日本农业适度规模经营推行背景、应对举措及对中国启示
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摘要
[目的]日本与中国同属于东亚小农社会,土地细碎化问题突出。日本采取了一系列措施推动农业规模化发展,而其中诸多举措对我国农业规模化经营具有重要启示和借鉴意义。[方法]以大量数据材料作为支撑,分析日本积极推进农业规模化经营的现实背景,总结其为应对食物自给率走低、农业人口大量流失、农户兼业化程度加剧、耕地大面积撂荒、务农劳动力高龄化等农业发展难题所采取的主要应对举措及其成效。[结果]日本政府持续创新改进农地制度,推动土地向农业法人经营体集聚;高度重视适用于山丘区和农村留守劳动力的中小型农机发展,有效提升了农业劳动生产率和缓解了农村土地抛荒问题;积极培育多元化农业经营主体,推动农业组织经营模式创新;全方位提升农业社会化服务水平,促进实现农业规模经济效益;多层次开展农业农村人才培育,化解农业接班人危机。[结论]中国正处于农地细碎化经营向适度规模经营转变发展的重要阶段,可充分借鉴日本成功经验,通过不断深化农村土地制度改革,加大对新型农业经营主体扶持力度,大力提升农业社会化服务运营效率,扎实推进新型职业农民队伍建设等举措,促进实现农业适度规模经营目标。
Both Japan and China belong to the small peasant society in East Asia,so the problem of land fragmentation is prominent for both countries. Japan has taken a series of measures to promote scale development of agriculture,many of the measures have important enlightenment and reference on the scale management of agriculture in China. Supported with mass data,this study analyzed the realistic background of Japan's active promotion of agricultural scale management,and summarized Japan's main measures and effectiveness of coping with the agricultural problems,such as low rate food self-sufficiency,great loss of agricultural population,massive increase in part time farming,large-scale abandonment of arable land and fast aging of farming labor force. The results showed that,the Japanese government promoted the land transfer to corporative agricultural business entities by continuously innovating and improving farm land system; effectively increased the agricultural productivity and alleviated the problem of rural land desertion by putting high value on the development of the small and medium sized agricultural machinery which is applicable for hilly areas and the rural left-behind labor force; promoted the innovation of agricultural organization operating mode by actively cultivating diversified agricultural business entities; helped to achieve agricultural economies of scale by improving all-round agricultural socialized services; relieved the agricultural successor crisis through multi-level cultivation of agricultural and rural talents. China is now at an important stage of transforming from fragment farmland management to moderate agricultural scale management,so it is suggested that China should learn from Japan's successful experiences of agricultural scale development,deepen the reform of rural land system,strengthen the supporting force for new agricultural management entities,enhance the operating efficiency of agricultural socialized service operation vigorously,and take solid steps to promote the team construction of new professional farmers,so as to promote the realization of the goal of moderate scale management of agriculture.
Both Japan and China belong to the small peasant society in East Asia,so the problem of land fragmentation is prominent for both countries. Japan has taken a series of measures to promote scale development of agriculture,many of the measures have important enlightenment and reference on the scale management of agriculture in China. Supported with mass data,this study analyzed the realistic background of Japan's active promotion of agricultural scale management,and summarized Japan's main measures and effectiveness of coping with the agricultural problems,such as low rate food self-sufficiency,great loss of agricultural population,massive increase in part time farming,large-scale abandonment of arable land and fast aging of farming labor force. The results showed that,the Japanese government promoted the land transfer to corporative agricultural business entities by continuously innovating and improving farm land system; effectively increased the agricultural productivity and alleviated the problem of rural land desertion by putting high value on the development of the small and medium sized agricultural machinery which is applicable for hilly areas and the rural left-behind labor force; promoted the innovation of agricultural organization operating mode by actively cultivating diversified agricultural business entities; helped to achieve agricultural economies of scale by improving all-round agricultural socialized services; relieved the agricultural successor crisis through multi-level cultivation of agricultural and rural talents. China is now at an important stage of transforming from fragment farmland management to moderate agricultural scale management,so it is suggested that China should learn from Japan's successful experiences of agricultural scale development,deepen the reform of rural land system,strengthen the supporting force for new agricultural management entities,enhance the operating efficiency of agricultural socialized service operation vigorously,and take solid steps to promote the team construction of new professional farmers,so as to promote the realization of the goal of moderate scale management of agriculture.
引文
[1]杨秀玉,刘平方.日本农地问题与农地制度改革.中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(1):231-236.
[2]潘希迁.基于食物自给率视角的日本农业现存问题的分析.世界农业,2017(1):58-65.
[3]赵颖文,吕火明.农业人口高龄化危机:日本应对措施及对中国的启示.农村经济,2014(12):120-125.
[4]董雪娇,汤惠君.国内外农地规模经营述评.中国农业资源与区划,2015,36(3):62-71.
[5]高强,孔祥智.日本农地制度改革背景、进程及手段的述评.现代日本经济,2013(2):81-93.
[6]汪先平.当代日本农村土地制度变迁及其启示.中国农村经济,2008(10):74-80.
[7]程郁,张云华.日本持续强化农地规模经营制应对农业问题.发展,2015(3):48-49,51.
[8]杨印生,陈旭.日本农业机械化经验分析.现代日本经济,2018,37(2):77-86.
[9]胡关子.村落营农:日本新型农业经营体.宏观经济研究,2016(1):154-159.
[10]刘丽,陈松柏,李杰,等.日本农业经营主体发展对我国山区农业适度规模经营的启示.贵州农业科学,2016,44(7):159-162.
[11]牛坤玉,李思经,钟钰.日本乡村振兴路径分析及对中国的启示.世界农业,2018(10):10-15.
[12]徐梅.日本农业现代化再探讨及启示.日本学刊,2018(5):103-122.
[13]李宾,孔祥智.我国农业生产经营的制度突破:日韩镜鉴与启示.改革,2015(1):119-131.
[14]曹斌.乡村振兴的日本实践:背景、措施与启示.中国农村经济,2018(8):117-129.
[15]相天起.日本农业生产法人制度借鉴及中国培育新型农业经营主体的演进思路.世界农业,2017(8):130-134.
[16]严金泉,柴玲欢,马建伟,等.日本农业发展模式及其对苏南乡村农业发展的启示.农业经济,2018(11):12-14.
[17]周忠丽,夏英.日韩农协发展探析.农业展望,2014,10(1):36-40.
(1)销售农户是指经营耕地面积在0.3hm2以上,或过去一年间农产品销售额达到50万日元以上的农户
(1)第一兼业户,农户家庭收入中的务农收入高于非务农收入;第二兼业户,农户家庭收入中务农收入低于非务农收入
(2)高龄化社会:指一个国家或地区的老龄化率超过21%;老龄化率超过50%的村落被称为“临界村落”
(1)按照日本农林普查定义,村落营农是指以农业集落为单位,各个分散的农户在协商的基础上联合起来,组成生产合作组织,在集中起来的土地上充分利用劳动力和机械设备等生产资料,实现农业生产的全面或部分合作
(1)2000年日本建立了“中山间等地区直接支付制度”,对于在“振兴八法”规定区域内经营面积超过1hm2,且与当地村落签订了5年以上农地承租合同的规模农户、农事组合法人、农协子公司等经营主体提供直接补贴
[2]潘希迁.基于食物自给率视角的日本农业现存问题的分析.世界农业,2017(1):58-65.
[3]赵颖文,吕火明.农业人口高龄化危机:日本应对措施及对中国的启示.农村经济,2014(12):120-125.
[4]董雪娇,汤惠君.国内外农地规模经营述评.中国农业资源与区划,2015,36(3):62-71.
[5]高强,孔祥智.日本农地制度改革背景、进程及手段的述评.现代日本经济,2013(2):81-93.
[6]汪先平.当代日本农村土地制度变迁及其启示.中国农村经济,2008(10):74-80.
[7]程郁,张云华.日本持续强化农地规模经营制应对农业问题.发展,2015(3):48-49,51.
[8]杨印生,陈旭.日本农业机械化经验分析.现代日本经济,2018,37(2):77-86.
[9]胡关子.村落营农:日本新型农业经营体.宏观经济研究,2016(1):154-159.
[10]刘丽,陈松柏,李杰,等.日本农业经营主体发展对我国山区农业适度规模经营的启示.贵州农业科学,2016,44(7):159-162.
[11]牛坤玉,李思经,钟钰.日本乡村振兴路径分析及对中国的启示.世界农业,2018(10):10-15.
[12]徐梅.日本农业现代化再探讨及启示.日本学刊,2018(5):103-122.
[13]李宾,孔祥智.我国农业生产经营的制度突破:日韩镜鉴与启示.改革,2015(1):119-131.
[14]曹斌.乡村振兴的日本实践:背景、措施与启示.中国农村经济,2018(8):117-129.
[15]相天起.日本农业生产法人制度借鉴及中国培育新型农业经营主体的演进思路.世界农业,2017(8):130-134.
[16]严金泉,柴玲欢,马建伟,等.日本农业发展模式及其对苏南乡村农业发展的启示.农业经济,2018(11):12-14.
[17]周忠丽,夏英.日韩农协发展探析.农业展望,2014,10(1):36-40.
(1)销售农户是指经营耕地面积在0.3hm2以上,或过去一年间农产品销售额达到50万日元以上的农户
(1)第一兼业户,农户家庭收入中的务农收入高于非务农收入;第二兼业户,农户家庭收入中务农收入低于非务农收入
(2)高龄化社会:指一个国家或地区的老龄化率超过21%;老龄化率超过50%的村落被称为“临界村落”
(1)按照日本农林普查定义,村落营农是指以农业集落为单位,各个分散的农户在协商的基础上联合起来,组成生产合作组织,在集中起来的土地上充分利用劳动力和机械设备等生产资料,实现农业生产的全面或部分合作
(1)2000年日本建立了“中山间等地区直接支付制度”,对于在“振兴八法”规定区域内经营面积超过1hm2,且与当地村落签订了5年以上农地承租合同的规模农户、农事组合法人、农协子公司等经营主体提供直接补贴
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