自由贸易协定与中国出口产品质量——以中国制造业出口产品为例
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摘要
本文利用中国出口到自由贸易协定成员的HS4位编码产品数据,考察了自由贸易协定对中国制造业出口产品质量的影响,研究结果显示:自由贸易协定对中国出口产品质量具有显著的提升作用,本文选取合适的工具变量克服自由贸易协定的内生性之后,这一结果依然成立;从进口国看,自由贸易协定对出口到中低收入国家和亚洲国家的产品质量具有较大的正面影响;从不同产品类型看,自由贸易协定对产品质量的影响因产品技术类型、出口竞争力和距离世界前沿质量差距的不同而具有差异性;自由贸易协定具有显著的滞后效应;此外,中介效应模型检验结果表明,市场竞争是自由贸易协定影响中国出口产品质量的一个重要渠道。
Using the HS 4-digit data of products exported from China to the free trade agreement( FTA) members,this paper examined the impact of FTAs on the quality of China's manufacturing export products.The results show that FTAs have a significant effect on improving the quality of export products,and these results are still valid after we select the appropriate instrumental variables to overcome the endogeneity of FTAs.From the perspective of importing countries,FTAs have a major positive impact on the quality of products exported to the low-middle-income countries and Asian countries.From the perspective of different product types,the impact of FTAs on product quality is different due to the difference in product technology type,export competitiveness and quality gap from the world's leading edge.Moreover,FTAs have significant effects of time lag.In addition,the mediating effect test shows that market competition is an important channel through which FTAs affect the quality of China's export products.
Using the HS 4-digit data of products exported from China to the free trade agreement( FTA) members,this paper examined the impact of FTAs on the quality of China's manufacturing export products.The results show that FTAs have a significant effect on improving the quality of export products,and these results are still valid after we select the appropriate instrumental variables to overcome the endogeneity of FTAs.From the perspective of importing countries,FTAs have a major positive impact on the quality of products exported to the low-middle-income countries and Asian countries.From the perspective of different product types,the impact of FTAs on product quality is different due to the difference in product technology type,export competitiveness and quality gap from the world's leading edge.Moreover,FTAs have significant effects of time lag.In addition,the mediating effect test shows that market competition is an important channel through which FTAs affect the quality of China's export products.
引文
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[2]YANG S,MARTINEZ-ZARZOSO I.A Panel Data Analysis of Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects:The Case of ASEAN-China Free Trade Area[J].China Economic Review,2014(29):138-151.
[3]HALLAK J C.Product Quality and the Direction of Trade[J].Journal of International Economics.2006,68(1):238-265.
[4]AMITI M,KHANDELWAL AK.Import Competition and Quality Upgrading[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics.2013,95(2):476-490.
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[7]BAIER S L,BERGSTRAND J H.Do Free Trade Agreements Actually Increase Members'International Trade?[J].Journal of International Economics,2007,71(1):72-95.
[8]DAI M,YOTOV Y V,ZYLKIN T.On the Trade-diversion Effects of Free Trade Agreements[J].Economics Letters,2014,122(2):321-325.
[9]谢建国,谭利利.区域贸易协定对成员国的贸易影响研究---以中国为例[J].国际贸易问题,2014(12):57-67.
[10]MISSIOS P,SAGGI K,YILDIZ H M.External Trade Diversion,Exclusion Incentives and The Nature of Preferential Trade Agreements[J].Journal of International Economics,2016(99):105-119.
[11]SAUCIER P,RANA A T.Do Preferential Trade Agreements Contribute to the Development of Trade?Taking Into Account the Institutional Heterogeneity[J].International Economics,2017(149):41-56.
[12]BAS M,STRAUSS-KAHN V.Input-trade Liberalization,Export Prices and Quality Upgrading[J].Journal of International Economics,2015,95(2):250-262.
[13]樊海潮,郭光远.出口价格、出口质量与生产率间的关系:中国的证据[J].世界经济,2015(2):58-85.
[14]FAN H,LI YA,YEAPLE S R.On the Relationship between Quality and Productivity:Evidence from China's Accession to the WTO[J].Journal of International Economics,2018(110):28-49.
[15]余淼杰.加工贸易、企业生产率和关税减免---来自中国产品面的证据[J].经济学(季刊),2011(10):211-230.
[16]MANOVA K,YU Z.Multi-product Firms and Product Quality[J].Journal of International Economics,2017(109):116-137.
[17]HALLAK J C,SIVADASAN.Firms'a Exporting Behavior under Quality Constraints[R].NBER Working Paper,2009,14928:1-44.
[18]施炳展,王有鑫,李坤望.中国出口产品品质测度及其决定因素[J].世界经济,2013(9):69-93.
[19]谢建国,章素珍.反倾销与中国出口产品质量升级:以美国对华贸易反倾销为例[J].国际贸易问题,2017(1):153-164.
[20]余淼杰.加工贸易与中国企业生产率---企业异质性理论和实证研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2013:(130).
[21]GOLDBERG P K,KHANDELWAL,A K,Pavcnik,N Topalova,P.Imported Intermediate Inputs and Domestic Product Growth:Evidence from India[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2010,125(4):1727-1767.
[22]许家云,毛其淋,胡鞍钢.中间品进口与企业出口产品质量升级:基于中国证据的研究[J].世界经济,2017(3):52-75.
[23]BAIER S L,BERGSTRAND J H.On The Endogeneity of International Trade Flows and Free Trade Agreements[J].Manuscript,2002(8):1-44
[24]STACK MARIE M,PENTECOST ERIC J.Regional Integration and Trade:A Panel Cointegration Approach to Estimating the Gravity Model[J].The Journal of International Trade&Economic Development,2011(20):53-65
[25]LALL S.The Technological Structure and Performance of Developing Country Manufactured Exports[J].1985-1998[J].QEH Working Paper Series,2000(44):1-38.
[26]施炳展,曾祥菲.中国企业进口产品质量测算与事实[J].世界经济,2015(3):57-77.
[27]黄先海,蔡婉婷,宋华盛.金融危机与出口质量变动:口红效应还是倒逼提升[J].国际贸易问题,2015(10):98-110.
[28]任曙明,张静.补贴、寻租成本与加成率---基于中国装备制造企业的实证研究[J].管理世界,2013(10):118-129.
[29]毛其淋,许家云.政府补贴对企业新产品创新的影响---基于补贴强度“适度区间”的视角[J].中国工业经济,2015(6):94-107.
[30]SOBEL,M.Direct and Indirect Effects in Linear Structural Equation Models[J].Sociological Methods Research,1987,16(1):155-176.
(1)这15个国家(地区)分别是:秘鲁、哥斯达黎加、新西兰、智利、巴基斯坦以及东盟10国。
(1)世界其他国家指CEPII地理距离数据库中不包括r和k的国家(地区),CEPII地理距离数据库中共有225个国家(地区),除去r国和k国,共有223个世界其他国家(地区)。
(1)高收入国家为新加坡,文莱、新西兰;中低收入国家为,哥斯达黎加、印度尼西亚、智利、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、菲律宾、泰国、柬埔寨、缅甸、老挝、越南。
[2]YANG S,MARTINEZ-ZARZOSO I.A Panel Data Analysis of Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects:The Case of ASEAN-China Free Trade Area[J].China Economic Review,2014(29):138-151.
[3]HALLAK J C.Product Quality and the Direction of Trade[J].Journal of International Economics.2006,68(1):238-265.
[4]AMITI M,KHANDELWAL AK.Import Competition and Quality Upgrading[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics.2013,95(2):476-490.
[5]MARTIN.Endogenous Protection and Trade Diversion[J].Journal of International Economics,1993(34):309-324.
[6]CLAUSING K A.Trade Creation and Trade Diversion in the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement[J].Canadian Journal of Economics,2001(34):677-696.
[7]BAIER S L,BERGSTRAND J H.Do Free Trade Agreements Actually Increase Members'International Trade?[J].Journal of International Economics,2007,71(1):72-95.
[8]DAI M,YOTOV Y V,ZYLKIN T.On the Trade-diversion Effects of Free Trade Agreements[J].Economics Letters,2014,122(2):321-325.
[9]谢建国,谭利利.区域贸易协定对成员国的贸易影响研究---以中国为例[J].国际贸易问题,2014(12):57-67.
[10]MISSIOS P,SAGGI K,YILDIZ H M.External Trade Diversion,Exclusion Incentives and The Nature of Preferential Trade Agreements[J].Journal of International Economics,2016(99):105-119.
[11]SAUCIER P,RANA A T.Do Preferential Trade Agreements Contribute to the Development of Trade?Taking Into Account the Institutional Heterogeneity[J].International Economics,2017(149):41-56.
[12]BAS M,STRAUSS-KAHN V.Input-trade Liberalization,Export Prices and Quality Upgrading[J].Journal of International Economics,2015,95(2):250-262.
[13]樊海潮,郭光远.出口价格、出口质量与生产率间的关系:中国的证据[J].世界经济,2015(2):58-85.
[14]FAN H,LI YA,YEAPLE S R.On the Relationship between Quality and Productivity:Evidence from China's Accession to the WTO[J].Journal of International Economics,2018(110):28-49.
[15]余淼杰.加工贸易、企业生产率和关税减免---来自中国产品面的证据[J].经济学(季刊),2011(10):211-230.
[16]MANOVA K,YU Z.Multi-product Firms and Product Quality[J].Journal of International Economics,2017(109):116-137.
[17]HALLAK J C,SIVADASAN.Firms'a Exporting Behavior under Quality Constraints[R].NBER Working Paper,2009,14928:1-44.
[18]施炳展,王有鑫,李坤望.中国出口产品品质测度及其决定因素[J].世界经济,2013(9):69-93.
[19]谢建国,章素珍.反倾销与中国出口产品质量升级:以美国对华贸易反倾销为例[J].国际贸易问题,2017(1):153-164.
[20]余淼杰.加工贸易与中国企业生产率---企业异质性理论和实证研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2013:(130).
[21]GOLDBERG P K,KHANDELWAL,A K,Pavcnik,N Topalova,P.Imported Intermediate Inputs and Domestic Product Growth:Evidence from India[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2010,125(4):1727-1767.
[22]许家云,毛其淋,胡鞍钢.中间品进口与企业出口产品质量升级:基于中国证据的研究[J].世界经济,2017(3):52-75.
[23]BAIER S L,BERGSTRAND J H.On The Endogeneity of International Trade Flows and Free Trade Agreements[J].Manuscript,2002(8):1-44
[24]STACK MARIE M,PENTECOST ERIC J.Regional Integration and Trade:A Panel Cointegration Approach to Estimating the Gravity Model[J].The Journal of International Trade&Economic Development,2011(20):53-65
[25]LALL S.The Technological Structure and Performance of Developing Country Manufactured Exports[J].1985-1998[J].QEH Working Paper Series,2000(44):1-38.
[26]施炳展,曾祥菲.中国企业进口产品质量测算与事实[J].世界经济,2015(3):57-77.
[27]黄先海,蔡婉婷,宋华盛.金融危机与出口质量变动:口红效应还是倒逼提升[J].国际贸易问题,2015(10):98-110.
[28]任曙明,张静.补贴、寻租成本与加成率---基于中国装备制造企业的实证研究[J].管理世界,2013(10):118-129.
[29]毛其淋,许家云.政府补贴对企业新产品创新的影响---基于补贴强度“适度区间”的视角[J].中国工业经济,2015(6):94-107.
[30]SOBEL,M.Direct and Indirect Effects in Linear Structural Equation Models[J].Sociological Methods Research,1987,16(1):155-176.
(1)这15个国家(地区)分别是:秘鲁、哥斯达黎加、新西兰、智利、巴基斯坦以及东盟10国。
(1)世界其他国家指CEPII地理距离数据库中不包括r和k的国家(地区),CEPII地理距离数据库中共有225个国家(地区),除去r国和k国,共有223个世界其他国家(地区)。
(1)高收入国家为新加坡,文莱、新西兰;中低收入国家为,哥斯达黎加、印度尼西亚、智利、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、菲律宾、泰国、柬埔寨、缅甸、老挝、越南。
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