Effect of CeO_2 on heat transfer and crystallization behavior of rare earth alloy steel mold fluxes
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摘要
To improve the heat transfer capability and the crystallization property of the traditional mold flux, CaF_2 was replaced with B_2O_3. Then, the influences of CeO_2 on the heat transfer and the crystallization of the CaF_2-bearing mold flux and the new mold flux with 10 wt% B_2O_3 were studied using a slag film heat flux simulator and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The results revealed that the addition of CeO2 reduced the heat transfer by increasing the solid slag thickness and the crystallization of two mold fluxes. However, CeO_2 had less effect on the B_2O_3-containing mold flux compared with the CaF_2-bearing mold flux. According to the analyses, the CeO_2 contents in the CaF_2-bearing mold flux and the B_2O_3-containing mold flux should not exceed 8 wt% and 12 wt%, respectively. Therefore, these experimental results are beneficial to improve and develop the mold flux for casting rare earth alloy steels.
To improve the heat transfer capability and the crystallization property of the traditional mold flux, CaF_2 was replaced with B_2O_3. Then, the influences of CeO_2 on the heat transfer and the crystallization of the CaF_2-bearing mold flux and the new mold flux with 10 wt% B_2O_3 were studied using a slag film heat flux simulator and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The results revealed that the addition of CeO2 reduced the heat transfer by increasing the solid slag thickness and the crystallization of two mold fluxes. However, CeO_2 had less effect on the B_2O_3-containing mold flux compared with the CaF_2-bearing mold flux. According to the analyses, the CeO_2 contents in the CaF_2-bearing mold flux and the B_2O_3-containing mold flux should not exceed 8 wt% and 12 wt%, respectively. Therefore, these experimental results are beneficial to improve and develop the mold flux for casting rare earth alloy steels.
To improve the heat transfer capability and the crystallization property of the traditional mold flux, CaF_2 was replaced with B_2O_3. Then, the influences of CeO_2 on the heat transfer and the crystallization of the CaF_2-bearing mold flux and the new mold flux with 10 wt% B_2O_3 were studied using a slag film heat flux simulator and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The results revealed that the addition of CeO2 reduced the heat transfer by increasing the solid slag thickness and the crystallization of two mold fluxes. However, CeO_2 had less effect on the B_2O_3-containing mold flux compared with the CaF_2-bearing mold flux. According to the analyses, the CeO_2 contents in the CaF_2-bearing mold flux and the B_2O_3-containing mold flux should not exceed 8 wt% and 12 wt%, respectively. Therefore, these experimental results are beneficial to improve and develop the mold flux for casting rare earth alloy steels.
引文
[1]G.Xia,H.P.Narzt,Ch.Fürst,K.M?rwald,J.Moertl,P.Reisinger,and L.Lindenberger,Investigation of mould thermal behaviour by means of mould instrumentation,Ironmaking Steelmaking,31(2004),No.5,p.364.
[2]J.Mahmoudi,Mathematical modelling of fluid flow,heat transfer and solidification in a strip continuous casting process,Int.J.Cast Met.Res.,19(2006),No.4,p.223.
[3]J.Diao,B.Xie,J.P.Xiao,and C.Q.Ji,Radiative heat transfer in transition metal oxides contained in mold fluxes,ISIJ Int.,49(2009),No.11,p.1710.
[4]X.D.Wang,L.W.Kong,F.M.Du,Y.Liu,X.Y.Zang,and M.Yao,Prediction on lubrication and friction of mold flux based on inverse problem in a continuous slab casting process,ISIJInt.,54(2014),No.12,p.2806.
[5]L.M.Wang,Q.Lin,L.J.Yue,L.Liu,F.Guo,and F.M.Wang,Study of application of rare earth elements in advanced low alloy steels,J.Alloys Compd.,451(2008),No.1-2,p.534.
[6]Y.Huang,G.G.Cheng,and Y.Xie,Modification mechanism of cerium on the inclusions in drill steel,Acta Metall.Sin.,54(2018),No.9,p.1253.
[7]H.Torkamani,S.Raygan,C.Garcia-Mateo,J.Rassizadehghani,Y.Palizdar,and D.San-Martin,Evolution of pearlite microstructure in Low-Carbon cast microalloyed steel due to the addition of La and Ce,Metall.Mater.Trans.A,49(2018),No.10,p.4495.
[8]X.H.Li,C.L.Li,and Y.S.Wang.Influence of rare earth on the mould flux peoperties,Chin.Rare Earths,24(2003),No.5,p.18.
[9]D.Y.Wang,M.F.Jiang,C.J.Liu,P.Y.Shi,Y.K.Yao,and H.H.Wang,Effects of rare earth oxide on viscosity of mold fluxes for continuous casting,J.Rare Earths,23(2005),No.1,p.68.
[10]F.Zhang,Y.Chen,Y.C.Wang,F.Dong,and M.Q.Wu,Influence of La2O3 on crystallization behavior of free-fluoride mould flux and heat transfer of slag films,J.Rare Earths,29(2011),No.2,p.173.
[11]J.Qi,C.J.Liu,C.L.Li,and M.F.Jiang,Viscous properties of new mould flux based on aluminate system with Ce O2 for continuous casting of RE alloyed heat resistant steel,J.Rare Earths,34(2016),No.3,p.328.
[12]J.Qi,C.J.Liu,C.Zhang,and M.F.Jiang,Effect of Ce2O3 on structure,viscosity,and crystalline phase of Ca O?Al2O3?Li2O?Ce2O3 slags,Metall.Mater.Trans.B,48(2017),No.1,p.11.
[13]C.L.Li,Y.S.Wang,J.J.Chen,C.J.Liu,and M.F.Jiang,Effects of rare earth on structure and mechanical properties of clean BNbRE steel,J.Rare Earths,23(2005),No.4,p.470.
[14]L.M.Wang,Q.Lin,J.W.Ji,and D.N.Lan,New study concerning development of application of rare earth metals in steels,J.Alloys Compd.,408-412(2006),p.384.
[15]C.J.Liu,Y.H.Huang,and M.F.Jiang,Effects and mechanisms of RE on impact toughness and fracture toughness of clean heavy rail steel,J.Iron Steel Res.Int.,18(2011),No.3,p.52.
[16]S.M.Shariff,T.K.Pal,G.Padmanabham,and S.V.Joshi,Influence of chemical composition and prior microstructure on diode laser hardening of railroad steels,Surf.Coat.Technol.,228(2013),p.14.
[17]M.L.Cheng,Y.S.Song,L.Xu,X.F.Shi,B.C.Liu,C.Lu,and S.Chen,Effect of RE compound modification on properties and as-cast microstructure of high carbon-chromium alloy steel,Spec.Cast.Nonferrous Alloys,34(2014),No.7,p.700.
[18]A.B.Fox,K.C.Mills,D.Lever,C.Bezerra,C.Valadares,I.Unamuno,J.J.Laraudogoitia,and J.Gisby,Development of fluoride-free fluxes for billet casting,ISIJ Int.,45(2005),No.7,p.1051.
[19]X.Yu,G.H.Wen,P.Tang,and H.Wang,Investigation on viscosity of mould fluxes during continuous casting of aluminium containing TRIP steels,Ironmaking Steelmaking,36(2009),No.8,p.623.
[20]L.J.Zhou,W.L.Wang,B.X.Lu,G.H.Wen,and J.Yang,Effect of basicity and B2O3 on viscosity,melting and crystallization behaviors of low fluorine mold fluxes for casting medium carbon steels,Met.Mater.Int.,21(2015),No.1,p.126.
[21]K.C.Mills,Structure and properties of slags used in the continuous casting of steel:Part 2 specialist mould powders,ISIJInt.,56(2016),No.1,p.14.
[22]D.T.Stone and B.G.Thomas,Measurement and modeling of heat transfer across interfacial mold flux layers,Can.Metall.Q.,38(1999),No.5,p.363.
[23]C.A.M.Pinheiro,I.V.Samarasekera,J.K.Brimacombe,and B.N.Walker,Mould heat transfer and continuously cast billet quality with mould flux lubrication Part 1 Mould heat transfer,Ironmaking Steelmaking,27(2000),No.1,p.37.
[24]B.X.Lu,W.L.Wang,J.Li,H.Zhao,and D.Y.Huang,Effects of basicity and B2O3 on the crystallization and heat transfer behaviors of low fluorine mold flux for casting medium carbon steels,Metall.Mater.Trans.B,44(2013),No.2,p.365.
[25]J.M.González de la C.,T.M.Flores F.,and A.H.Castillejos E.,Study of shell-mold thermal resistance:Laboratory measurements,estimation from compact strip production plant data,and observation of simulated flux-mold interface,Metall.Mater.Trans.B,47(2016),No.4,p.2509.
[26]H.H.Zhang and W.L.Wang,Mold simulator study of heat transfer phenomenon during the initial solidification in continuous casting mold,Metall.Mater.Trans.B,48(2017),No.2,p.779.
[27]G.H.Wen,S.Sridhar,P.Tang,X.Qi,and Y.Q.Liu,Development of fluoride-free mold powders for peritectic steel slab casting,ISIJ Int.,47(2007),No.8,p.1117.
[28]G.H.Wen,P.Tang,B.Yang,and X.B.Zhu,Simulation and characterization on heat transfer through mould slag film,ISIJ Int.,52(2012),No.7,p.1179.
[29]K.C.Mills and A.B.Fox,The role of mould fluxes in continuous casting-so simple yet so complex,ISIJ Int.,43(2003),No.10,p.1479.
[30]Y.Meng and B.G.Thomas,Heat-transfer and solidification model of continuous slab casting:CON1D,Metall.Mater.Trans.B,34(2003),No.5,p.685.
[31]W.L.Wang amd A.W.Cramb,Study of the effects of the mold surface and solid mold flux crystallization on radiative heat transfer rates in continuous casting,Steel Res.Int.,81(2010),No.6,p.446.
[32]M.Susa,A.Kushimoto,R.Endo,and Y.Kobayashi,Controllability of radiative heat flux across mould flux films by cuspidine grain size,ISIJ Int.,51(2011),No.10,p.1587.
[2]J.Mahmoudi,Mathematical modelling of fluid flow,heat transfer and solidification in a strip continuous casting process,Int.J.Cast Met.Res.,19(2006),No.4,p.223.
[3]J.Diao,B.Xie,J.P.Xiao,and C.Q.Ji,Radiative heat transfer in transition metal oxides contained in mold fluxes,ISIJ Int.,49(2009),No.11,p.1710.
[4]X.D.Wang,L.W.Kong,F.M.Du,Y.Liu,X.Y.Zang,and M.Yao,Prediction on lubrication and friction of mold flux based on inverse problem in a continuous slab casting process,ISIJInt.,54(2014),No.12,p.2806.
[5]L.M.Wang,Q.Lin,L.J.Yue,L.Liu,F.Guo,and F.M.Wang,Study of application of rare earth elements in advanced low alloy steels,J.Alloys Compd.,451(2008),No.1-2,p.534.
[6]Y.Huang,G.G.Cheng,and Y.Xie,Modification mechanism of cerium on the inclusions in drill steel,Acta Metall.Sin.,54(2018),No.9,p.1253.
[7]H.Torkamani,S.Raygan,C.Garcia-Mateo,J.Rassizadehghani,Y.Palizdar,and D.San-Martin,Evolution of pearlite microstructure in Low-Carbon cast microalloyed steel due to the addition of La and Ce,Metall.Mater.Trans.A,49(2018),No.10,p.4495.
[8]X.H.Li,C.L.Li,and Y.S.Wang.Influence of rare earth on the mould flux peoperties,Chin.Rare Earths,24(2003),No.5,p.18.
[9]D.Y.Wang,M.F.Jiang,C.J.Liu,P.Y.Shi,Y.K.Yao,and H.H.Wang,Effects of rare earth oxide on viscosity of mold fluxes for continuous casting,J.Rare Earths,23(2005),No.1,p.68.
[10]F.Zhang,Y.Chen,Y.C.Wang,F.Dong,and M.Q.Wu,Influence of La2O3 on crystallization behavior of free-fluoride mould flux and heat transfer of slag films,J.Rare Earths,29(2011),No.2,p.173.
[11]J.Qi,C.J.Liu,C.L.Li,and M.F.Jiang,Viscous properties of new mould flux based on aluminate system with Ce O2 for continuous casting of RE alloyed heat resistant steel,J.Rare Earths,34(2016),No.3,p.328.
[12]J.Qi,C.J.Liu,C.Zhang,and M.F.Jiang,Effect of Ce2O3 on structure,viscosity,and crystalline phase of Ca O?Al2O3?Li2O?Ce2O3 slags,Metall.Mater.Trans.B,48(2017),No.1,p.11.
[13]C.L.Li,Y.S.Wang,J.J.Chen,C.J.Liu,and M.F.Jiang,Effects of rare earth on structure and mechanical properties of clean BNbRE steel,J.Rare Earths,23(2005),No.4,p.470.
[14]L.M.Wang,Q.Lin,J.W.Ji,and D.N.Lan,New study concerning development of application of rare earth metals in steels,J.Alloys Compd.,408-412(2006),p.384.
[15]C.J.Liu,Y.H.Huang,and M.F.Jiang,Effects and mechanisms of RE on impact toughness and fracture toughness of clean heavy rail steel,J.Iron Steel Res.Int.,18(2011),No.3,p.52.
[16]S.M.Shariff,T.K.Pal,G.Padmanabham,and S.V.Joshi,Influence of chemical composition and prior microstructure on diode laser hardening of railroad steels,Surf.Coat.Technol.,228(2013),p.14.
[17]M.L.Cheng,Y.S.Song,L.Xu,X.F.Shi,B.C.Liu,C.Lu,and S.Chen,Effect of RE compound modification on properties and as-cast microstructure of high carbon-chromium alloy steel,Spec.Cast.Nonferrous Alloys,34(2014),No.7,p.700.
[18]A.B.Fox,K.C.Mills,D.Lever,C.Bezerra,C.Valadares,I.Unamuno,J.J.Laraudogoitia,and J.Gisby,Development of fluoride-free fluxes for billet casting,ISIJ Int.,45(2005),No.7,p.1051.
[19]X.Yu,G.H.Wen,P.Tang,and H.Wang,Investigation on viscosity of mould fluxes during continuous casting of aluminium containing TRIP steels,Ironmaking Steelmaking,36(2009),No.8,p.623.
[20]L.J.Zhou,W.L.Wang,B.X.Lu,G.H.Wen,and J.Yang,Effect of basicity and B2O3 on viscosity,melting and crystallization behaviors of low fluorine mold fluxes for casting medium carbon steels,Met.Mater.Int.,21(2015),No.1,p.126.
[21]K.C.Mills,Structure and properties of slags used in the continuous casting of steel:Part 2 specialist mould powders,ISIJInt.,56(2016),No.1,p.14.
[22]D.T.Stone and B.G.Thomas,Measurement and modeling of heat transfer across interfacial mold flux layers,Can.Metall.Q.,38(1999),No.5,p.363.
[23]C.A.M.Pinheiro,I.V.Samarasekera,J.K.Brimacombe,and B.N.Walker,Mould heat transfer and continuously cast billet quality with mould flux lubrication Part 1 Mould heat transfer,Ironmaking Steelmaking,27(2000),No.1,p.37.
[24]B.X.Lu,W.L.Wang,J.Li,H.Zhao,and D.Y.Huang,Effects of basicity and B2O3 on the crystallization and heat transfer behaviors of low fluorine mold flux for casting medium carbon steels,Metall.Mater.Trans.B,44(2013),No.2,p.365.
[25]J.M.González de la C.,T.M.Flores F.,and A.H.Castillejos E.,Study of shell-mold thermal resistance:Laboratory measurements,estimation from compact strip production plant data,and observation of simulated flux-mold interface,Metall.Mater.Trans.B,47(2016),No.4,p.2509.
[26]H.H.Zhang and W.L.Wang,Mold simulator study of heat transfer phenomenon during the initial solidification in continuous casting mold,Metall.Mater.Trans.B,48(2017),No.2,p.779.
[27]G.H.Wen,S.Sridhar,P.Tang,X.Qi,and Y.Q.Liu,Development of fluoride-free mold powders for peritectic steel slab casting,ISIJ Int.,47(2007),No.8,p.1117.
[28]G.H.Wen,P.Tang,B.Yang,and X.B.Zhu,Simulation and characterization on heat transfer through mould slag film,ISIJ Int.,52(2012),No.7,p.1179.
[29]K.C.Mills and A.B.Fox,The role of mould fluxes in continuous casting-so simple yet so complex,ISIJ Int.,43(2003),No.10,p.1479.
[30]Y.Meng and B.G.Thomas,Heat-transfer and solidification model of continuous slab casting:CON1D,Metall.Mater.Trans.B,34(2003),No.5,p.685.
[31]W.L.Wang amd A.W.Cramb,Study of the effects of the mold surface and solid mold flux crystallization on radiative heat transfer rates in continuous casting,Steel Res.Int.,81(2010),No.6,p.446.
[32]M.Susa,A.Kushimoto,R.Endo,and Y.Kobayashi,Controllability of radiative heat flux across mould flux films by cuspidine grain size,ISIJ Int.,51(2011),No.10,p.1587.
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