内蒙古河套平原灌区玉米适宜耕作方式研究
|
摘要
【目的】浅旋耕是内蒙古河套灌区常用的耕作方式,长期采用浅旋耕导致耕层变浅、犁底层变硬、土壤保水保肥能力下降。本文探索了翻耕和深松对内蒙古河套平原灌区不同产量水平下玉米农田土壤肥力的作用,以明确适宜本地区长期可持续的耕作技术。【方法】本研究在巴彦淖尔市黄河沿岸进行。选择了长期引黄灌溉,且分别采用浅旋耕(10—15 cm)、传统翻耕(20—30 cm)和深松(30—35 cm) 3种耕作措施及低、中、高3个产量水平地块。在玉米收获后,采集0—20、20—35和35—50 cm土层样品,测定土壤容重、土壤固液气三相比、土壤水分含量和养分含量,调查玉米产量,分析传统翻耕和深松对不同产量水平地块土壤质量及玉米产量的作用效果,以及不同产量水平地块采用深松和传统翻耕的增产潜力。【结果】3个产量水平土壤上,深松和翻耕较浅旋耕处理的土壤含水量分别提高7.25%～32.11%、5.36%～21.91%,土壤容重降低5.23%～8.61%、0.69%～4.91%,土壤固液气三相比R值降低12.24%～89.97%、7.30%～57.74%,土壤全氮含量提高了17.88%～55.60%、9.81%～22.25%,土壤速效磷含量提高21.23%～41.26%、10.84%～22.04%,土壤速效钾含量提高36.85%～71.99%、6.01%～50.99%,土壤有机质含量提高28.85%～54.14%、14.63%～36.38%;深松的效果显著好于传统翻耕。低、中、高产量水平地块采用深松,玉米的增产潜力分别为29.56%、25.37%、16.13%,采用传统翻耕分别为22.75%、16.96%、16.55%,采用深松的增产潜力大于采用翻耕。【结论】内蒙古河套平原耕作措施由浅旋耕改为深松与传统翻耕,能显著改善低、中、高产肥力地块土壤的理化特性,并提高玉米产量,其中深松效果均好于传统翻耕。低肥力与中肥力水平下采取深松耕作效果最佳,高肥力水平下深松与传统翻耕均可。
【Objectives】Shallow rotary tillage is common way in the Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia. The long term use of the tillage method has led to shallow top soil layer, hard plough pan and deteriorative water capacity. Plowing and subsoiling were attempted in this paper as alternative tillage in the area, so as to provide reference for the choice of suitable tillage methods for the sustainable use of farmland.【Methods】The tested fields located in the Yellow River coast of Bayannaoer, Inner Mongolia, where the maize production relies on irrigation heavily. The fields with maize yield of low(LY, <7500 kg/hm~2), middle(MY, 7500-12000 kg/hm~2) and high level(HY, >12000 kg/hm~2) were chosen, and rotary tillage(RT, 10-15 cm deep), plowing(F, 20-30 cm deep) and subsoiling tillage(S, 30-35 cm) were used in each yield level fields, forming a total of 9 treatments. Soil samples were collected in depth of 0-20, 20-35 and 35-50 cm in each plot. The soil bulk density, soil solid liquid gas, contents of water,total nitrogen, available P, readily available K and organic matter were measured, and the maize yields were investigated. The effects of subsoiling and plowing on soil quality and maize yield were compared with rotary tillage, and the yield increase potential using the two tillage methods were calculated.【Results】Compared with rotary tillage, both the subsoiling and plowing tillage improved soil physical and chemical characteristics and the yields of maize under different yield level farmland, and the effects were in order of subsoiling >plowing >shallow rotation. With the subsoiling and the plowing, soil moisture content was increased by 7.25%-32.11% and5.36%-21.91%, soil bulk density was decreased by 5.23%-8.61% and 0.69%-4.91%, the R value of solid/liquid/gaseous phases of soil was decreased by 12.24%-89.97% and 7.30%-57.74%, total nitrogen content of soil was increased by 17.88%-55.60% and 9.81%-22.25%, available phosphorus contents were increased by21.23%-41.26% and 10.84%-22.04%, readily available potassium contents were increased by 36.85%-71.99%and 6.01%-50.99%, and organic matter contents were increased by 28.85%-54.14% and 14.63%-36.38%. The yield increase potential of maize were 22.75%, 16.96%, 16.55% by using plowing tillage and were 29.56%,25.37%, 16.13% by using subsoiling tillage in the farmlands with low, middle and high yield levels.【Conclusions】In Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia, replacing shallow rotary tillage with subsoiling and plowing tillage will be able to improve the physical and chemical properties of farmlands, and further increase maize yield significantly, the effect of subsoiling is better than that of plowing. The subsoiling performs well in low and medium yield level of farmlands, and both subsoiling and plowing perform well in high yield farmland.
【Objectives】Shallow rotary tillage is common way in the Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia. The long term use of the tillage method has led to shallow top soil layer, hard plough pan and deteriorative water capacity. Plowing and subsoiling were attempted in this paper as alternative tillage in the area, so as to provide reference for the choice of suitable tillage methods for the sustainable use of farmland.【Methods】The tested fields located in the Yellow River coast of Bayannaoer, Inner Mongolia, where the maize production relies on irrigation heavily. The fields with maize yield of low(LY, <7500 kg/hm~2), middle(MY, 7500-12000 kg/hm~2) and high level(HY, >12000 kg/hm~2) were chosen, and rotary tillage(RT, 10-15 cm deep), plowing(F, 20-30 cm deep) and subsoiling tillage(S, 30-35 cm) were used in each yield level fields, forming a total of 9 treatments. Soil samples were collected in depth of 0-20, 20-35 and 35-50 cm in each plot. The soil bulk density, soil solid liquid gas, contents of water,total nitrogen, available P, readily available K and organic matter were measured, and the maize yields were investigated. The effects of subsoiling and plowing on soil quality and maize yield were compared with rotary tillage, and the yield increase potential using the two tillage methods were calculated.【Results】Compared with rotary tillage, both the subsoiling and plowing tillage improved soil physical and chemical characteristics and the yields of maize under different yield level farmland, and the effects were in order of subsoiling >plowing >shallow rotation. With the subsoiling and the plowing, soil moisture content was increased by 7.25%-32.11% and5.36%-21.91%, soil bulk density was decreased by 5.23%-8.61% and 0.69%-4.91%, the R value of solid/liquid/gaseous phases of soil was decreased by 12.24%-89.97% and 7.30%-57.74%, total nitrogen content of soil was increased by 17.88%-55.60% and 9.81%-22.25%, available phosphorus contents were increased by21.23%-41.26% and 10.84%-22.04%, readily available potassium contents were increased by 36.85%-71.99%and 6.01%-50.99%, and organic matter contents were increased by 28.85%-54.14% and 14.63%-36.38%. The yield increase potential of maize were 22.75%, 16.96%, 16.55% by using plowing tillage and were 29.56%,25.37%, 16.13% by using subsoiling tillage in the farmlands with low, middle and high yield levels.【Conclusions】In Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia, replacing shallow rotary tillage with subsoiling and plowing tillage will be able to improve the physical and chemical properties of farmlands, and further increase maize yield significantly, the effect of subsoiling is better than that of plowing. The subsoiling performs well in low and medium yield level of farmlands, and both subsoiling and plowing perform well in high yield farmland.
引文
[1]胡敏谦.内蒙古统计年鉴[M].中国统计出版社,2017.57-78 Hu M Q.Inner Mongolia statistical year book[M].China Statistics Press,2015.57-78.
[2]周江明,余华波,周海鹏,等.不同地力条件下不同养分水平对超级稻产量及养分利用率的影响[J].华北农学报,2008,23(s2):267-273.Zhou J M,Yu H B,Zhou H P,et al.Effects of different nutrient levels on the yield and nutrient utilization of super rice under different soil conditions[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2008,23(s2):267-273.
[3]郝远远,徐旭,任东阳,等.河套灌区土壤水盐和作物生长的HYDRUS-EPIC模型分布式模拟[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(11):110-116.Hao Y Y,Xu X,Ren D Y,et al.Distributed simulation of soil water,salt and crop growth in Hetao Irrigation Area by HYDRUS-EPIC model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(11):110-116.
[4]宫亮,孙文涛,包红静,等.不同耕作方式对土壤水分及玉米生长发育的影响[J].玉米科学,2011,19(3):118-120.Gong L,Sun W T,Bao H J,et al.Effects of different tillage methods on soil moisture and maize growth and development[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2011,19(3):118-120.
[5]郝远远,徐旭,黄权中,等.土壤水盐与玉米产量对地下水埋深及灌溉响应模拟[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(20):128-136.Hao Y Y,Xu X,Huang Q Z,et al.Simulation of groundwater depth and irrigation response to soil water,salt and maize yield[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(20):128-136.
[6]Nidal H Abu-Hamdeh.Compaction and subsoiling effects on corn growth and soil bulk density[J].Soil Science Society of America,2003,67(4):1212-1218.
[7]张玉玲,张玉龙,黄毅,等.辽西半干旱地区深松中耕对土壤养分及玉米产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(4):167-170.Zhang Y L,Zhang Y L,Huang Y,et al.Influence of deep pine and tillage on soil nutrient and maize yield in semi arid area of western Liaoning[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2009,27(4):167-170.
[8]巴彦淖尔市水务局.巴彦淖尔市水资源公报2012[R].巴彦淖尔:巴彦淖尔市水务局,2014.Bayannaoer Water Bureau.Water resources bulletin of Bayannaoer 2012[R].Bayannaoer:Bayannaoer Water Bureau,2014.
[9]李晓龙,高聚林,胡树平,等.不同深耕方式对土壤三相比及玉米根系构型的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(4):1-7.Li X L,Gao J L,Hu S P,et al.Effects of different deep tillage methods on soil three phase ratio and maize root system configuration[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2015,33(4):1-7.
[10]龚子同.中国土壤系统分类[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.474-479.Gong Z T.Classification of soil systems in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1999.474-479.
[11]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.37-154.Bao S D.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,1999.37-154.
[12]赵红香.秸秆还田与耕作方式对麦-玉两熟农田土壤质量和生产力的影响[D].山东泰安:山东农业大学硕士学位论文,2013.11-22.Zhao H X.Effects of tillage and straw returning patterns on soil quality and productivity in wheat-maize crop system[D].Tai'an,Shandong:MS Thesis of Shandong Agricultural University,2013.11-22.
[13]农业部.全国农业可持续发展规划(2015-2030年)[R].北京:农业部,2016.Ministry of Agriculture of China.National agricultural sustainability development planning(2015-2030)[R].Beijing:Ministry of Agriculture of China,2016.
[14]尹斌.深松深度对高产春玉米花粒期根冠特性及产量形成影响的研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2013.Yin B.Effect on root-shoot characteristics and production formation mechanism by deep loosening mode in the filling stage of high yield spring maize[D].Hohhot,Inner Mongolia:MS Thesis of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2013.
[15]张凤杰.高产春玉米土壤-根系-冠层对深松深度的响应变化[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2015.Zhang F J.The responding change of high yield spring maize soil-root-conopy system to chiseling depth[D].Hohhot,Inner Mongolia:MS Thesis of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2015.
[16]张峰.深翻及施氮量对高产春玉米光合性能及氮素利用的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2013.Zhang F.Effect of deep tillage and nitrogen application on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen use in high-yield spring maize[D].Hohhot,Inner Mongolia:MS Thesis of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2013.
[17]张丽.深松和培肥对旱地农田土壤水分保蓄能力及玉米生长的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2014.Zhang L.Study on capacity of soil moisture conservation and the response of maize growth in dryland[D].Beijing:PhD Dissertation of China Agricultural University,2014.
[18]Li X,Tang M J,Zhang D X,et al.Effects of sub-soiling on soil physical quality and corn yield[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(20):65-69.
[19]刘丹,张霞,李军,等.渭北旱塬农田不同耕作模式对土壤性状、玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(2):573-582.Liu D,Zhang X,Li J,et al.Effects of different tillage patterns on soil properties,maize yield and water use efficiency in Weibei Highland,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(2):573-582.
[20]王鸿斌,陈丽梅,赵兰坡,等.吉林玉米带现行耕作制度对黑土肥力退化的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(9):301-305.Wang H B,Cheng L M,Zhao L P,et al.Effect of current tillage system on the fertility degradation of black soil in Jilin corn belt[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(9):301-305.
[21]杭程光,黄玉祥,李伟,等.深松耕作阻力的影响因素分析与减阻策略[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2016,44(11):202-208.Hang C G,Huang Y X,Li W,et al.Analysis of factors affecting the resistance of deep loosening tillage and the strategy of drag reduction[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2016,44(11):202-208.
[22]战秀梅,彭靖,李秀龙,等.耕作及秸秆还田方式对春玉米产量及土壤理化性状的影响[J].华北农学报,2014,29(3):204-209.Zhan X M,Peng J,Li X L,et al.Effects of tillage and straw returning to yield and soil physical and chemical properties of spring maize[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2014,29(3):204-209.
[23]何鑫.不同耕作方式对农田黑土理化性质及玉米叶片PSⅡ功能的影响[D].黑龙江哈尔滨:东北农业大学硕士学位论文,2017.He X.Effects of different tillage on physicochemical properties of farmland mollisoil and PSⅡfunction of maize leaves[D].Harbin,Heilongjiang:MS Thesis of Northeast Agricultural University,2017.
[24]王淑兰,王浩,李娟,等.不同耕作方式下长期秸秆还田对旱作春玉米田土壤碳、氮、水含量及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(5):1530-1540.Wang S L,Wang H,Li J,et al.Effects of long-term straw returning on soil carbon,nitrogen and water content and yield in spring maize field under different tillage methods[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(5):1530-1540.
[25]王旭东,张霞,王彦丽,等.不同耕作方式对黄土高原黑垆土有机碳库组成的影响[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(11):229-237.Wang X D,Zhang X,Wang Y L,et al.Effects of different tillage methods on soil organic carbon pool composition in dark loessial soil on loess plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(11):229-237.
[2]周江明,余华波,周海鹏,等.不同地力条件下不同养分水平对超级稻产量及养分利用率的影响[J].华北农学报,2008,23(s2):267-273.Zhou J M,Yu H B,Zhou H P,et al.Effects of different nutrient levels on the yield and nutrient utilization of super rice under different soil conditions[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2008,23(s2):267-273.
[3]郝远远,徐旭,任东阳,等.河套灌区土壤水盐和作物生长的HYDRUS-EPIC模型分布式模拟[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(11):110-116.Hao Y Y,Xu X,Ren D Y,et al.Distributed simulation of soil water,salt and crop growth in Hetao Irrigation Area by HYDRUS-EPIC model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(11):110-116.
[4]宫亮,孙文涛,包红静,等.不同耕作方式对土壤水分及玉米生长发育的影响[J].玉米科学,2011,19(3):118-120.Gong L,Sun W T,Bao H J,et al.Effects of different tillage methods on soil moisture and maize growth and development[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2011,19(3):118-120.
[5]郝远远,徐旭,黄权中,等.土壤水盐与玉米产量对地下水埋深及灌溉响应模拟[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(20):128-136.Hao Y Y,Xu X,Huang Q Z,et al.Simulation of groundwater depth and irrigation response to soil water,salt and maize yield[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(20):128-136.
[6]Nidal H Abu-Hamdeh.Compaction and subsoiling effects on corn growth and soil bulk density[J].Soil Science Society of America,2003,67(4):1212-1218.
[7]张玉玲,张玉龙,黄毅,等.辽西半干旱地区深松中耕对土壤养分及玉米产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(4):167-170.Zhang Y L,Zhang Y L,Huang Y,et al.Influence of deep pine and tillage on soil nutrient and maize yield in semi arid area of western Liaoning[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2009,27(4):167-170.
[8]巴彦淖尔市水务局.巴彦淖尔市水资源公报2012[R].巴彦淖尔:巴彦淖尔市水务局,2014.Bayannaoer Water Bureau.Water resources bulletin of Bayannaoer 2012[R].Bayannaoer:Bayannaoer Water Bureau,2014.
[9]李晓龙,高聚林,胡树平,等.不同深耕方式对土壤三相比及玉米根系构型的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(4):1-7.Li X L,Gao J L,Hu S P,et al.Effects of different deep tillage methods on soil three phase ratio and maize root system configuration[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2015,33(4):1-7.
[10]龚子同.中国土壤系统分类[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.474-479.Gong Z T.Classification of soil systems in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1999.474-479.
[11]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.37-154.Bao S D.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,1999.37-154.
[12]赵红香.秸秆还田与耕作方式对麦-玉两熟农田土壤质量和生产力的影响[D].山东泰安:山东农业大学硕士学位论文,2013.11-22.Zhao H X.Effects of tillage and straw returning patterns on soil quality and productivity in wheat-maize crop system[D].Tai'an,Shandong:MS Thesis of Shandong Agricultural University,2013.11-22.
[13]农业部.全国农业可持续发展规划(2015-2030年)[R].北京:农业部,2016.Ministry of Agriculture of China.National agricultural sustainability development planning(2015-2030)[R].Beijing:Ministry of Agriculture of China,2016.
[14]尹斌.深松深度对高产春玉米花粒期根冠特性及产量形成影响的研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2013.Yin B.Effect on root-shoot characteristics and production formation mechanism by deep loosening mode in the filling stage of high yield spring maize[D].Hohhot,Inner Mongolia:MS Thesis of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2013.
[15]张凤杰.高产春玉米土壤-根系-冠层对深松深度的响应变化[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2015.Zhang F J.The responding change of high yield spring maize soil-root-conopy system to chiseling depth[D].Hohhot,Inner Mongolia:MS Thesis of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2015.
[16]张峰.深翻及施氮量对高产春玉米光合性能及氮素利用的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2013.Zhang F.Effect of deep tillage and nitrogen application on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen use in high-yield spring maize[D].Hohhot,Inner Mongolia:MS Thesis of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2013.
[17]张丽.深松和培肥对旱地农田土壤水分保蓄能力及玉米生长的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2014.Zhang L.Study on capacity of soil moisture conservation and the response of maize growth in dryland[D].Beijing:PhD Dissertation of China Agricultural University,2014.
[18]Li X,Tang M J,Zhang D X,et al.Effects of sub-soiling on soil physical quality and corn yield[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(20):65-69.
[19]刘丹,张霞,李军,等.渭北旱塬农田不同耕作模式对土壤性状、玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(2):573-582.Liu D,Zhang X,Li J,et al.Effects of different tillage patterns on soil properties,maize yield and water use efficiency in Weibei Highland,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(2):573-582.
[20]王鸿斌,陈丽梅,赵兰坡,等.吉林玉米带现行耕作制度对黑土肥力退化的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(9):301-305.Wang H B,Cheng L M,Zhao L P,et al.Effect of current tillage system on the fertility degradation of black soil in Jilin corn belt[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(9):301-305.
[21]杭程光,黄玉祥,李伟,等.深松耕作阻力的影响因素分析与减阻策略[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2016,44(11):202-208.Hang C G,Huang Y X,Li W,et al.Analysis of factors affecting the resistance of deep loosening tillage and the strategy of drag reduction[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2016,44(11):202-208.
[22]战秀梅,彭靖,李秀龙,等.耕作及秸秆还田方式对春玉米产量及土壤理化性状的影响[J].华北农学报,2014,29(3):204-209.Zhan X M,Peng J,Li X L,et al.Effects of tillage and straw returning to yield and soil physical and chemical properties of spring maize[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2014,29(3):204-209.
[23]何鑫.不同耕作方式对农田黑土理化性质及玉米叶片PSⅡ功能的影响[D].黑龙江哈尔滨:东北农业大学硕士学位论文,2017.He X.Effects of different tillage on physicochemical properties of farmland mollisoil and PSⅡfunction of maize leaves[D].Harbin,Heilongjiang:MS Thesis of Northeast Agricultural University,2017.
[24]王淑兰,王浩,李娟,等.不同耕作方式下长期秸秆还田对旱作春玉米田土壤碳、氮、水含量及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(5):1530-1540.Wang S L,Wang H,Li J,et al.Effects of long-term straw returning on soil carbon,nitrogen and water content and yield in spring maize field under different tillage methods[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(5):1530-1540.
[25]王旭东,张霞,王彦丽,等.不同耕作方式对黄土高原黑垆土有机碳库组成的影响[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(11):229-237.Wang X D,Zhang X,Wang Y L,et al.Effects of different tillage methods on soil organic carbon pool composition in dark loessial soil on loess plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(11):229-237.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |