稳定塘内稻田降雨径流中氮磷输移的三维数值模拟
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摘要
掌握污染物在农田排水稳定塘中的输移规律对控制农业面源污染具有重要意义.已有的研究主要集中在通过野外与室内试验监测探究稳定塘的污染物拦截效果与运行机制上,而缺乏对降雨径流过程中稳定塘内氮、磷污染物在三维空间输移的数值模拟研究.本文以多级农田排水稳定塘为研究对象,首先,对2015年水稻生长期内3场典型降雨进行了跟踪监测;然后,建立了多级稳定塘的三维水动力-水质迁移耦合模型,并应用坐标轮换法以实测数据进行了模型的参数率定;最后,对稻田降雨径流过程中稳定塘内氮磷的输移进行了三维数值模拟与模型验证,并探究了稳定塘分级数对氮磷拦截效果的影响.结果表明:率定后的模型各水质指标模拟值与实测值拟合较好;在降雨径流初期,总氮、总磷在垂向上表现为底层浓度大于表层浓度、横向上沿程浓度逐渐降低的规律;稳定塘级数的增加延长了水流停留时间,更有利于拦截氮、磷污染物.
To control the nonpoint source pollution of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) in agriculture,it is significant to grasp the transport regulation of N and P in the stabilization pond. Previous research mainly focused on the N and P removal effect and running characteristics of the stabilization pond through field and laboratory monitoring,but failed to simulating the N and P transportation of the multicell stabilization pond during rainfall runoff in three-dimensional space. This paper regards the multicell stabilization pond as the case study. First,three typical rainfall runoff events were monitored during the rice-growing season in 2015. Second,a three-dimensional model coupling the hydrodynamics and water qualities of the multicell stabilization pond was established. Moreover,the parameters of the model were calibrated by the cyclic coordinate method with measured data. Finally,the calibrated model and the effect of the cell number of the stabilization pond on N and P removal were analyzed. Results show that the simulated values agreed well with the measured values after calibration. During the early stage of rainfall runoff,the concentrations of TN and TP in the lower layer are larger than those in the upper layer. Furthermore,the concentrations of TN and TP decrease gradually along the flow path. Thus,increasing the cell number of the stabilization pond is conducive to improving the effect of N and P removal.
To control the nonpoint source pollution of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) in agriculture,it is significant to grasp the transport regulation of N and P in the stabilization pond. Previous research mainly focused on the N and P removal effect and running characteristics of the stabilization pond through field and laboratory monitoring,but failed to simulating the N and P transportation of the multicell stabilization pond during rainfall runoff in three-dimensional space. This paper regards the multicell stabilization pond as the case study. First,three typical rainfall runoff events were monitored during the rice-growing season in 2015. Second,a three-dimensional model coupling the hydrodynamics and water qualities of the multicell stabilization pond was established. Moreover,the parameters of the model were calibrated by the cyclic coordinate method with measured data. Finally,the calibrated model and the effect of the cell number of the stabilization pond on N and P removal were analyzed. Results show that the simulated values agreed well with the measured values after calibration. During the early stage of rainfall runoff,the concentrations of TN and TP in the lower layer are larger than those in the upper layer. Furthermore,the concentrations of TN and TP decrease gradually along the flow path. Thus,increasing the cell number of the stabilization pond is conducive to improving the effect of N and P removal.
引文
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[2]Liu R,Zhang P,Wang X,et al.Assessment of effects of best management practices on agricultural non-point source pollution in Xiangxi River Watershed[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,117(1):9-18.
[3]Gu R,Heinz G.Stratification dynamics in wastewater stabilization ponds[J].Water Research,1995,29(8):1909-1923.
[4]刘汝鹏,王全勇.生态稳定塘系统在城市污水处理中的应用[J].环境工程,2006,24(5):19-20.Liu Rupeng,Wang Quanyong.Application of ecological stabilization pond system in municipal wastewater treatment[J].Environmental Engineering,2006,24(5):19-20(in Chinese).
[5]张自杰.排水工程[M].第4版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.Zhang Zijie.Drainage Engineering[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Building Industry Press,2000(in Chinese).
[6]郑志伟,胡莲,邹曦,等.生态沟渠+稳定塘系统处理山区农村生活污水的研究[J].水生态学杂志,2016,37(4):42-47.Zheng Zhiwei,Hu Lian,Zou Xi,et al.Treatment of rural domestic sewage in mountain areas by a combined ecological trench and stablization pond system[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2016,37(4):42-47(in Chinese).
[7]李丽,王全金.人工湿地-稳定塘组合系统对污染物的去除效果[J].工业水处理,2016,36(7):22-25.Li Li,Wang Quanjin.Removing effects of pollutants by constructed wetland-stabilization pond combined system[J].Industrial Water Treatment,2016,36(7):22-25(in Chinese).
[8]Gratziou M.Efficiency and design parameters of waste stabilization ponds in north-east Greece[J].Desalination&Water Treatment,2015,56(5):1240-1247.
[9]Nandini S.Variations in physical and chemical parameters and plankton community structure in a series of sewage-stabilization ponds[J].Revista de Biologia Tropical,2016,47(1):149-156.
[10]Wallace J,Champagne P,Hall G,et al.Determination of algae and macrophyte species distribution in three wastewater stabilization ponds using metagenomics analysis[J].Water,2015,7(12):3225-3242.
[11]Ma L,He F,Sun J,et a1.Remediation effect of pondditch circulation on rural wastewater in southern China[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,77:363-372.
[12]Ma L,He F,Huang T,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus transformations and balance in a pond-ditch circulation system for rural polluted water treatment[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,94:117-126.
[13]王晓玲,李建生,李松敏,等.生态塘对稻田降雨径流中氮磷的拦截效应研究[J].水利学报,2017,48(3):291-298.Wang Xiaoling,Li Jiansheng,Li Songmin,et a1.Study on the interception effects of ecological pond on nitrogen and phosphorus in the rainfall runoff of rice field[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2017,48(3):291-298(in Chinese).
[14]张亚.浅水型富营养化水库三维水动力及水质数值模拟研究与应用[D].天津:天津大学建筑工程学院,2014.Zhang Ya.Development and Application of ThreeDimensional Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model in a Shallow Eutrophic Reservoir[D].Tianjin:School of Architectural Engineering,Tianjin University,2014(in Chinese).
[15]潘俊,高维春,田海龙,等.潜流式人工湿地的数值模拟与参数率定[J].水利学报,2010,39(11):1280-1286.Pan Jun,Gao Weichun,Tian Hailong,et al.Numerical simulation and parameter calibration for subsurface flow wetland[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2010,39(11):1280-1286(in Chinese).
[16]唐天均,杨晟,尹魁浩,等.基于EFDC模型的深圳水库富营养化模拟[J].湖泊科学,2014,26(3):393-400.Tang Tianjun,Yang Sheng,Yin Kuihao,et al.Simulation of eutrophication in Shenzhen Reservoir based on EFDC model[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2014,26(3):393-400(in Chinese).
[17]陈彦熹,牛志广,张宏伟,等.基于AQUATOX的景观水体水生态模拟及生态修复[J].天津大学学报,2012,45(1):29-35.Chen Yanxi,Niu Zhiguang,Zhang Hongwei,et al.Aquatic ecological modeling and remediation of landscape water based on AQUATOX[J].Journal of Tianjin University,2012,45(1):29-35(in Chinese).
[18]Wen X,Wen X,Qian Y,et al.Simulation of water quality parameters from the treatment of wastewater using stabilization ponds(case study:Tehran wastewater stabilization pond)[J].Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia,2016,15(1):565-571.
[19]Beran B,Kargi F.A dynamic mathematical model for wastewater stabilization ponds[J].Ecological Modelling,2005,181(1):39-57.
[20]Gu R,Stefan H G.Numerical Simulation of Stratification Dynamics and Mixing in Wastewater Stabilization Ponds[R].Minnesota,USA:University of MinnesotaTwin Cities,1991.
[21]张亚,黄津辉,戚蓝,等.浅水富营养水库中藻类生物量与营养盐的关系[J].天津大学学报:自然科学与工程技术版,2014,47(1):36-41.Zhang Ya,Huang Jinhui,Qi Lan,et al.Links between algae biomass and nutrients in a eutrophic shallow lake[J].Journal of Tianjin University:Science and Technology,2014,47(1):36-41(in Chinese).
[22]Sah L,Rousseau D P L,Hooijmans C M.Numerical modelling of waste stabilization ponds:Where do we stand?[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2012,223(6):3155-3171.
[23]国家环境保护总局水和废水监测分析方法编委会.水和废水监测分析方法[M].第4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.Editorial Board of Water and Wastewater Monitoring and Analysis Methods of the State Environmental Protection Administration of China.Methods for Monitoring and Analysis of Water and Wastewater[M].4 th ed.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002(in Chinese).
[24]段扬.基于EFDC的丹江口水库水环境数值模拟分析[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2014.Duan Yang.Numerical Simulation Analysis of Water Environment in Danjiangkou Reservoir Based on EFDC[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2014(in Chinese).
[25]Hamrick J M.A Three-Dimensional Environmental Fluid Dynamics Computer Code:Theoretical and Computational Aspect[R].Virginia,USA:The College of William and Mary,Virginia Institute of Marine Science,1992.
[26]Wang Z,Zou B R,Zhu B X,et al.Predicting lake water quality responses to load reduction:A threedimensional modeling approach for total maximum daily load[J].International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,2013,11(2):423-436.
[27]涂佳敏.生态沟渠处理农田氮磷污水的实验与模拟研究[D].天津:天津大学环境科学与工程学院,2014.Tu Jiamin.Experiment and Simulation on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal of Ecological Ditch[D].Tianjin:School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Tianjin University,2014(in Chinese).
[28]尚松浩.水资源系统分析方法及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.Shang Songhao.Method and Application of Water Resources System Analysis[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2006(in Chinese).
[29]焦璀玲,王昊,李永顺,等.人工湿地数值模拟研究--以山东平阴湿地示范区为例[J].南水北调与水利科技,2008,6(6):87-89.Jiao Cuiling,Wang Hao,Li Yongshun.Study on numerical simulation of constructed wetland-A case study of Pingyin wetland demonstration area in Shandong[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2008,6(6):87-89(in Chinese).
[30]张燕,孙英兰,袁道伟,等.胶州湾氮、磷浓度的三维数值模拟[J].中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版,2007,37(1):21-26.Zhang Yan,Sun Yinglan,Yuan Daowei.Three dimensional numerical simulation of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the Jiaozhou Bay[J].Journal of Ocean University of China:Natural Science Edition,2007,37(1):21-26(in Chinese).
[31]王晓玲,李建生,李松敏,等.生态塘对稻田降雨径流中氮磷的拦截效应研究[J].水利学报,2017,48(3):291-298.Wang Xiaoling,Li Jiansheng,Li Songmin,et al.Study on the interception effects of ecological pond on nitrogen and phosphorus in the rainfall runoff of rice field[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2017,48(3):291-298(in Chinese).
[32]王晓玲,涂佳敏,李松敏,等.稻田沟渠施肥后降雨径流中氮素迁移规律研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(9):1075-1081.Wang Xiaoling,Tu Jianmin,Li Songmin,et al.Nitrogen transport mechanisms in ditches of rainfall-runoff after fertilizing[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,45(9):1075-1081(in Chinese).
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