玉米秸秆循环流化床气化炉气化工艺参数优化
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摘要
为实现秸秆类农业生物质废弃物的高效清洁能源化转化利用,采用带有二级返料系统的循环流化床气化炉对玉米秸秆进行了气化试验。在二级返料系统开启及闭合条件下,选取空气当量比为0.20～0.35,研究空气当量比对玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,结果表明二级返料系统开启及闭合两种工况均在空气当量比为0.26时取得较优值,二级返料系统开启时具有较好的气化效果,碳转化率与气化效率最大值分别达到93.54%与77.06%。在二级返料系统开启状态下,试验研究了水蒸气配比对玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,结果表明以空气为主气化介质,辅助以水蒸气气化,可以有效改善气化燃气品质,提升气化效率。当空气当量比为0.26、水蒸气配比为0.2时,玉米秸秆空气—水蒸气气化具有较好的气化特性,燃气热值与气化效率分别达到最大值5.89MJ/m3与81.45%。典型工况条件下的焦油蒸馏馏分分析结果表明,提高气化炉反应温度,并保持一定的水蒸气气化环境,可促进焦油裂解转化。试验可为秸秆类生物质的高效清洁转化利用提供参考依据。
Large quantities of crop stalk resources are produced in China every year, and some of the stalks are incinerated, which pollutes the environment. Biomass gasification is attracting a great deal of attention as a way of utilizing biomass waste. In this study, a circulating fluidized bed experimental system was designed and constructed with a treating capacity of 150 kg/h, which equipped with secondary back-feeding device, steam generator and air preheater. The influences of secondary back-feeding device on the gasification performance were investigated with corn stalk after crushing and drying pretreatment as biomass feedstock. The effects of air equivalence ratio(ER) within 0.20～0.35 on gasifier temperature, tar content, gas composition, carbon conversion rate and gasification efficiency were investigated when the secondary back-feeding device was closed and open. The gasification reaction was promoted by increasing ER, and gasification efficiency and carbon conversion showed a trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing. The results showed that good gasification results were both obtained at ER of 0.26. When the secondary back-feeding device was closed, the maximum carbon conversion rate and gasification efficiency were 91.19% and 72.95%, respectively. Whereas the carbon conversion rate and gasification efficiency were higher when the secondary back-feeding device was open, which was up to 93.54% and 77.06%, respectively. The experimental results also showed that secondary back-feeding device had a good effect on tar cracking. When the secondary back-feeding device was closed and open, the tar content in gas was 7.5 g/m3 and 4.5 g/m3 at ER of 0.26, respectively, which meant that tar content can be decreased by 40% when secondary back-feeding system was open. The effects of steam/biomass ratio(S/B) on gasification characteristics were investigated when the secondary back-feeding device was open. The results showed that gas quality and gasification efficiency were improved with air as main gasifying agent and steam assisted. The better operation conditions of the corn stalk gasification were 0.26 of ER and 0.2 of S/B, and gas calorific value and gasification efficiency reached to maximum value of 5.89 MJ/m3 and 81.45%, respectively. The results of tar distillation analysis under typical operating conditions indicated that the pyrolysis conversion of tar was promoted by increasing the reaction temperature of gasifier and maintaining a certain amount of water vapor in the gasifier. The experiment can provide reference for efficient and clean transformation and utilization of straw biomass.
Large quantities of crop stalk resources are produced in China every year, and some of the stalks are incinerated, which pollutes the environment. Biomass gasification is attracting a great deal of attention as a way of utilizing biomass waste. In this study, a circulating fluidized bed experimental system was designed and constructed with a treating capacity of 150 kg/h, which equipped with secondary back-feeding device, steam generator and air preheater. The influences of secondary back-feeding device on the gasification performance were investigated with corn stalk after crushing and drying pretreatment as biomass feedstock. The effects of air equivalence ratio(ER) within 0.20～0.35 on gasifier temperature, tar content, gas composition, carbon conversion rate and gasification efficiency were investigated when the secondary back-feeding device was closed and open. The gasification reaction was promoted by increasing ER, and gasification efficiency and carbon conversion showed a trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing. The results showed that good gasification results were both obtained at ER of 0.26. When the secondary back-feeding device was closed, the maximum carbon conversion rate and gasification efficiency were 91.19% and 72.95%, respectively. Whereas the carbon conversion rate and gasification efficiency were higher when the secondary back-feeding device was open, which was up to 93.54% and 77.06%, respectively. The experimental results also showed that secondary back-feeding device had a good effect on tar cracking. When the secondary back-feeding device was closed and open, the tar content in gas was 7.5 g/m3 and 4.5 g/m3 at ER of 0.26, respectively, which meant that tar content can be decreased by 40% when secondary back-feeding system was open. The effects of steam/biomass ratio(S/B) on gasification characteristics were investigated when the secondary back-feeding device was open. The results showed that gas quality and gasification efficiency were improved with air as main gasifying agent and steam assisted. The better operation conditions of the corn stalk gasification were 0.26 of ER and 0.2 of S/B, and gas calorific value and gasification efficiency reached to maximum value of 5.89 MJ/m3 and 81.45%, respectively. The results of tar distillation analysis under typical operating conditions indicated that the pyrolysis conversion of tar was promoted by increasing the reaction temperature of gasifier and maintaining a certain amount of water vapor in the gasifier. The experiment can provide reference for efficient and clean transformation and utilization of straw biomass.
引文
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[9]Molino A,Chianese S,Musmarra D.Biomass gasification technology:The state of the art overview[J].Journal of Energy Chemistry,2016,25(1):10-25.
[10]Gai Chao,Dong Yuping.Experimental study on non-woody biomass gasification in a downdraft gasifier[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(6):4935-4944.
[11]Yin Renzhan,Liu Ronghou,Wu Jinkai,et al.Influence of particle size on performance of a pilot-scale fixed-bed gasification system[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,119:15-21.
[12]Guo Feiqiang,Dong Yuping,Dong Lei,et al.Effect of design and operating parameters on the gasification process of biomass in a downdraft fixed bed:An experimental study[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2014,39(11):5625-5633.
[13]亚力昆江·吐尔逊,潘岳,别尔德汗·瓦提汗,等.基于热解-重整-燃烧解耦三床气化系统的生物质催化制富氢气体[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(17):222-228.Yalkunjan Tursun,Pan Yue,Bieerdehan Watihan,et al.Catalytic biomass gasification for hydrogen rich gas production in decoupled-triple-bed gasification system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(17):222-228.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]曾曦,敖先权,曹阳,等.空气-水蒸气对玉米秸秆与煤流化床共气化的影响[J].过程工程学报,2017,17(3):551-557.Zeng Xi,Ao Xianquan,Cao Yang,et al.Effect of air vapor on co-gasification of corn stalks and coal in fluidized-bed[J].The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering,2017,17(3):551-557.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]于杰,董玉平,常加富,等.玉米秸秆循环流化床气化中试试验[J].化工进展,2018,37(8):2970-2975.Yu Jie,Dong Yuping,Chang Jiafu,et al.Pilot experiment of gasification of corn straw in circulating fluidized bed[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2018,37(8):2970-2975.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]范鹏飞,李景东,刘艳涛,等.感冒清热颗粒中药渣中试规模循环流化床气化实验[J].化工进展,2014,33(8):1979-1985,1991.Fan Pengfei,Li Jingdong,Liu Yantao,et al.Experimental study of gasification of herb residues of ganmaoqingre granules in pilot-scale dual-loop circulating fluidized bed[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2014,33(8):1979-1985,1991.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]董玉平,张彤辉,常加富,等.中药渣双回路循环流化床气化试验[J].天然气工业,2013,33(10):127-133.Dong Yuping,Zhang Tonghui,Chang Jiafu,et al.An experimental study of gasification of herb residues in a circulating fluidized bed with a secondary back feeding device[J].Natural Gas Industry,2013,33(10):127-133.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]杨帅,张兆玲,孟剑峰,等.循环流化床中菌渣热解气化特性的研究[J].高校化学工程学报,2015,29(4):997-1002.Yang Shuai,Zhang Zhaoling,Meng Jianfeng,et al.Study on pyrolysis gasification of fungus residues in circulating fluidized beds[J].Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese University,2015,29(4):997-1002.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]胡二峰,赵立欣,吴娟,等.生物质热解影响因素及技术研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(14):212-220.Hu Erfeng,Zhao Lixin,Wu Juan,et al.Research advance on influence factors and technologies of biomass pyrolysis[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(14):212-220.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]孙佳伟.稻壳/木屑焦水蒸气高温气化反应特性[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学,2016.Sun Jiawei.The Characteristic Research on Rice Husk and Sawdust Char High-temperature Gasification Reaction with Steam[D].Harbin:Harbin University of Science and Technology,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Zeng Xi,Shao Ruyi,Wang Fang,et al.Industrial demonstration plant for the gasification of herb residue by fluidized bed two-stage process[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,206:93-98.
[22]Zeng Xi,Dong Yuping,Wang Fang,et al.Fluidized bed two-stage gasification process for clean fuel gas production from herb residue:Fundamentals and demonstration[J].Energy Fuels,2016,30(9):7277-7283.
[23]Guo Feiqiang,Dong Yuping,Zhang Tonghui,et al.Experimental study on herb residue gasification in an airblown circulating fluidized bed gasifier[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2014,53(34):13264-13273.
[24]于杰,王成泉,于圣涛,等.玉米秸秆循环流化床热解气化试验[J].新能源进展,2018,6(1):14-20.Yu Jie,Wang Chengquan,Yu Shengtao,et al.Experimental study on gasification of corn straw in circulating fluidized bed[J].Advances in New and Renewable Energy,2018,6(1):14-20.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]车德勇,李少华,韩宁宁,等.生物质流化床空气-水蒸气气化模拟[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(35):101-107.Che Deyong,Li Shaohua,Han Ningning,et al.Numerical simulation of biomass gasification with air and steam as the agent in fluidized bed gasifiers[J].Proceedings of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering(Proceedings of the CSEE),2012,32(35):101-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]常加富,董玉平,刘庆磊,等.文丘里洗涤器净化生物质燃气流场数值模拟及试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(21):186-192.Chang Jiafu,Dong Yuping,Liu Qinglei,et al,Experimental study and numerical simulation on flow field of venture scrubber purifying biomass gas[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(21):186-192.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Palma C F.Modelling of tar formation and evolution for biomass gasification:A review[J].Applied Energy,2013,111:129-141.
[28]Zhang Yunliang,Wu Wenguang,Zhao Shanhui,et al.Experimental study on pyrolysis tar removal over rice straw char and inner pore structure evolution of char[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2015,134:333-344.
[29]Duman G,Uddin M,Yanik J.The effect of char properties on gasification reactivity[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2014,118:75-81.
[30]Minkova V,Razvigorova M,Bjornbom E,et al.Effect of water vapour and biomass nature on the yield and quality of the pyrolysis products from biomass[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2001,70(1):53-61.
[31]Wang Pengfei,Jin Lijun,Liu Jiahe,et al.Analysis of coal tar derived from pyrolysis at different atmospheres[J].Fuel,2013,104:14-21.
[2]国家统计局.2016年中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.
[3]刘朝霞,牛文娟,楚合营,等.秸秆热解工艺优化与生物炭理化特性分析[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(5):196-203.Liu Zhaoxia,Niu Wenjuan,Chu Heying,et al.Process optimization for straws pyrolysis and analysis of biochar physiochemical properties[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(5):196-203.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]石祖梁,刘璐璐,王飞,等.我国农作物秸秆综合利用发展模式及政策建议[J].中国农业科技导报,2016,18(6):16-22.Shi Zuliang,Liu Lulu,Wang Fei,et al.Development model and policy proposal for comprehensive utilization of crop straw in China[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2016,18(6):16-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]张齐生,马中青,周建斌.生物质气化技术的再认识[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2013,37(1):1-10.Zhang Qisheng,Ma Zhongqing,Zhou Jianbin.History,challenge and solution of biomass gasification:A review[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Science Edition,2013,37(1):1-10.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]Meng Xiaoxiao,Sun Rui,Ismail T M,et a1.Assessment of primary air on corn straw in a fixed bed combustion using Eulerian-Eulerian approach[J].Energy,2018,151:501-519.
[7]Widjaya E R,Chen Guangnan,Bowtell L,et al.Gasification of non-woody biomass:A literature review[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2018,89:184-193.
[8]Watsona J,Zhang Yuanhui,Si Buchun,et al.Gasification of biowaste:A critical review and outlooks[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2018,83:1-17.
[9]Molino A,Chianese S,Musmarra D.Biomass gasification technology:The state of the art overview[J].Journal of Energy Chemistry,2016,25(1):10-25.
[10]Gai Chao,Dong Yuping.Experimental study on non-woody biomass gasification in a downdraft gasifier[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(6):4935-4944.
[11]Yin Renzhan,Liu Ronghou,Wu Jinkai,et al.Influence of particle size on performance of a pilot-scale fixed-bed gasification system[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,119:15-21.
[12]Guo Feiqiang,Dong Yuping,Dong Lei,et al.Effect of design and operating parameters on the gasification process of biomass in a downdraft fixed bed:An experimental study[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2014,39(11):5625-5633.
[13]亚力昆江·吐尔逊,潘岳,别尔德汗·瓦提汗,等.基于热解-重整-燃烧解耦三床气化系统的生物质催化制富氢气体[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(17):222-228.Yalkunjan Tursun,Pan Yue,Bieerdehan Watihan,et al.Catalytic biomass gasification for hydrogen rich gas production in decoupled-triple-bed gasification system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(17):222-228.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]曾曦,敖先权,曹阳,等.空气-水蒸气对玉米秸秆与煤流化床共气化的影响[J].过程工程学报,2017,17(3):551-557.Zeng Xi,Ao Xianquan,Cao Yang,et al.Effect of air vapor on co-gasification of corn stalks and coal in fluidized-bed[J].The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering,2017,17(3):551-557.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]于杰,董玉平,常加富,等.玉米秸秆循环流化床气化中试试验[J].化工进展,2018,37(8):2970-2975.Yu Jie,Dong Yuping,Chang Jiafu,et al.Pilot experiment of gasification of corn straw in circulating fluidized bed[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2018,37(8):2970-2975.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]范鹏飞,李景东,刘艳涛,等.感冒清热颗粒中药渣中试规模循环流化床气化实验[J].化工进展,2014,33(8):1979-1985,1991.Fan Pengfei,Li Jingdong,Liu Yantao,et al.Experimental study of gasification of herb residues of ganmaoqingre granules in pilot-scale dual-loop circulating fluidized bed[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2014,33(8):1979-1985,1991.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]董玉平,张彤辉,常加富,等.中药渣双回路循环流化床气化试验[J].天然气工业,2013,33(10):127-133.Dong Yuping,Zhang Tonghui,Chang Jiafu,et al.An experimental study of gasification of herb residues in a circulating fluidized bed with a secondary back feeding device[J].Natural Gas Industry,2013,33(10):127-133.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]杨帅,张兆玲,孟剑峰,等.循环流化床中菌渣热解气化特性的研究[J].高校化学工程学报,2015,29(4):997-1002.Yang Shuai,Zhang Zhaoling,Meng Jianfeng,et al.Study on pyrolysis gasification of fungus residues in circulating fluidized beds[J].Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese University,2015,29(4):997-1002.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]胡二峰,赵立欣,吴娟,等.生物质热解影响因素及技术研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(14):212-220.Hu Erfeng,Zhao Lixin,Wu Juan,et al.Research advance on influence factors and technologies of biomass pyrolysis[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(14):212-220.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]孙佳伟.稻壳/木屑焦水蒸气高温气化反应特性[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学,2016.Sun Jiawei.The Characteristic Research on Rice Husk and Sawdust Char High-temperature Gasification Reaction with Steam[D].Harbin:Harbin University of Science and Technology,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Zeng Xi,Shao Ruyi,Wang Fang,et al.Industrial demonstration plant for the gasification of herb residue by fluidized bed two-stage process[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,206:93-98.
[22]Zeng Xi,Dong Yuping,Wang Fang,et al.Fluidized bed two-stage gasification process for clean fuel gas production from herb residue:Fundamentals and demonstration[J].Energy Fuels,2016,30(9):7277-7283.
[23]Guo Feiqiang,Dong Yuping,Zhang Tonghui,et al.Experimental study on herb residue gasification in an airblown circulating fluidized bed gasifier[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2014,53(34):13264-13273.
[24]于杰,王成泉,于圣涛,等.玉米秸秆循环流化床热解气化试验[J].新能源进展,2018,6(1):14-20.Yu Jie,Wang Chengquan,Yu Shengtao,et al.Experimental study on gasification of corn straw in circulating fluidized bed[J].Advances in New and Renewable Energy,2018,6(1):14-20.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]车德勇,李少华,韩宁宁,等.生物质流化床空气-水蒸气气化模拟[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(35):101-107.Che Deyong,Li Shaohua,Han Ningning,et al.Numerical simulation of biomass gasification with air and steam as the agent in fluidized bed gasifiers[J].Proceedings of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering(Proceedings of the CSEE),2012,32(35):101-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]常加富,董玉平,刘庆磊,等.文丘里洗涤器净化生物质燃气流场数值模拟及试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(21):186-192.Chang Jiafu,Dong Yuping,Liu Qinglei,et al,Experimental study and numerical simulation on flow field of venture scrubber purifying biomass gas[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(21):186-192.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Palma C F.Modelling of tar formation and evolution for biomass gasification:A review[J].Applied Energy,2013,111:129-141.
[28]Zhang Yunliang,Wu Wenguang,Zhao Shanhui,et al.Experimental study on pyrolysis tar removal over rice straw char and inner pore structure evolution of char[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2015,134:333-344.
[29]Duman G,Uddin M,Yanik J.The effect of char properties on gasification reactivity[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2014,118:75-81.
[30]Minkova V,Razvigorova M,Bjornbom E,et al.Effect of water vapour and biomass nature on the yield and quality of the pyrolysis products from biomass[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2001,70(1):53-61.
[31]Wang Pengfei,Jin Lijun,Liu Jiahe,et al.Analysis of coal tar derived from pyrolysis at different atmospheres[J].Fuel,2013,104:14-21.
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