岩溶洞穴交互带概念的提出及其在水资源管理中的意义
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摘要
岩溶地区以管道流为主的地下水补给、径流与排泄常常引起地下水与地表水间快速且频繁的交互与转化,并因此引发水环境退化问题。文章引用并拓展地表水文学和水文生态学中交互带的概念,提出南方岩溶地区管道流与其他类型水体交互的场所为岩溶洞穴交互带,并依据交互带的水流类型和交互方式,划分为泉口交互带、天窗交互带、落水洞交互带和管道交互带4种类型;且以泉口交互带和天窗交互带为重点,采用水文和水化学在线监测、现场测试、流量测量,结合水化学、浮游生物和微生物等的分析鉴定,剖析了交互带的水文、水化学特征和水生生物群落结构及其与水环境的关系。研究发现:岩溶洞穴交互带的水文功能有弱化趋势;泉口交互带的污染物降解能力明显,水化学功能尚能发挥作用;水生生物功能在退化,主要是由水文功能弱化导致的。水文功能弱化是岩溶洞穴交互带环境功能退化的重要原因。建议在岩溶地区的水文地质和环境地质工作中重视交互带,探索交互带的探测和监测技术,通过有效管理改善交互带的环境功能。
Groundwater recharge, runoff, and discharge modes in karst area dominated by conduit flow usually causes rapid and frequent interaction and transformation between groundwater and surface water, and therefore triggers the water environmental degradation. Single management of either groundwater or surface water cannot handle and resolve these problems. Take Wuming basin in South China as the case, the mechanism of karst groundwater interaction with other types of water and its environmental function was studied. The paper aims to understand the reason of karst water environment degeneration, and to provide recommendations for effective management of groundwater and surface river. Wuming basin is a typical peak forest area, with plenty of buried karst water. There are 148 groundwater systems in the basin, in which Lingshui spring is the largest and the most important one. Another four springs in the basin were selected too as the studied points. Online monitoring for water level and selected physicochemical parameters, in-situ measurements, and sampling analysis for water chemistry and plankton were used to study the characteristic of hyporheic zone in karst water system where are dominated by conduit flow. The concept of Hyporheic Zone(HZ) originated from hydrology and hydro-ecology is referenced and developed. Karst Cave Hyporheic Zone(CHZ) is defined as the site where conduit flow and other types of water interaction in South China. According to the water flow types and interaction styles, cave hyporheic zone is classified as spring outlet HZ, karst window HZ, sinkhole HZ, and karst conduit HZ. Focusing on spring outlet HZ and karst window HZ, the hydrology process, hydrochemistry characters, and aquatic organism community structure and its relationship with water environment are discussed. The results show the hydrology function of CHZ has a tendency of weakening due to the decrease of groundwater discharge. From the spring outlet to the CHZ, NO~-_3 deceased by 6.5% to 90.9% and SO■ decreased by 2.1% to 18.1%. Degradation capacity of pollutant in spring outlet HZ is distinct, indicating that hydrochemistry function still plays a certain role in pollutant attenuation. Comparison of major community structure of aquatic organism in groundwater and HZ shows the biological function is degraded, mainly caused by weakening of hydrology function. Therefore, weakening of hydrology function is considered as the main reason for environmental function degradation in CHZ. It is suggested that CHZ should receive more attention in hydrogeology and environmental geology work in karst area. More techniques on exploration and monitoring for CHZ need to be discovered, and the environment function of CHZ should be improved through effective water management.
Groundwater recharge, runoff, and discharge modes in karst area dominated by conduit flow usually causes rapid and frequent interaction and transformation between groundwater and surface water, and therefore triggers the water environmental degradation. Single management of either groundwater or surface water cannot handle and resolve these problems. Take Wuming basin in South China as the case, the mechanism of karst groundwater interaction with other types of water and its environmental function was studied. The paper aims to understand the reason of karst water environment degeneration, and to provide recommendations for effective management of groundwater and surface river. Wuming basin is a typical peak forest area, with plenty of buried karst water. There are 148 groundwater systems in the basin, in which Lingshui spring is the largest and the most important one. Another four springs in the basin were selected too as the studied points. Online monitoring for water level and selected physicochemical parameters, in-situ measurements, and sampling analysis for water chemistry and plankton were used to study the characteristic of hyporheic zone in karst water system where are dominated by conduit flow. The concept of Hyporheic Zone(HZ) originated from hydrology and hydro-ecology is referenced and developed. Karst Cave Hyporheic Zone(CHZ) is defined as the site where conduit flow and other types of water interaction in South China. According to the water flow types and interaction styles, cave hyporheic zone is classified as spring outlet HZ, karst window HZ, sinkhole HZ, and karst conduit HZ. Focusing on spring outlet HZ and karst window HZ, the hydrology process, hydrochemistry characters, and aquatic organism community structure and its relationship with water environment are discussed. The results show the hydrology function of CHZ has a tendency of weakening due to the decrease of groundwater discharge. From the spring outlet to the CHZ, NO~-_3 deceased by 6.5% to 90.9% and SO■ decreased by 2.1% to 18.1%. Degradation capacity of pollutant in spring outlet HZ is distinct, indicating that hydrochemistry function still plays a certain role in pollutant attenuation. Comparison of major community structure of aquatic organism in groundwater and HZ shows the biological function is degraded, mainly caused by weakening of hydrology function. Therefore, weakening of hydrology function is considered as the main reason for environmental function degradation in CHZ. It is suggested that CHZ should receive more attention in hydrogeology and environmental geology work in karst area. More techniques on exploration and monitoring for CHZ need to be discovered, and the environment function of CHZ should be improved through effective water management.
引文
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[9] Fuller C C,Harvey J W.Reactive uptake of trace metals in the hyporheic zone of a mining-contaminated stream,Pinal Creek,Arizona [J].Environmental Science &Technology,2000,34(7):1150-1155.
[10] Weatherill J J,Atashgahi S,Schneidewind U,et al.Natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes in hyporheic zones:A review of key biogeochemical processes and in-situ transformation potential [J].Water Research,2018,128:362-382.
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[15] Environment Agency.Using science to creat a better place [R].The Hyporheic Handbook.,Bristol:UK,2009.
[16] Epting J,Huggenberger P,Radny D,et al.Spatiotemporal scales of river-groundwater interaction-The role of local interaction processes and regional groundwater regimes [J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,618:1224-1243.
[17] Fischer H,Kloep F,Wilzcek S,et al.A River’s Liver-Microbial Processes within the Hyporheic Zone of a Large Lowland River [J].Biogeochemistry,2005,76(2):349-371.
[18] Dogwiler T ,Wicks C.Thermal variations in the hyporheic zone of a karst stream [J].Speleogenesis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers,2005,3 (1):2.
[19] Rugel K,Golladay S W,Jackson C R,et al.Delineating groundwater/surface water interaction in a karst watershed:Lower Flint River Basin,Southwestern Georgia,USA [J].Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies,2016,5(5):1-19.
[20] Allen D J,Darling W G,Gooddy D C,et al.Interaction between groundwater,the hyporheic zone and a Chalk stream:a case study from the River Lambourn,UK [J].Hydrogeology Journal,2010,18(5):1125-1141.
[21] New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute.2011 Annual Technical Report [R].Las Cruces,New Mexico,USA:NM WRRI,2011.
[22] Wilson J L.Karst conduit-matrix exchange and the karst hyporheic zone [C]//Karst waters institute & National cave and karst research institute.Abstract of Symposium on Carbon and Boundaries in karst.Carlsbad,New Mexico,USA:Karst waters institute & National cave and karst research institute,2013:44.
[23] 蒲俊兵,袁道先.Karst Hyporheic Zone及其研究进展[J].中国岩溶,2013,32(1):7-13.
[24] 郭芳.岩溶洞穴交互带的环境功能特征及其形成机制 [D].西安:长安大学,2017.
[25] 广西壮族自治区地质调查院.广西重点岩溶地区水文地质及环境地质调查报告(武鸣岩溶盆地) [R].地质调查项目成果报告,2010.
[26] 姜光辉,郭芳.利用GIS水化学和同位素方法判断灵水来源 [J].水资源保护,2012,28(1):59-63.
[27] Gandy C J,Smith J W N,Jarvis A P.Attenuation of mining-derived pollutants in the hyporheic zone:A review [J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,373(2):435-446.
[28] Environment Agency.Groundwater-surface water interactions in the hyporheic zone [R].Science Report SC030155/SR1,Bristol:UK,2005.
[29] Guo F,Jiang G H,Polk J,et al.Resilience of groundwater impacted by land use and climate change in a karst aquifer,South China [J].Water Environment Research,2015,87(11):1990-1998.
[30] 王立新,吴国荣,王建安,等.黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)抑制作用 [J].湖泊科学,2004,16(4):337-342.
[31] Moss B.Engineering and biological approaches to the restoration from eutrophication of shallow lakes in which aquatic plant communities are important components [J].Hydrobiologia,1990,200-201(1):367-377.
[2] Boulton A J,Findlay S,Marmonier P,et al.The functional significance of the hyporheic zone in streams and rivers [J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1998,29(29):59- 81.
[3] Triska F J,Kennedy V C,Avanzino R J,et al.Retention and transport of nutrients in a third-order stream in northwestern Clifornia:hyporheic processes [J].Ecology,1989,70(6):1893.
[4] Fox G A,Durnford D S.Unsaturated hyporheic zone flow in stream/aquifer conjunctive systems [J].Advances in Water Resources,2003,26(9):989-1000.
[5] Vervier P,Gibert J,Marmonier P,et al.A perspective on the permeability of the surface freshwater-groundwater ecotone [J].Journal of the North American Benthological Society,1992,11(1):93-102.
[6] Brunke M,Gonser T.The ecological significance of exchange processes between rivers and groundwater [J].Freshwater Biology,1997,37(1):1-33.
[7] Cardenas M B.Hyporheic zone hydrologic science:A historical account of its emergence and a prospectus [J].Water Resources Research,2015,51(5):3601-3616.
[8] Bardini L,Boano F,Cardenas M B,et al.Nutrient cycling in bedform induced hyporheic zones [J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2012,84(3):47-61.
[9] Fuller C C,Harvey J W.Reactive uptake of trace metals in the hyporheic zone of a mining-contaminated stream,Pinal Creek,Arizona [J].Environmental Science &Technology,2000,34(7):1150-1155.
[10] Weatherill J J,Atashgahi S,Schneidewind U,et al.Natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes in hyporheic zones:A review of key biogeochemical processes and in-situ transformation potential [J].Water Research,2018,128:362-382.
[11] Bencala K E.Hyporheic zone hydrological processes [J].Hydrological Processes,2015,14(15):2797-2798.
[12] Cranswick R H,Cook P G,Lamontagne S.Hyporheic zone exchange fluxes and residence times inferred from riverbed temperature and radon data [J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519(Part B):1870-1881.
[13] McLachlan P J,Chambers J E,Uhlemann S S,et al.Geophysical characterization of the groundwater-surface water interface [J].Advances in Water Resources,2017,109:302-319.
[14] Van I D,Chik A,Jakwerth S,et al.Spatiotemporal analysis of bacterial biomass and activity to understand surface and groundwater interactions in a highly dynamic riverbank filtration system [J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,627:450-461.
[15] Environment Agency.Using science to creat a better place [R].The Hyporheic Handbook.,Bristol:UK,2009.
[16] Epting J,Huggenberger P,Radny D,et al.Spatiotemporal scales of river-groundwater interaction-The role of local interaction processes and regional groundwater regimes [J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,618:1224-1243.
[17] Fischer H,Kloep F,Wilzcek S,et al.A River’s Liver-Microbial Processes within the Hyporheic Zone of a Large Lowland River [J].Biogeochemistry,2005,76(2):349-371.
[18] Dogwiler T ,Wicks C.Thermal variations in the hyporheic zone of a karst stream [J].Speleogenesis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers,2005,3 (1):2.
[19] Rugel K,Golladay S W,Jackson C R,et al.Delineating groundwater/surface water interaction in a karst watershed:Lower Flint River Basin,Southwestern Georgia,USA [J].Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies,2016,5(5):1-19.
[20] Allen D J,Darling W G,Gooddy D C,et al.Interaction between groundwater,the hyporheic zone and a Chalk stream:a case study from the River Lambourn,UK [J].Hydrogeology Journal,2010,18(5):1125-1141.
[21] New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute.2011 Annual Technical Report [R].Las Cruces,New Mexico,USA:NM WRRI,2011.
[22] Wilson J L.Karst conduit-matrix exchange and the karst hyporheic zone [C]//Karst waters institute & National cave and karst research institute.Abstract of Symposium on Carbon and Boundaries in karst.Carlsbad,New Mexico,USA:Karst waters institute & National cave and karst research institute,2013:44.
[23] 蒲俊兵,袁道先.Karst Hyporheic Zone及其研究进展[J].中国岩溶,2013,32(1):7-13.
[24] 郭芳.岩溶洞穴交互带的环境功能特征及其形成机制 [D].西安:长安大学,2017.
[25] 广西壮族自治区地质调查院.广西重点岩溶地区水文地质及环境地质调查报告(武鸣岩溶盆地) [R].地质调查项目成果报告,2010.
[26] 姜光辉,郭芳.利用GIS水化学和同位素方法判断灵水来源 [J].水资源保护,2012,28(1):59-63.
[27] Gandy C J,Smith J W N,Jarvis A P.Attenuation of mining-derived pollutants in the hyporheic zone:A review [J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,373(2):435-446.
[28] Environment Agency.Groundwater-surface water interactions in the hyporheic zone [R].Science Report SC030155/SR1,Bristol:UK,2005.
[29] Guo F,Jiang G H,Polk J,et al.Resilience of groundwater impacted by land use and climate change in a karst aquifer,South China [J].Water Environment Research,2015,87(11):1990-1998.
[30] 王立新,吴国荣,王建安,等.黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)抑制作用 [J].湖泊科学,2004,16(4):337-342.
[31] Moss B.Engineering and biological approaches to the restoration from eutrophication of shallow lakes in which aquatic plant communities are important components [J].Hydrobiologia,1990,200-201(1):367-377.
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