“语义三角”的认知拓扑性探析
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摘要
认知拓扑学视域下,"语义三角"中的3个部分分别构成客观、概念和语言3个拓扑空间。3个空间不仅内部具有拓扑性,而且它们之间还具有层层推进的拓扑关系。拓扑性是思维对客观世界进行范畴化的需要,是语言符号有限性和经济性的要求,也是意义形成的原动力与必然过程。由于认知主体对拓扑维度、视角等的选择差异,拓扑变换的过程中会出现拓扑深度与广度的差异。3个空间之间并非镜像式一一对应的关系,从客观到概念空间以及从概念到语言空间体现直接拓扑关系,而客观与语言空间之间则是间接拓扑关系。
From the perspective of cognitive topology, the three parts of Semantic Triangle constitute the three topological spaces of object, concept and language, respectively. Topologicality or progressive topological relationship exists not only in the three spaces themselves, but also progresses between the three spaces. Topologicality results from the conceptual need to categorize the objective world, as well as the limitedness and economy of language, and it is the primary drive and the inevitable process of the formation of meaning. Due to the differences in subjects' choice of topological dimension, perspective etc., there will arise diffe-rences in the topological depth and breadth during the processes of topological transformation. The relationship among the three spaces is not a mirror-like relationship, with the topological relationships from object to concept and from concept to language being direct and that of object and language being indirect.
From the perspective of cognitive topology, the three parts of Semantic Triangle constitute the three topological spaces of object, concept and language, respectively. Topologicality or progressive topological relationship exists not only in the three spaces themselves, but also progresses between the three spaces. Topologicality results from the conceptual need to categorize the objective world, as well as the limitedness and economy of language, and it is the primary drive and the inevitable process of the formation of meaning. Due to the differences in subjects' choice of topological dimension, perspective etc., there will arise diffe-rences in the topological depth and breadth during the processes of topological transformation. The relationship among the three spaces is not a mirror-like relationship, with the topological relationships from object to concept and from concept to language being direct and that of object and language being indirect.
引文
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①引自维基百科,网址如下:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology.
陈霖 赵松年.视知觉的拓扑结构[J].世界科学,1985(1).‖Chen,L.,Zhao,S.-N.Topological Structure of Visual Perception[J].World Science,1985(1).
方经民.汉语空间方位参照的认知结构[J].世界汉语教学,1999(4).‖Fang,J.-M.Cognitive Structure of Spatial Location Reference in Chinese[J].Chinese Teaching in the World,1999(4).
方经民.论汉语空间区域范畴的性质和类型[J].世界汉语教学,2002(3).‖Fang,J.-M.Properties and Types of the Spatial Region Categories in Chinese[J].Chinese Teaching in the World,2002(3).
丰国欣.拓扑心理与推理变体[J].西安外国语学院学报,2004(3).‖Feng,G.-X.Topological Psychology and Discourse Inference[J].Journal of Xi'an International Studies University,2004(3).
华鸿燕.语言表征的认知拓扑性质[J].外国语文,2015(6).‖Hua,H.-Y.The Cognitive and Topological Nature of Linguistic Representation[J].Foreign Language and Literature,2015(6).
江怡.斯特劳森思想的启发:寻求一种哲学拓扑学[J].世界哲学,2006(4).‖Jiang,Y.Inspired by the Thought of Peter Strawson:Seeking for a Philosophical Topology[J].World Philosophy,2006(4).
李莉娟.意义研究中的三对纠缠关系[J].当代修辞学,2017(5).‖Li,L.-J.Three Pairs of Entanglement in Meaning Study[J].Contemporary Rhetoric,2017(5).
吕公礼布占廷.语言涉身性的原型论与语言构造的拓扑变换原理[J].外语学刊,2016(3).‖Lv,G.-L.,Bu,Z.-T.Embodiment as Prototypes and the Principle of Topological Transformations in Language[J].Foreign Language Research,2016(3).
彭利元肖跃田.经典“语义三角”辨正[J].外语学刊,2009(4).‖Peng,L.-Y.,Xiao,Y.-T.Rectifying the Classic Semantic Triangle[J].Foreign Language Research,2009(4).
沈家煊.三个世界[J].外语教学与研究,2008(6).‖Shen,J.-X.Physical World,Mental World,and Linguistic World[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2008(6).
沈家煊.名词和动词[M].北京商务印书馆,2016.‖Shen,J.-X.Nouns and Verbs[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2016.
王怿旦张雪梅.从语义三角理论看语言模糊性根源[J].宁夏大学学报(人文社会科学版),2012(4).‖Wang,Y.-D.,Zhang,X.-M.On the Roots of Language Fuzziness from the Perspective of Semantic Triangle Theory[J].Journal of Ningxia University(Humanities & Social Sciences Edition),2012(4).
王寅.论语言的体验性——基于体验哲学和认知语言学提出的语言新性质[J].中国外语,2006(3).‖Wang,Y.On the Embodiment of Language:A New Language Feature Based on Embodied Philosophy and Cognitive Linguistics[J].Foreign Languages in China,2006(3).
文旭 匡芳涛.语言空间系统的认知阐释[J].四川外语学院学报,2004(3).‖Wen,X.,Kuang,F.-T.The Spatial System of Language:A Cognitive Account[J].Journal of Sichuan International Studies University,2004(3).
徐盛桓.视觉隐喻的拓扑性质[J].山东外语教学,2014(3).‖Xu,S.-H.Topological Approach to Visual Me-taphor[J].Shandong Foreign Language Teaching Journal,2014(3).
印世海.概念拓扑同化论[J].外国语,2012(5).‖Yin,S.-H.The Conceptualization Mechanism of Topological Assimilation[J].Journal of Foreign Languages,2012(5).
赵耿林.语义缺省的认知拓扑研究[D].西南大学博士学位论文,2016.‖Zhao,G.-L.A Study of Semantic Default Based on the View of Cognitive Topology[D].Southwest University,2016.
赵一仑.皮亚杰儿童空间概念发展的拓扑首位论点述评[J].浙江师范大学学报,2007(2).‖Zhao,Y.-L.A Review of Piaget's Hypothesis of Topological Primacy on the Children's Conception of Space Development[J].Journal of Zhejiang Normal University,2007(2).
Armstrong,M.A.Basic Typology[M].New York:Sprin-ger,1983.
Croft,W.,Cruse,D.A.Cognitive Linguistics[M].Cambridge:CUP,2004.
Fauconnier,G.,Turner,M.The Way We Think:Conceptual Blending and Mind's Hidden Complexities[M].New York:Basie Books,2002.
Lakoff,G.Women,Fire,and Dangerous Things:What Ca-tegories Reveal about the Mind[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987.
Lakoff,G.The Invariance Hypothesis:Is Abstract Reason Based on Image-schemas?[J].Cognitive Linguistics,1990(1).
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Philosophy in the Flesh:The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought[M].New York:Basic Books,1999.
Langacker,R.W.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar:Theoretical Prerequisites[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,1987.
Langacker,R.W.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar:Descriptive Application[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,1991.
Langacker,R.W.Cognitive Grammar:A Basic Introduction[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008.
Ogden,C.K.,Richards,I.A.The Meaning of Meaning:A Study of Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism[M].London:Routledge and Ke-gan Paul,1923.
Piaget,J.,Inhelder,B.The Child's Conception of Space[M].London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1956.
Saussure,F.Course in General Linguistics[M].New York:Philosophical Library Press,1959.
Serb,A.,Bill,J.,Khiat,A.,Berdan,R.,Legenstein,R.,Prodromakis,T.Unsupervised Learning in Probabilistic Neural Networks with Multi-state Metal-oxide Memristive Synapses[J].Nature Communications,2016(7).
Talmy,L.Lexicalization Patterns:Semantic Structure in Lexical Forms[A].In:Shopen,T.(Ed.),Language Typology and Syntactic Description:Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985.
Talmy,L.Toward a Cognitive Semantics[M].Cambridge:MIT Press,2000.
①引自维基百科,网址如下:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology.
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