Static dissolution-induced 3D pore network modification and its impact on critical pore attributes of carbonate rocks
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摘要
To determine the effect of dissolution on pore network development in carbonate rocks, dissolution experiments, X-Ray microtomography, and thin section analysis were conducted on argillaceous limestone and grain limestone samples at different temperatures and constant pH, HCl concentration. The relationship between Ca~(2+) concentration and time was revealed through the experiments; pore size distribution before and after dissolution indicate that there is no correlation between the temperature and pore size variation, but pore size variation in grain limestone is more significant, indicating that the variation is mainly controlled by the heterogeneity of the rock itself(initial porosity and permeability) and the abundance of unstable minerals(related to crystal shape, size and mineral type). At different temperatures, the two kinds of carbonate rocks had very small variation in pore throat radius from 0.003 mm to 0.040 mm, which is 1.3 to 3.5 times more, 1.7 on average of the original pore throat radius. Their pore throat length varied from 0.05 mm to 0.35 mm. The minor changes in the pore throat radius, length and connectivity brought big changes to permeability of up to 1 000×10~(-3) μm~2.
To determine the effect of dissolution on pore network development in carbonate rocks, dissolution experiments, X-Ray microtomography, and thin section analysis were conducted on argillaceous limestone and grain limestone samples at different temperatures and constant pH, HCl concentration. The relationship between Ca~(2+) concentration and time was revealed through the experiments; pore size distribution before and after dissolution indicate that there is no correlation between the temperature and pore size variation, but pore size variation in grain limestone is more significant, indicating that the variation is mainly controlled by the heterogeneity of the rock itself(initial porosity and permeability) and the abundance of unstable minerals(related to crystal shape, size and mineral type). At different temperatures, the two kinds of carbonate rocks had very small variation in pore throat radius from 0.003 mm to 0.040 mm, which is 1.3 to 3.5 times more, 1.7 on average of the original pore throat radius. Their pore throat length varied from 0.05 mm to 0.35 mm. The minor changes in the pore throat radius, length and connectivity brought big changes to permeability of up to 1 000×10~(-3) μm~2.
To determine the effect of dissolution on pore network development in carbonate rocks, dissolution experiments, X-Ray microtomography, and thin section analysis were conducted on argillaceous limestone and grain limestone samples at different temperatures and constant pH, HCl concentration. The relationship between Ca~(2+) concentration and time was revealed through the experiments; pore size distribution before and after dissolution indicate that there is no correlation between the temperature and pore size variation, but pore size variation in grain limestone is more significant, indicating that the variation is mainly controlled by the heterogeneity of the rock itself(initial porosity and permeability) and the abundance of unstable minerals(related to crystal shape, size and mineral type). At different temperatures, the two kinds of carbonate rocks had very small variation in pore throat radius from 0.003 mm to 0.040 mm, which is 1.3 to 3.5 times more, 1.7 on average of the original pore throat radius. Their pore throat length varied from 0.05 mm to 0.35 mm. The minor changes in the pore throat radius, length and connectivity brought big changes to permeability of up to 1 000×10~(-3) μm~2.
引文
[1]LUQUOT L,GOUZE P.Experimental determination of porosity and permeability changes induced by injection of CO2into carbonate rocks.Chemical Geology,2009,265(1/2):148-159.
[2]YASUDA E Y,SANTOS R G D,VIDAO T O.Kinetics of carbonate dissolution and its effects on the porosity and permeability of consolidated porous media.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2013,112:284-289.
[3]KNOX J A,RIPLEY E H.Fracture acidizing in carbonate rock.Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,1979,18(4):77-90.
[4]MCLEOD H O.Significant factors for successful matrix acidizing.SPE 20155,1989.
[5]MCDUFF D R,JACKSON S K,SHUCHART C E,et al.Understanding wormholes in carbonates:Unprecedented experimental scale and 3D visualization.SPE 129329,2010.
[6]TANSEY J.Pore-network modeling of carbonate acidization.SPE 173471,2014.
[7]LIU N,LIU M.Simulation and analysis of wormhole propagation by VES acid in carbonate acidizing.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2016,138:57-65.
[8]MARLAND G,FRUIT K,SEDJO R.Accounting for sequestered carbon:The question of permanence.Environmental Science&Policy,2001,4(6):259-268.
[9]HERZOG H,CALDEIRA K,REILLY J.An issue of permanence:Assessing the effectiveness of temporary carbon storage.Climatic Change,2003,59(3):293-310.
[10]METZ B,DAVIDSON O,CONINCK D H,et al.Carbon dioxide capture and storage.UK:Cambridge University Press,2005.
[11]MENKE H P,BIJELJIC B,ANDREW M G,et al.Dynamic three-dimensional pore-scale imaging of reaction in a carbonate at reservoir conditions.Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49(7):4407-4414.
[12]LETTERMAN R D.Calcium carbonate dissolution rate in limestone contactors.Ohio:US Environmental Protection Agency,1995.
[13]ALKATTAN M,OELKERS E H,DANDURAND J,et al.An experimental study of calcite and limestone dissolution rates as a function of pH from-1 to 3 and temperature from 25?Cto 80?C.Chemical Geology,1998,151(1/2/3/4):199-214.
[14]DOLGALEVA I V,GORICHEV I G,IZOTOV A D,et al.Modeling of the effect of pH on the calcite dissolution kinetics.Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering.2005,39(6):614-621.
[15]ADHAM A K M,KOBAYASHI A.Effect of intensity and pHof rain on the dissolution of limestone:The Nineteenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.Japan:International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2009:1196-1201.
[16]CROCKFORD P,TELMER K,BEST M.Dissolution kinetics of Devonian carbonates at circum-neutral p H,50 bar p CO2105?C,and 0.4 M:The importance of complex brine chemistry on reaction rates.Applied Geochemistry,2014,41:128-134.
[17]KIRSTEIN J,HELLEVANG H,HAILE B G,et al.Experimental determination of natural carbonate rock dissolution rates with a focus on temperature dependency.Geomorphology,2016,261:30-40.
[18]COHEN C E,DING D,QUINTARD M,et al.From pore scale to wellbore scale:Impact of geometry on wormhole growth in carbonate acidization.Chemical Engineering Science,200863(12):3088-3099.
[19]KALIA N,BALAKOTAIAH V.Effect of medium heterogeneities on reactive dissolution of carbonates.Chemical Engineering Science,2009,64(2):376-390.
[20]ANDRIAMIHAJA S,PADMANABHAN E,BEN-AWUAH J.Characterization of pore systems in carbonate using 3D X-ray computed tomography.Petroleum and Coal,2016,63(4):507-516.
[21]BERG S,OTT H,KLAPP S A,et al.Real-time 3D imaging of Haines jumps in porous media flow.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013,110(10):3755-3759.
[22]WILDENSCHILD D,SHEPPARD A P.X-ray imaging and analysis techniques for quantifying pore-scale structure and processes in subsurface porous medium systems.Advances in Water Resources,2013,51:217-246.
[23]BLUNT M J,BIJELJIC B,DONG H,et al.Pore-scale imaging and modelling.Advances in Water Resources,2013,51:197-216.
[24]GARING C,LUQUOT L,PEZARD P A,et al.Electrical and flow properties of highly heterogeneous carbonate rocks.AAPG Bulletin,2014,98(1):49-66.
[25]BIRD M B,BUTLER S L,HAWKES C D,et al.Numerical modeling of fluid and electrical currents through geometries based on synchrotron X-ray tomographic images of reservoir rocks using Avizo and COMSOL.Computers&Geosciences,2014,73:6-16.
[26]BULTREYS T,HOOREBEKE L V,CNUDDE V.Multi-scale,micro-computed tomography-based pore network models to simulate drainage in heterogeneous rocks.Advances in Water Resources,2015,78:36-49.
[27]BECKINGHAM L E,PETERS C A,UM W,et al.2D and 3Dimaging resolution trade-offs in quantifying pore throats for prediction of permeability.Advances in Water Resources,2013,62(A):1-12.
[28]RABBANI A,AYATOLLAHI S,KHARRAT R,et al.Estimation of 3-D pore network coordination number of rocks from watershed segmentation of a single 2D image.Advances in Water Resources,2016,94:264-277.
[29]DONG H,TOUATI M,BLUNT M J.Pore network modeling:Analysis of pore size distribution of Arabian core samples.SPE 105156,2007.
[30]FREIRE-GORMALY M,ELLIS J S,MACLEAN H L,et al.Pore structure characterization of Indiana limestone and pink dolomite from pore network reconstructions.Oil&Gas Science and Technology,2016,71(3):1-14.
[31]NOIRIEL C,GOUZE P,MADéB.3D analysis of geometry and flow changes in a limestone fracture during dissolution.Journal of Hydrology,2013,486:211-223.
[32]R?TTING T S,LUQUOT L,CARRERA J,et al.Changes in porosity,permeability,water retention curve and reactive surface area during carbonate rock dissolution.Chemical Geology,2015,403:86-98.
[33]FREDD C N,FOGGLER H S.Influence of transport and reaction on wormhole formation in porous media.AICHE Journal,1998,44(9):1933-1949.
[34]FREDD C N,FOGGLER H S.Alternative stimulation fluids and their impact on carbonate acidizing.SPE 31074,1998.
[35]FREDD C N,FOGGLER H S.Optimum conditions for wormhole formation in carbonate porous media:Influence of transport and reaction.SPE 56995,1999.
[36]GOLFIER F,BAZIN B,ZARCONE C,et al.Acidizing carbonate reservoirs:Numerical modelling of wormhole propagarion and comparison to experments.SPE 68922,2001.
[37]TANSEY J,BALHOFF T.Pore network modelling of reactive transport and dissolution in porous media.Transport in Porous Media,2016,113(2):303-327.
[38]AMACHER M C.Methods of obtaining and analyzing kinetic data.USA:Soil Science Society of America,1991.
[39]LIU Z,WOLFGANG D.Kinetics and rate-limiting mechanisms of dolomite dissolution at various CO2 partial pressures.Science in China,Series B,2001,44(5):500-509.
[2]YASUDA E Y,SANTOS R G D,VIDAO T O.Kinetics of carbonate dissolution and its effects on the porosity and permeability of consolidated porous media.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2013,112:284-289.
[3]KNOX J A,RIPLEY E H.Fracture acidizing in carbonate rock.Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,1979,18(4):77-90.
[4]MCLEOD H O.Significant factors for successful matrix acidizing.SPE 20155,1989.
[5]MCDUFF D R,JACKSON S K,SHUCHART C E,et al.Understanding wormholes in carbonates:Unprecedented experimental scale and 3D visualization.SPE 129329,2010.
[6]TANSEY J.Pore-network modeling of carbonate acidization.SPE 173471,2014.
[7]LIU N,LIU M.Simulation and analysis of wormhole propagation by VES acid in carbonate acidizing.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2016,138:57-65.
[8]MARLAND G,FRUIT K,SEDJO R.Accounting for sequestered carbon:The question of permanence.Environmental Science&Policy,2001,4(6):259-268.
[9]HERZOG H,CALDEIRA K,REILLY J.An issue of permanence:Assessing the effectiveness of temporary carbon storage.Climatic Change,2003,59(3):293-310.
[10]METZ B,DAVIDSON O,CONINCK D H,et al.Carbon dioxide capture and storage.UK:Cambridge University Press,2005.
[11]MENKE H P,BIJELJIC B,ANDREW M G,et al.Dynamic three-dimensional pore-scale imaging of reaction in a carbonate at reservoir conditions.Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49(7):4407-4414.
[12]LETTERMAN R D.Calcium carbonate dissolution rate in limestone contactors.Ohio:US Environmental Protection Agency,1995.
[13]ALKATTAN M,OELKERS E H,DANDURAND J,et al.An experimental study of calcite and limestone dissolution rates as a function of pH from-1 to 3 and temperature from 25?Cto 80?C.Chemical Geology,1998,151(1/2/3/4):199-214.
[14]DOLGALEVA I V,GORICHEV I G,IZOTOV A D,et al.Modeling of the effect of pH on the calcite dissolution kinetics.Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering.2005,39(6):614-621.
[15]ADHAM A K M,KOBAYASHI A.Effect of intensity and pHof rain on the dissolution of limestone:The Nineteenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.Japan:International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2009:1196-1201.
[16]CROCKFORD P,TELMER K,BEST M.Dissolution kinetics of Devonian carbonates at circum-neutral p H,50 bar p CO2105?C,and 0.4 M:The importance of complex brine chemistry on reaction rates.Applied Geochemistry,2014,41:128-134.
[17]KIRSTEIN J,HELLEVANG H,HAILE B G,et al.Experimental determination of natural carbonate rock dissolution rates with a focus on temperature dependency.Geomorphology,2016,261:30-40.
[18]COHEN C E,DING D,QUINTARD M,et al.From pore scale to wellbore scale:Impact of geometry on wormhole growth in carbonate acidization.Chemical Engineering Science,200863(12):3088-3099.
[19]KALIA N,BALAKOTAIAH V.Effect of medium heterogeneities on reactive dissolution of carbonates.Chemical Engineering Science,2009,64(2):376-390.
[20]ANDRIAMIHAJA S,PADMANABHAN E,BEN-AWUAH J.Characterization of pore systems in carbonate using 3D X-ray computed tomography.Petroleum and Coal,2016,63(4):507-516.
[21]BERG S,OTT H,KLAPP S A,et al.Real-time 3D imaging of Haines jumps in porous media flow.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013,110(10):3755-3759.
[22]WILDENSCHILD D,SHEPPARD A P.X-ray imaging and analysis techniques for quantifying pore-scale structure and processes in subsurface porous medium systems.Advances in Water Resources,2013,51:217-246.
[23]BLUNT M J,BIJELJIC B,DONG H,et al.Pore-scale imaging and modelling.Advances in Water Resources,2013,51:197-216.
[24]GARING C,LUQUOT L,PEZARD P A,et al.Electrical and flow properties of highly heterogeneous carbonate rocks.AAPG Bulletin,2014,98(1):49-66.
[25]BIRD M B,BUTLER S L,HAWKES C D,et al.Numerical modeling of fluid and electrical currents through geometries based on synchrotron X-ray tomographic images of reservoir rocks using Avizo and COMSOL.Computers&Geosciences,2014,73:6-16.
[26]BULTREYS T,HOOREBEKE L V,CNUDDE V.Multi-scale,micro-computed tomography-based pore network models to simulate drainage in heterogeneous rocks.Advances in Water Resources,2015,78:36-49.
[27]BECKINGHAM L E,PETERS C A,UM W,et al.2D and 3Dimaging resolution trade-offs in quantifying pore throats for prediction of permeability.Advances in Water Resources,2013,62(A):1-12.
[28]RABBANI A,AYATOLLAHI S,KHARRAT R,et al.Estimation of 3-D pore network coordination number of rocks from watershed segmentation of a single 2D image.Advances in Water Resources,2016,94:264-277.
[29]DONG H,TOUATI M,BLUNT M J.Pore network modeling:Analysis of pore size distribution of Arabian core samples.SPE 105156,2007.
[30]FREIRE-GORMALY M,ELLIS J S,MACLEAN H L,et al.Pore structure characterization of Indiana limestone and pink dolomite from pore network reconstructions.Oil&Gas Science and Technology,2016,71(3):1-14.
[31]NOIRIEL C,GOUZE P,MADéB.3D analysis of geometry and flow changes in a limestone fracture during dissolution.Journal of Hydrology,2013,486:211-223.
[32]R?TTING T S,LUQUOT L,CARRERA J,et al.Changes in porosity,permeability,water retention curve and reactive surface area during carbonate rock dissolution.Chemical Geology,2015,403:86-98.
[33]FREDD C N,FOGGLER H S.Influence of transport and reaction on wormhole formation in porous media.AICHE Journal,1998,44(9):1933-1949.
[34]FREDD C N,FOGGLER H S.Alternative stimulation fluids and their impact on carbonate acidizing.SPE 31074,1998.
[35]FREDD C N,FOGGLER H S.Optimum conditions for wormhole formation in carbonate porous media:Influence of transport and reaction.SPE 56995,1999.
[36]GOLFIER F,BAZIN B,ZARCONE C,et al.Acidizing carbonate reservoirs:Numerical modelling of wormhole propagarion and comparison to experments.SPE 68922,2001.
[37]TANSEY J,BALHOFF T.Pore network modelling of reactive transport and dissolution in porous media.Transport in Porous Media,2016,113(2):303-327.
[38]AMACHER M C.Methods of obtaining and analyzing kinetic data.USA:Soil Science Society of America,1991.
[39]LIU Z,WOLFGANG D.Kinetics and rate-limiting mechanisms of dolomite dissolution at various CO2 partial pressures.Science in China,Series B,2001,44(5):500-509.
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