视觉丰容对幼年川金丝猴行为影响初探
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摘要
2017年9—11月,以上海动物园的7只幼年川金丝猴为研究对象,4只个体为实验组,3只为对照组,设计视觉丰容实验。实验分为3个阶段,第一阶段:丰容前,2间笼舍均不做任何改动;第二阶段:为其中一间笼舍(2号笼舍)提供视觉丰容,将笼舍墙壁及铁丝网刷为绿色;第三阶段:为另一间笼舍提供与2号笼舍相同的丰容。利用焦点动物取样法和瞬时扫描法对幼年川金丝猴个体进行行为学观察。结果显示,在第二阶段,4只幼年川金丝猴在绿色笼舍中活动比例明显增加,而第三阶段,4只幼年川金丝猴在2号笼舍的活动分配比例均有降低,说明幼年川金丝猴对颜色(绿色)具有选择偏好。比较视觉丰容前后行为分配,结果表明,视觉丰容后,实验组休息行为(P=0. 002)和刻板行为(P=0. 001)减少,取食行为(P=0. 064)、亲密行为(P=0. 476)和其他行为(P=0. 159)略有增加;对照组休息行为(P=0. 118)和刻板行为(P=0. 217)略微减少,其他行为分配无显著变化。幼年川金丝猴相对于传统的水泥墙面铁丝网笼舍更倾向在有颜色(浅绿色)的笼舍中活动,视觉丰容减少了幼年川金丝猴的休息行为与刻板行为。
From September to November 2017,we investigated the time budget of 7 captive sub-adult golden snub-nosed monkeys( Rhinopithecus roxellanae) born from 2014 to 2016 at Shanghai Zoo. Four individuals were designated as the experimental group,and the other three served as the control group. The experiment consisted of 3 phases. In phase one( pre-enrichment),two cages of the experimental group( cage 2 and cage 3,adjacent and interconnected) were not enriched.In phase two,cage 2 was painted green. In phase three,cage 3 was painted green,identical to cage 2. We recorded behaviors of the monkeys by focal sampling and instantaneous scanning methods. In phase two,the activity level of the four sub-adult golden snub-nosed monkeys increased significantly. In phase three,the activity level of the four monkeys in cage 2 declined,indicating that they had a preference for color( green). Comparing the frequency of each behavior in phase one and phase three,the experimental group's resting behavior( P = 0. 002) and stereotypical behavior( P = 0. 001) decreased,and feeding behavior( P = 0. 064),intimate behavior( P = 0. 476),and other behaviors( P = 0. 159) increased but not significantly. Resting behavior( P = 0. 118) and stereotype behavior( P = 0. 217) in the control group also decreased slightly,and there was no significant change in other behaviors. Monkeys preferred colored cages( concrete walls and wire mesh) to normal cages,and visual enrichment reduced the resting and stereotypic behavior.
From September to November 2017,we investigated the time budget of 7 captive sub-adult golden snub-nosed monkeys( Rhinopithecus roxellanae) born from 2014 to 2016 at Shanghai Zoo. Four individuals were designated as the experimental group,and the other three served as the control group. The experiment consisted of 3 phases. In phase one( pre-enrichment),two cages of the experimental group( cage 2 and cage 3,adjacent and interconnected) were not enriched.In phase two,cage 2 was painted green. In phase three,cage 3 was painted green,identical to cage 2. We recorded behaviors of the monkeys by focal sampling and instantaneous scanning methods. In phase two,the activity level of the four sub-adult golden snub-nosed monkeys increased significantly. In phase three,the activity level of the four monkeys in cage 2 declined,indicating that they had a preference for color( green). Comparing the frequency of each behavior in phase one and phase three,the experimental group's resting behavior( P = 0. 002) and stereotypical behavior( P = 0. 001) decreased,and feeding behavior( P = 0. 064),intimate behavior( P = 0. 476),and other behaviors( P = 0. 159) increased but not significantly. Resting behavior( P = 0. 118) and stereotype behavior( P = 0. 217) in the control group also decreased slightly,and there was no significant change in other behaviors. Monkeys preferred colored cages( concrete walls and wire mesh) to normal cages,and visual enrichment reduced the resting and stereotypic behavior.
引文
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[26]BAKER K C.Straw and forage material ameliorate abnormal behaviors in adult chimpanzees[J].Zoo Biology,1997,16(3):225-236.
[27]SHEPHERDSON D J,MELLEN J D,Hutchins M.Second nature:environmental enrichment for captive animals[M].Washington DC:Smithsonian Institution Press,1998.
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[30]DOBSON H,SMITH R F.What is stress,and how does it affect reproduction?[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2000,60-61(3):743-752.
[31]杨小凡,冯娜,刘玉峰,等.颜色背景对梨小食心虫成虫产卵生物学的影响[J].植物保护学报,2013,40(3):200-204.
[32]杨小凡,马春森,范凡,等.颜色对梨小食心虫产卵选择性的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2971-2977.
[33]郑允超.教学空间色彩对小学生心理健康的影响[J].美术大观,2017(11):146-147.
[2]MASON G,CLUBB R,LATHAM N,et al.Why and how should we use environmental enrichment to tackle stereotypic behaviour?[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2007,102(3/4):163-188.
[3]HOSEY G R.How does the zoo environment affect the behaviour of captive primates?[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2005,90(2):107-129.
[4]于学伟.动物园环境丰容的基础与原则[J].野生动物,2012,33(2):97-99;107.
[5]刘赫,张轶卓,王泽重,等.浅析圈养动物丰容[J].经济动物学报,2014,18(2):107-110.
[6]严康慧,苏彦捷,任仁眉.川金丝猴社会行为节目及其动作模式[J].兽类学报,2006,26(2):129-135.
[7]苗秀莲.笼养川金丝猴的活动规律和时间分配及社会行为的研究[D].济南:山东师范大学,2007.
[8]高建峰,滕利,郭铭,等.环境丰容对长期单笼圈养食蟹猴行为的影响[J].四川动物,2016,35(2):243-248.
[9]王万民,刘佳,郑彤,等.食物丰容对圈养蜂猴行为的影响[J].野生动物,2010,31(4):175-177.
[10]DEANER R O,KHERA A V,PLATT M L.Monkeys pay per view:adaptive valuation of social images by rhesus macaques[J].Current Biology,2005,15(6):543-548.
[11]朱慧,张宇东.基于实验心理学的色彩心理探究[J].中国包装工业,2008(7):48-51.
[12]苏劼.浅谈居室色彩对人心理的影响[J].山西建筑,2010,36(35):227-228.
[13]朱唤清,龙泉杉.不同颜色对戒毒服刑人员心理健康状况的影响[J].中国现代医生,2017,55(7):82-84.
[14]RAGHAVAN P R,ZHU X M,LEI W,et al.Rearing tank color influences survival and growth of the early larvae of the Chinese yellow catfish,Pelteobagrus fulvidraco,Richardson[J].水生生物学报,2013,37(2):177-184.
[15]朱荣华,黎大勇,姚刚,等.圈养川金丝猴活动时间分配研究[J].西华师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,37(3):253-255;278.
[16]余建秋,刘选珍,王强,等.环境丰容对圈养川金丝猴行为影响的初步研究[J].四川动物,2015,34(2):245-250.
[17]MASON G J.Stereotypies:a critical review[J].Animal Behavior,1991,41(6):1015-1037.
[18]TESTA D.Enrichment as a part of the healing process:a case study[J].Shape of Enrichment,1999,8(4):4-6.
[19]WINHALL W.Polar bear enrichment at wild arctic[J].Shape of Enrichment,1998,7(2):5-6.
[20]SWAISGOOD R R,WHITE A M,ZHOU X P,et al.A quantitative assessment of the efficacy of an environmental enrichment programme for giant pandas[J].Animal Behaviour,2001,61(2):447-457.
[21]TEPPER E M,HARE V J,SWAISGOOD R R,et al.Evaluating enrichment strategies with giant pandas at the San Diego Zoo[C]//HARE V J,WORLEY K E,MYEIS K.Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Environmental Enrichment,2001:226-239.
[22]胡新波,何鑫,黄淑芳,等.环境丰容对笼养川金丝猴日常行为以及粪便皮质醇水平的影响[J].兽类学报,2015,35(3):304-311.
[23]WHITTEN P L,STAVISKY R,AURELI F.et al.Response of fecal cortisol to stress in captive chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes)[J].American Journal of Primatology,1998,44(1):57-69.
[24]JENSEN P.The ethology of domestic animals:an introductory text[M].CABI Publishing,2002.
[25]刘群秀,涂荣秀,马珺,等.应用环境丰容消除圈养动物的刻板行为[J].野生动物学报,2014,35(2):220-223.
[26]BAKER K C.Straw and forage material ameliorate abnormal behaviors in adult chimpanzees[J].Zoo Biology,1997,16(3):225-236.
[27]SHEPHERDSON D J,MELLEN J D,Hutchins M.Second nature:environmental enrichment for captive animals[M].Washington DC:Smithsonian Institution Press,1998.
[28]YOUNG R J.Environmental enrichment for captive animals[M].Blackwell Science Ltd,2003.
[29]APPLEBY M C,HUGHES B O.Animal welfare[M].Wallingford,UK:CAB International,1997:336.
[30]DOBSON H,SMITH R F.What is stress,and how does it affect reproduction?[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2000,60-61(3):743-752.
[31]杨小凡,冯娜,刘玉峰,等.颜色背景对梨小食心虫成虫产卵生物学的影响[J].植物保护学报,2013,40(3):200-204.
[32]杨小凡,马春森,范凡,等.颜色对梨小食心虫产卵选择性的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2971-2977.
[33]郑允超.教学空间色彩对小学生心理健康的影响[J].美术大观,2017(11):146-147.
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