施肥和地膜覆盖对黄土高原旱地冬小麦籽粒品质和产量的影响
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摘要
在黄土高原旱作农业区,地膜覆盖的广泛应用有效地解决了水分不足对冬小麦生产的制约,并使单位面积产量大幅度提高。如何调优品质已经成为该区域冬小麦生产中亟待解决的首要问题。本研究以不施任何肥料(T_0)为对照,选择常规化肥(T_1)、等量化肥+地膜覆盖(T_2)、等量化肥+有机肥(T_3)、高量化肥+地膜覆盖(T_4)、高量化肥+有机肥(T_5)5种不同的施肥(有机+无机)和覆盖模式,采用随机区组设计,研究不同"施肥+地膜覆盖"模式对旱地冬小麦籽粒加工品质、产量及其构成要素的影响,并分析产量与品质之间的相关性。结果表明,"施肥+地膜覆盖"组合显著影响小麦籽粒的加工品质和产量。比较对照T_0,不同"施肥+地膜覆盖"模式(T_1～T_5)显著提高籽粒产量(GY)、蛋白质(PC)、湿面筋含量(WA)和沉降值(SDS),增加面团吸水率(WG)、延伸性(EX)和淀粉糊化粘度,相反降低了面团稳定时间(ST)和拉伸阻力(RE)。两年平均产量依次为T_3>T_5>T_4>T_2>T_1>T_0,T_1、T_2、T_3、T_4、T_5比T_0分别增加85.60%、90.99%、118.32%、102.30%和106.65%。增施有机肥(T_3、T_5)对籽粒产量和加工品质的改善优于地膜覆盖(T_2、T_4)。籽粒产量的提高是叶面积(LA)、千粒重(TGW)、穗长(SL)、穗粒数(SGN)协同增加的结果,加工品质的改变部分归因于蛋白质含量的变化。生育期降水量和分布影响谷物产量和品质。本研究结果证实,等量化肥+有机肥(T_3)不仅能达到地膜覆盖的增产效果,而且有利于小麦加工品质的改善,在降水量500 mm左右的黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区是更加持续、稳产、优质的冬小麦栽培模式。
Extensive use of plastic film mulch in dryland farming areas of the Loess Plateau has greatly improved grain yield of winter wheat as the film reduces evaporation losses and ameliorates water deficit. Currently, optimization of wheat quality when using plastic film mulch has become the most important problem in this region. Here, a field experiment with randomized block design was conducted to investigate over two growing seasons, the combined effect of plastic film mulch and fertilizer in different combinations on grain yield and its components, grain quality, and the relationship between grain yield and processing quality. The experiment included 6 treatments: no fertilizer with conventional tillage(T_0, CK), a normal application rate of inorganic fertilizer(T_1), plastic film mulch+an equal application rate of inorganic fertilizer(T_2), manure+an equal dosage of inorganic(T_3), plastic film mulch+a high dosage of inorganic fertilizer(T_4) and manure+high dosage of inorganic fertilizer(T_5). The results indicated that inorganic fertilizer with either plastic film mulch or organic fertilizer significantly increased grain yield, wet gluten content, protein content, sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation value, water absorption, extensibility and starch viscosity, while significantly decreasing dough stability time and resistance. Treatment rankings for grain yields were T_3>T_5>T_4>T_2>T_1>T_0. The increases in grain yield, compared to T_0, averaged over two years for T_1, T_2, T_3, T_4 and T_5 were respectively 85.60%, 90.99%, 118.32%, 102.30% and 106.65%. The organic fertilizer improved grain yield, protein content and some dough rheological parameters better than plastic film mulch under the same inorganic fertilizer application rate. Increase in grain yield is mainly a result of an increase in leaf area, thousand grain weight, spike length and grain number per spike, while changes in dough rheological properties resulted partly from changed flour protein content. The variability of weather conditions, particularly the amount and distribution of rainfall during the growing season had a significant influence on wheat grain yield and quality parameters. In this experiment in the semi-arid farming area of the Loess Plateau of China with about 500 mm precipitation, optimal application of nitrogen and phosphorus combined with organic manure(T_3), not only resulted in the same increase in wheat yield as that achieved with plastic film mulch, but also enhanced wheat processing quality, meaning that inorganic fertilizer with organic manure is a more sustainable and environment-friendly husbandry practice than use of plastic film mulch.
Extensive use of plastic film mulch in dryland farming areas of the Loess Plateau has greatly improved grain yield of winter wheat as the film reduces evaporation losses and ameliorates water deficit. Currently, optimization of wheat quality when using plastic film mulch has become the most important problem in this region. Here, a field experiment with randomized block design was conducted to investigate over two growing seasons, the combined effect of plastic film mulch and fertilizer in different combinations on grain yield and its components, grain quality, and the relationship between grain yield and processing quality. The experiment included 6 treatments: no fertilizer with conventional tillage(T_0, CK), a normal application rate of inorganic fertilizer(T_1), plastic film mulch+an equal application rate of inorganic fertilizer(T_2), manure+an equal dosage of inorganic(T_3), plastic film mulch+a high dosage of inorganic fertilizer(T_4) and manure+high dosage of inorganic fertilizer(T_5). The results indicated that inorganic fertilizer with either plastic film mulch or organic fertilizer significantly increased grain yield, wet gluten content, protein content, sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation value, water absorption, extensibility and starch viscosity, while significantly decreasing dough stability time and resistance. Treatment rankings for grain yields were T_3>T_5>T_4>T_2>T_1>T_0. The increases in grain yield, compared to T_0, averaged over two years for T_1, T_2, T_3, T_4 and T_5 were respectively 85.60%, 90.99%, 118.32%, 102.30% and 106.65%. The organic fertilizer improved grain yield, protein content and some dough rheological parameters better than plastic film mulch under the same inorganic fertilizer application rate. Increase in grain yield is mainly a result of an increase in leaf area, thousand grain weight, spike length and grain number per spike, while changes in dough rheological properties resulted partly from changed flour protein content. The variability of weather conditions, particularly the amount and distribution of rainfall during the growing season had a significant influence on wheat grain yield and quality parameters. In this experiment in the semi-arid farming area of the Loess Plateau of China with about 500 mm precipitation, optimal application of nitrogen and phosphorus combined with organic manure(T_3), not only resulted in the same increase in wheat yield as that achieved with plastic film mulch, but also enhanced wheat processing quality, meaning that inorganic fertilizer with organic manure is a more sustainable and environment-friendly husbandry practice than use of plastic film mulch.
引文
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[17] Zhao Y C, Wang P, Li J L, et al. The effects of two organic manures on soil properties and crop yields on a temperate calcareous soil under a wheat-maize cropping system. European Journal of Agronomy, 2009, 31(1): 36-42.
[18] Guo L Y, Wu G L, Li Y, et al. Effects of cattle manure compost combined with chemical fertilizer on topsoil organic matter, bulk density and earthworm activity in a wheat-maize rotation system in Eastern China. Soil and Tillage Research, 2016, 156: 140-147.
[19] Liu C A, Zhou L M. Soil organic carbon sequestration and fertility response to newly-built terraces with organic manure and mineral fertilizer in a semi-arid environment. Soil and Tillage Research, 2017, 172: 39-47.
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[22] Bremner J M, Mulvaney C S. Nitrogen-total//Miller R H, Keeney D R, Baker D E, et al. Methods of soil analysis. Madison: American Society of Agronomy Inc., Soil Science Society of America Inc., 1982: 595-624.
[23] American Association of Cereal Chemists. Sedimentation test for wheat//Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists (Method 56-61). 10th ed. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: AACC, 2001.
[24] American Association of Cereal Chemists. Farinograph method for flour// Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists (Method 54-21). 10th ed. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: AACC, 2000.
[25] American Association of Cereal Chemists. Extensigraph method for flour// Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists (Method 54-10). 10th ed. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: AACC, 2000.
[26] Li F M, Guo A H, Wei H. Effects of clear plastic film mulch on yield of spring wheat. Field Crops Research, 1999, 63(1): 79-86.
[27] He G, Wang Z H, Li S X, et al. Plastic mulch: Tradeoffs between productivity and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 172: 1311-1318.
[28] Zhao J, Dong S T, Liu P, et al. Effects of long-term mixed application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on canopy apparent photosynthesis and yield of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(8): 2362-2370.赵隽, 董树亭, 刘鹏, 等. 有机无机肥长期定位配施对冬小麦群体光合特性及籽粒产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(8): 2362-2370.
[29] Zhang L J, Lu Q L, Bai Y L, et al. Effects of different patterns of fertilization and mulching on the post-anthesis dry matter remobilization, sugar metabolism and grain yield of winter wheat in dry lands. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(3): 149-160.张礼军, 鲁清林, 白玉龙, 等. 施肥和覆盖模式对旱地冬小麦花后干物质转移、糖代谢及其籽粒产量的影响. 草业学报, 2017, 26(3): 149-160.
[30] Simonetta F, Rosella M, Francesco G. The effect of nitrogenous fertiliser application on leaf traits in durum wheat in relation to grain yield and development. Field Crops Research, 2009, 10: 69-75.
[31] Zhao G C, Wan F S, Chang X H, et al. Study on stability and regulation of grain yield and protein content in strong gluten wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2007, 40(5): 895-901. 赵广才, 万富世, 常旭虹, 等. 强筋小麦产量和蛋白质含量的稳定性及其调控研究. 中国农业科学, 2007, 40(5): 895-901.
[32] Li H, Wang Z H, Li S X. Effects of soil surface mulching and N rate on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation of winter wheat. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2008, 14(6): 1027-1034.李华, 王朝辉, 李生秀. 地表覆盖和施氮对冬小麦干物质和氮素积累与转移的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2008, 14(6): 1027-1034.
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[2] Li S X. Dryland agriculture in China. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2004. 李生秀. 中国旱地农业. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2004.
[3] Li F R, Gao C Y, Zhao H L, et al. Soil conversation effectiveness and energy efficiency of alternative rotations and continuous wheat cropping in the Loess Plateau of northwest China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2002, 91: 101-111.
[4] Li F R, Zhao S L, Geballe G T. Water use patterns and agronomic performance for some cropping systems with and without fallow crops in a semi-arid environment of northwest China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2000, 79: 129-142.
[5] Zhang S L, Sadras V, Chen X P, et al. Water use efficiency of dryland wheat in the loess Plateau in response to soil and crop management. Field Crops Research, 2013, 151: 9-18.
[6] Hou H Z, Lü J F, Zhang X C, et al. Effect of film-mulched soil and bunch-seeded wheat in semi-arid region on soil moisture content and grain yield. Crops, 2010, (1): 21-25.侯慧芝, 吕军峰, 张绪成, 等. 陇中半干旱区全膜覆土穴播小麦的土壤水分及产量效应. 作物杂志, 2010, (1): 21-25.
[7] Chen Y X, Ren X D, Rong J G, et al. Regional differentiation of characteristics contamination on agricultural soil in China. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 38(1): 95-98.陈亚仙, 任晓冬, 荣建国, 等. 我国农业土壤污染的地域分异特征. 贵州农业科学, 2010, 38(1): 95-98.
[8] Lu H F, Wang C Y, Guo T C, et al. Effects of high-temperature and drought stress on protein concentration and key enzyme activities in relation to nitrogen metabolism in wheat grains during the early stage of grain filling. Actecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(13): 3612-3619.卢红芳, 王晨阳, 郭天财, 等. 灌浆前期高温和干旱胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和氮代谢关键酶活性的影响. 生态学报, 2014, 34(13): 3612-3619.
[9] Wang J, Lin Q, Ni Y J, et al. Effects of different conservation tillage patterns on grain quality of winter wheat. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2009, 29(5): 881-884. 王靖, 林琪, 倪永君, 等. 不同保护性耕作模式对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2009, 29(5): 881-884.
[10] Zhang P P, Chen D S, Zhang Y, et al. Gliadin composition and their effects on quality properties in spring wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(12): 1796-1801.张平平, 陈东升, 张勇, 等. 春播小麦醇溶蛋白组成及其对品质性状的影响. 作物学报, 2006, 32(12): 1796-1801.
[11] Singh S, Gupta A K, Gupta S K, et al. Effect of sowing time on protein quality and starch pasting characteristics in wheat genotypes grown under irrigated and rain-fed conditions. Food Chemistry, 2010, 122: 559-565.
[12] Zhang G K, Song X Y, Liu S T, et al. Effect of long-term fertilization on the quality of wheat.Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2015, 8(4): 256-260.
[13] Kathrin G, Nele V, Roberto J P, et al. Durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) quality and yield as affected by tillage-straw management and nitrogen fertilization practice underfurrow-irrigated conditions. Field Crops Research, 2014, 164: 166-177.
[14] Chen Y L, Liu T, Tian X H, et al. Effects of plastic film combined with straw mulch on grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in Loess Plateau. Field Crops Research, 2015, 172: 53-58.
[15] Li F M, Song Q H, Jjemba P K, et al. Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2004, 36: 1893-1902.
[16] Deng Y, Li Q, Sun M, et al. Effect of different coverings and fertilizers in leisure period on wheat yield and quality under dryland condition. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition), 2011, 31(1): 9-12. 邓妍, 李青, 孙敏, 等. 休闲期施肥覆盖对旱地小麦产量、品质的影响.山西农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 31(1): 9-12.
[17] Zhao Y C, Wang P, Li J L, et al. The effects of two organic manures on soil properties and crop yields on a temperate calcareous soil under a wheat-maize cropping system. European Journal of Agronomy, 2009, 31(1): 36-42.
[18] Guo L Y, Wu G L, Li Y, et al. Effects of cattle manure compost combined with chemical fertilizer on topsoil organic matter, bulk density and earthworm activity in a wheat-maize rotation system in Eastern China. Soil and Tillage Research, 2016, 156: 140-147.
[19] Liu C A, Zhou L M. Soil organic carbon sequestration and fertility response to newly-built terraces with organic manure and mineral fertilizer in a semi-arid environment. Soil and Tillage Research, 2017, 172: 39-47.
[20] Fan T L, Stewart B A, Wang Y, et al. Long-term fertilization effects on grain yield, water-use efficiency and soil fertility in the dryland of Loess Plateau in China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2005, 106(4): 313-329.
[21] Li F S, Kang S Z, Zhang J H. Interactive effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen and drought on leaf area, stomatal conductance, and evapo-transpiration of wheat. Agriculture Water Management, 2004, 67(3): 221-233.
[22] Bremner J M, Mulvaney C S. Nitrogen-total//Miller R H, Keeney D R, Baker D E, et al. Methods of soil analysis. Madison: American Society of Agronomy Inc., Soil Science Society of America Inc., 1982: 595-624.
[23] American Association of Cereal Chemists. Sedimentation test for wheat//Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists (Method 56-61). 10th ed. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: AACC, 2001.
[24] American Association of Cereal Chemists. Farinograph method for flour// Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists (Method 54-21). 10th ed. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: AACC, 2000.
[25] American Association of Cereal Chemists. Extensigraph method for flour// Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists (Method 54-10). 10th ed. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: AACC, 2000.
[26] Li F M, Guo A H, Wei H. Effects of clear plastic film mulch on yield of spring wheat. Field Crops Research, 1999, 63(1): 79-86.
[27] He G, Wang Z H, Li S X, et al. Plastic mulch: Tradeoffs between productivity and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 172: 1311-1318.
[28] Zhao J, Dong S T, Liu P, et al. Effects of long-term mixed application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on canopy apparent photosynthesis and yield of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(8): 2362-2370.赵隽, 董树亭, 刘鹏, 等. 有机无机肥长期定位配施对冬小麦群体光合特性及籽粒产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(8): 2362-2370.
[29] Zhang L J, Lu Q L, Bai Y L, et al. Effects of different patterns of fertilization and mulching on the post-anthesis dry matter remobilization, sugar metabolism and grain yield of winter wheat in dry lands. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(3): 149-160.张礼军, 鲁清林, 白玉龙, 等. 施肥和覆盖模式对旱地冬小麦花后干物质转移、糖代谢及其籽粒产量的影响. 草业学报, 2017, 26(3): 149-160.
[30] Simonetta F, Rosella M, Francesco G. The effect of nitrogenous fertiliser application on leaf traits in durum wheat in relation to grain yield and development. Field Crops Research, 2009, 10: 69-75.
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