights into the provenance and origin of the diamonds[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2014,38(3):590-597.
[18] 肖骐.湖南钻石资源特征及开发现状[J].长春地质学院学报,1994(1):38-39.XIAO Q.The characteristics and development status of diamond resources in Hunan[J].Journal of Changchun University of Earth Sciences,1994(1):38-39.
[19] 龚平,陈涛,巫翔.湖南含籽晶天然金刚石的同步辐射X射线衍射形貌像研究[J].地质科技情报,2005,24(3):31-34.GONG P,CHEN T,WU X.Natural diamond with seed crystal from Hunan province and its study with synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction topography[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2005,24(3):31-34.
[20] 奥尔洛夫.金刚石矿物学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1977.
[21] 黄蕴慧.华北地台金伯利岩与金刚石[M].北京:地质出版社,1992.
[22] SUTHERLAND G B B M,BLACKWELL D E,SIMERAL W G.The problem of the two types of diamond[J].Nature,1954,174(4437):901-904.
[23] KAISER W,BOND W L.Nitrogen-A major impurity in common type I diamond[J].Physical Review,1959,115(4):857-863.
[24] CHRENKO R M,STRONG H M,TUFT R E.Dispersed paramagnetic nitrogen content of large laboratory diamonds[J].Philosophical Magazine,1971,23(182):313-318.
[25] TAYLOR W R,JAQUES A L,RIDD M.Nitrogen-defect aggregation characteristics of some Australasian diamonds:time-temperature constraints on the source regions of pipe and alluvial diamonds[J].American Mineralogist,1990,75(11):1290-1310.
[26] STEPANOV A S,SHATSKY V S,ZEDGENIZOV D A,et al.Causes of variations in morphology and impurities of diamonds from the Udachnaya Pipe eclogite[J].Russian Geology & Geophysics,2007,48(9):758-769.
[27] BANAS A,STACHEL T,MUEHLENBACHS K,et al.Diamonds from the Buffalo Head Hills,Alberta:Formation in a non-conventional setting[J].Lithos,2007,93(1):199-213.
[28] FEDORTCHOUK Y.Diamond resorption features as a new method for examining conditions of kimberlite emplacement[J].Contributions to Mineralogy & Petrology,2015,170(4):1-19.
[29] LIN F.Morphology and spectral characteristics of octahedral diamond crystals from Yubileinaya diamond pipe (Yakutiya)[J].Journal of Superhard Materials,2013,35(4):214-219.
[30] TAPPERT R,TAPPERT M C.Diamonds in Nature [M].Berlin:Springer,2011:13-42.
[31] FEDORTCHOUK Y,MATVEEV S,CARLSON J A.H2O and CO2 in kimberlitic fluid as recorded by diamonds and olivines in several Ekati Diamond Mine kimberlites,Northwest Territories,Canada[J].Earth & Planetary Science Letters,2010,289(3):549-559.
[32] FEDORTCHOUK Y,CANIL D,SEMENETS E.Mechanisms of diamond oxidation and their bearing on the,fluid composition in kimberlite magmas[J].American Mineralogist,2015,92(7):1200-1212.
[33] SHIREY S B,SHIGLEY J E.Recent advances in understanding the geology of diamonds[J].Gems & Gemology,2013,49(4):188-222.
[34] VANCE E R,HARRIS J W,MILLEDGE H J.Possible origins of MYMalphaMYM damage in diamonds from kimberlite and alluvial sources[J].Mineralogical Magazine,1973,39(303):349-360.
[35] 孙媛.湖南沅水流域砂矿钻石的产地来源特征及其与扬子克拉通岩石圈地幔演化关系[D].广州:中山大学,2012.
[36] SMITH C B,PEARSON D G,BULANOVA G P,et al.Extremely depleted lithospheric mantle and diamonds beneath the southern Zimbabwe Craton[J].Lithos,2009,112:1120-1132.
[37] KUETER N,SOESILO J,FEDORTCHOUK Y,et al.Tracing the depositional history of Kalimantan diamonds by zircon provenance and diamond morphology studies[J].Lithos,2016,265:159-176.
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