趁鲜切制加工对三七药材干燥速率和质量的影响
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摘要
研究趁鲜切制干燥对三七药材外观品质和内在成分的影响,探讨三七趁鲜切制干燥的可行性,为三七饮片及中成药的生产提供更加有效的加工方法。比较不同趁鲜切制干燥方式与传统整根干燥方式对三七主根的干燥时间、折干率、密度、药材外观性状和内在成分的影响。三七药材传统整根晒干耗时长达近453 h,干燥过程中恒速期较长,干燥速率缓慢;三七整根50℃烘干较整根晒干虽然缩短了61.6%的干燥时间,但药材木质部出现空心现象,致密度下降,药材外观性状较差;趁鲜切制干燥较传统干燥方法在时间上缩短了61.82%～91.58%,干燥速率大幅提高;其中切制后晒干与阴干由于干燥过程相对缓慢,表面出现盐析发白现象,且在内在成分均有不同程度的下降;趁鲜切制后50℃条件下烘干较传统整根晒干和整根50℃烘干时间分别缩短了91.58%和68.83%,药材外观黄绿色,切剖面各层次清晰,孔隙分布均匀,且总皂苷含量较整根50℃烘干提高了7.24%;在40℃条件下烘干的三七片表面微有盐析发白散点,三七素、总糖损失较大;在60℃条件下烘干的三七片因温度过高,失水速率极快,导致严重的裂片和碎片现象,总糖、醇提物等含量损失较大;趁鲜切制冷冻干燥后,切片结构疏松,密度大幅度降低,但其总皂苷含量和三七素等较传统整根晒干分别提高了16.51%和22.54%。趁鲜切制加工工艺在三七饮片生产上具有可行性,在生产上建议采用趁鲜切制后50℃条件下烘干,药材外观性状和内在成分含量均较好,方便后续饮片加工和工业投料提取;若以内在成分含量为目标,则采用趁鲜切制后冷冻干燥加工为佳。
To study the effects of fresh-cut drying methods on the appearance and internal components of Panax notoginseng, and explore the feasibility of fresh-cut drying methods of P. notoginseng, so as to provide more effective processing methods for the production of P. notoginseng slices and Chinese patent medicines. In this study, we have compared the effects of 6 different drying methods on drying time, drying rate, density, appearance and internal components of P. notoginseng roots. It takes about 453 h to dry by whole-root drying in the sun, with a long constant speed period and a slow drying rate, the time of whole-root drying at 50 ℃ was shortened by 61.6% compared with whole-root drying in the sun, which resulted in the decrease of density and poor appearance of the medicinal material with hollow and crack appeared in the xylem, while the drying time of fresh-cut drying method was reduced by 61.82% to 91.58% and the drying rate increased greatly, due to the relatively slow drying process in the sun or in the shade after fresh-cut, salting-out and whitening appeared on the surface, and the internal components were all decreased to some extent. The drying time of fresh-cut drying at 50 ℃ was 91.58% and 68.83% shorter than that of whole-root drying in the sun and at 50 ℃, respectively. When drying at 50 ℃ after fresh-cut, the appearance and content of internal components of the medicinal materials were better, the appearance was yellowish green, the cut sections were clear with uniform pore distribution, and the content of saponin components was increased by 7.24% compared with that of the whole-root drying at 50 ℃, When drying at 40 ℃, the surface of slices has salting-out and whitening spots, and the loss of dencichine and total sugar was large, but at 60 ℃, this high temperature made the rate of dehydration of slices was extremely fast, which led to severe cracking and fragmentation, and the loss of total sugar and alcohol extract was large. By vacuum freeze drying after fresh-cut, the structure of medicinal materials slices was loose, the density was greatly reduced, and the appearance was different from those recorded in traditional books. The contents of total saponin components and dencichine were increased by 16.51% and 22.54%, respectively, compared with traditional whole-root drying. The fresh-cut process method is feasible in the production of P. notoginseng slices. In production, it is recommended that drying at 50 ℃ after fresh-cut can make the medicinal materials better in appearance and content of internal components, which is convenient for the subsequent processing and industrial feeding extraction. For the purpose of internal contents, it is better to adopt freeze-drying after fresh-cut processing method.
To study the effects of fresh-cut drying methods on the appearance and internal components of Panax notoginseng, and explore the feasibility of fresh-cut drying methods of P. notoginseng, so as to provide more effective processing methods for the production of P. notoginseng slices and Chinese patent medicines. In this study, we have compared the effects of 6 different drying methods on drying time, drying rate, density, appearance and internal components of P. notoginseng roots. It takes about 453 h to dry by whole-root drying in the sun, with a long constant speed period and a slow drying rate, the time of whole-root drying at 50 ℃ was shortened by 61.6% compared with whole-root drying in the sun, which resulted in the decrease of density and poor appearance of the medicinal material with hollow and crack appeared in the xylem, while the drying time of fresh-cut drying method was reduced by 61.82% to 91.58% and the drying rate increased greatly, due to the relatively slow drying process in the sun or in the shade after fresh-cut, salting-out and whitening appeared on the surface, and the internal components were all decreased to some extent. The drying time of fresh-cut drying at 50 ℃ was 91.58% and 68.83% shorter than that of whole-root drying in the sun and at 50 ℃, respectively. When drying at 50 ℃ after fresh-cut, the appearance and content of internal components of the medicinal materials were better, the appearance was yellowish green, the cut sections were clear with uniform pore distribution, and the content of saponin components was increased by 7.24% compared with that of the whole-root drying at 50 ℃, When drying at 40 ℃, the surface of slices has salting-out and whitening spots, and the loss of dencichine and total sugar was large, but at 60 ℃, this high temperature made the rate of dehydration of slices was extremely fast, which led to severe cracking and fragmentation, and the loss of total sugar and alcohol extract was large. By vacuum freeze drying after fresh-cut, the structure of medicinal materials slices was loose, the density was greatly reduced, and the appearance was different from those recorded in traditional books. The contents of total saponin components and dencichine were increased by 16.51% and 22.54%, respectively, compared with traditional whole-root drying. The fresh-cut process method is feasible in the production of P. notoginseng slices. In production, it is recommended that drying at 50 ℃ after fresh-cut can make the medicinal materials better in appearance and content of internal components, which is convenient for the subsequent processing and industrial feeding extraction. For the purpose of internal contents, it is better to adopt freeze-drying after fresh-cut processing method.
引文
[1] 陈林伟, 秦昆明, 朱艳汇, 等. 中药材产地加工的研究现状及展望[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2015, 40(4): 602.
[2] Dahui L, Na X, Li W, et al. Effects of different cleaning treatments on heavy metal removal of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen.[J]. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 2014, 31(12):2012.
[3] 陈骏飞, 徐娜, 金艳, 等.趁鲜清洗和干制后清洗对三七药材质量的影响[J].中国药学杂志,2017,52(14):1228.
[4] 郭双庚, 周超凡. 中药材趁鲜切制的探讨[J]. 中国中药杂志, 1990, 15(5):3.
[5] 唐力英, 王祝举, 宋秉生, 等. 当归饮片趁鲜切制的可行性探讨[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2010,35(23):3150.
[6] 周国燕, 詹博, 桑迎迎, 等. 不同干燥方法对三七内部结构和复水品质的影响[J]. 食品科学, 2011, 32(20):44.
[7] Falade K O, Abbo E S. Air-drying and rehydration characteristics of date palm(Phoenix dactylifera L) Fruits [J]. J Food Eng, 2007, 79(2): 726.
[8] 中国药典.一部[S]. 2015.
[9] 崔秀明, 徐珞珊, 王强, 等. 三七中三七素的含量测定[J]. 中国药学杂志, 2005, 40(13): 1018.
[10] 潘永康, 王喜忠, 刘相东. 现代干燥技术[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社, 2006.
[11] 郭徽. 云南三七干燥特性及其传质模型研究[D]. 昆明:昆明理工大学,2015.
[12] 高明菊, 冯光泉, 曾鸿超, 等. 微波干燥对三七皂苷有效成分的影响[J]. 中药材,2010,33(2):198.
[13] 刘玲霞, 刘相东,常剑, 等. 果蔬干燥过程的水分跨膜传输模型构建[J]. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(20): 262.
[14] 马妮, 高明菊, 周家明, 等. 不同干燥方法对三七切片皂苷含量的影响[J]. 特产研究, 2010,32(3):42.
[15] 张定堃, 韩雪, 周永峰, 等. 附子精标饮片的研制(Ⅰ):规格大小与质量均一性研究[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2015, 40(17): 3495.
[2] Dahui L, Na X, Li W, et al. Effects of different cleaning treatments on heavy metal removal of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen.[J]. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 2014, 31(12):2012.
[3] 陈骏飞, 徐娜, 金艳, 等.趁鲜清洗和干制后清洗对三七药材质量的影响[J].中国药学杂志,2017,52(14):1228.
[4] 郭双庚, 周超凡. 中药材趁鲜切制的探讨[J]. 中国中药杂志, 1990, 15(5):3.
[5] 唐力英, 王祝举, 宋秉生, 等. 当归饮片趁鲜切制的可行性探讨[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2010,35(23):3150.
[6] 周国燕, 詹博, 桑迎迎, 等. 不同干燥方法对三七内部结构和复水品质的影响[J]. 食品科学, 2011, 32(20):44.
[7] Falade K O, Abbo E S. Air-drying and rehydration characteristics of date palm(Phoenix dactylifera L) Fruits [J]. J Food Eng, 2007, 79(2): 726.
[8] 中国药典.一部[S]. 2015.
[9] 崔秀明, 徐珞珊, 王强, 等. 三七中三七素的含量测定[J]. 中国药学杂志, 2005, 40(13): 1018.
[10] 潘永康, 王喜忠, 刘相东. 现代干燥技术[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社, 2006.
[11] 郭徽. 云南三七干燥特性及其传质模型研究[D]. 昆明:昆明理工大学,2015.
[12] 高明菊, 冯光泉, 曾鸿超, 等. 微波干燥对三七皂苷有效成分的影响[J]. 中药材,2010,33(2):198.
[13] 刘玲霞, 刘相东,常剑, 等. 果蔬干燥过程的水分跨膜传输模型构建[J]. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(20): 262.
[14] 马妮, 高明菊, 周家明, 等. 不同干燥方法对三七切片皂苷含量的影响[J]. 特产研究, 2010,32(3):42.
[15] 张定堃, 韩雪, 周永峰, 等. 附子精标饮片的研制(Ⅰ):规格大小与质量均一性研究[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2015, 40(17): 3495.
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