基于地基遥感的杭州地区气溶胶光学特性
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摘要
利用2012年杭州、桐庐、建德、淳安CE-318太阳光度计的观测资料,反演获得了气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、?ngstr?m波长指数(AE)、单次散射反照率(SSA)和气溶胶粒子谱(ASD)等参数,分析了杭州地区气溶胶光学特性的变化规律.结果表明,2012年杭州、桐庐、建德、淳安AOD_(440nm)年均值分别为0. 94±0. 16、0. 84±0. 17、0. 82±0. 22、0. 71±0. 20,呈现出自东北向西南逐渐下降的变化趋势,是长三角地区AOD高值地区之一. AE_(440-870nm)年均值分别为1. 24±0. 12、1. 19±0. 17、1. 06±0. 04、1. 04±0. 10,表明杭州地区以半径较小的气溶胶粒子为主控模态. 3～4月AE相对偏低与来自北方的沙尘粒子远距离输送有关.除淳安外,杭州、桐庐和建德AOD有明显的日变化特征.不同地区细模态粒子峰值半径春季、秋季和冬季均在0. 15μm左右,由于气溶胶粒子的吸湿增加导致夏季细模态粒子的峰值半径在0. 25μm左右;粗模态粒子峰值半径夏季、秋季和冬季均在2. 94μm左右,高于春季(1. 7～2. 2μm). SSA_(440nm)年均值分别为0. 91±0. 01、0. 92±0. 03、0. 92±0. 02、0. 93±0. 02,说明杭州地区气溶胶粒子为中等强度吸收性气溶胶.对气溶胶类型进行分类表明,杭州以生物质燃烧/城市工业型为主,而桐庐、建德和淳安以混合型为主.
To investigate the optical properties of aerosols in the Hangzhou region( Hangzhou,Tonglu,Jiande,and Chun'an),the aerosol optical depth( AOD),?ngstr?m exponent( AE),single scattering albedo( SSA),and aerosol size distribution( ASD) were measured using CIMEL sun-photometers in 2012. The results showed that the annual average values of AOD_(440nm)in Hangzhou,Tonglu,Jiande,and Chun'an were 0. 94 ± 0. 16,0. 84 ± 0. 17,0. 82 ± 0. 22,and 0. 71 ± 0. 20,respectively. The values generally decreased from the northeast to the southwest,and represented one of highest AOD districts in the Yangtze River Delta,China. The annual average values of AE_(440-870nm)were 1. 24 ± 0. 12,1. 19 ± 0. 17,1. 06 ± 0. 04,and 1. 04 ± 0. 10,respectively,indicating that particles with small average effective radii were predominant. The relatively lower AE values in March and April were generally attributed to the long-range transport of dust aerosols from Northwest China. Obvious diurnal variations in the AOD were found in Hangzhou,Tonglu,and Jiande,but not in Chun'an. An average fine-mode effective radius of ～ 0. 15 μm was observed in spring,autumn,and winter,while a value of ～ 0. 25 μm was observed in summer,in conjunction with aerosol hygroscopic growth. An average coarse-mode effective radius of ～ 2. 94 μm was observed in summer,autumn,and winter,which was higher than the value in spring. The annual average values of SSA_(440nm)were 0. 91 ± 0. 01,0. 92 ± 0. 03,0. 92 ± 0. 02,0. 93 ± 0. 02,respectively,indicating that the particles had relatively strong to moderate absorption. Characterization of the aerosol types showed the predominance of biomass burning and urban industrial type aerosols in Hangzhou,while mixed type aerosols were observed in Tonglu,Jiande,and Chun'an.
To investigate the optical properties of aerosols in the Hangzhou region( Hangzhou,Tonglu,Jiande,and Chun'an),the aerosol optical depth( AOD),?ngstr?m exponent( AE),single scattering albedo( SSA),and aerosol size distribution( ASD) were measured using CIMEL sun-photometers in 2012. The results showed that the annual average values of AOD_(440nm)in Hangzhou,Tonglu,Jiande,and Chun'an were 0. 94 ± 0. 16,0. 84 ± 0. 17,0. 82 ± 0. 22,and 0. 71 ± 0. 20,respectively. The values generally decreased from the northeast to the southwest,and represented one of highest AOD districts in the Yangtze River Delta,China. The annual average values of AE_(440-870nm)were 1. 24 ± 0. 12,1. 19 ± 0. 17,1. 06 ± 0. 04,and 1. 04 ± 0. 10,respectively,indicating that particles with small average effective radii were predominant. The relatively lower AE values in March and April were generally attributed to the long-range transport of dust aerosols from Northwest China. Obvious diurnal variations in the AOD were found in Hangzhou,Tonglu,and Jiande,but not in Chun'an. An average fine-mode effective radius of ～ 0. 15 μm was observed in spring,autumn,and winter,while a value of ～ 0. 25 μm was observed in summer,in conjunction with aerosol hygroscopic growth. An average coarse-mode effective radius of ～ 2. 94 μm was observed in summer,autumn,and winter,which was higher than the value in spring. The annual average values of SSA_(440nm)were 0. 91 ± 0. 01,0. 92 ± 0. 03,0. 92 ± 0. 02,0. 93 ± 0. 02,respectively,indicating that the particles had relatively strong to moderate absorption. Characterization of the aerosol types showed the predominance of biomass burning and urban industrial type aerosols in Hangzhou,while mixed type aerosols were observed in Tonglu,Jiande,and Chun'an.
引文
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[21] Che H Z,Zhang X Y,Chen H B,et al. Instrument calibration and aerosol optical depth validation of the China aerosol remote sensing network[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2009,114(D3):D03206.
[22] Dubovik O,King M D. A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from sun and sky radiance measurements[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2000,105(D16):20673-20696.
[23] Dubovik O,Holben B,Eck T F,et al. Variability of absorption and optical properties of key aerosol types observed in worldwide locations[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2002,59(3):590-608.
[24] Dubovik O,Sinyuk A, Lapyonok T, et al. Application of spheroid models to account for aerosol particle nonsphericity in remote sensing of desert dust[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111(D11):D11208.
[25] Li S,Wang T J,Xie M,et al. Observed aerosol optical depth and angstrom exponent in urban area of Nanjing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,123:350-356.
[26] Su X L,Cao J J,Li Z Q,et al. Multi-Year analyses of columnar aerosol optical and microphysical properties in Xi'an,a megacity in northwestern China[J]. Remote Sensing,2018,10(8):1169.
[27] Pan L,Che H Z,Geng F H,et al. Aerosol optical properties based on ground measurements over the Chinese Yangtze Delta Region[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(21-22):2587-2596.
[28] Yu X N,LüR,Liu C,et al. Seasonal variation of columnar aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing over Beijing,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017,166:340-350.
[29] Zhang M,Ma Y Y,Gong W,et al. Aerosol optical properties and radiative effects:Assessment of urban aerosols in central China using 10-year observations[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2018,182:275-285.
[30] Xia X G,Li Z Q,Holben B,et al. Aerosol optical properties and radiative effects in the Yangtze Delta Region of China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112(D22):D22S12.
[31]谭浩波,吴兑,邓雪娇,等.珠江三角洲气溶胶光学厚度的观测研究[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(6):1146-1155.Tan H B,Wu D,Deng X J,et al. Observation of aerosol optical depth over the Pearl River Delta[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(6):1146-1155.
[32] Sun T Z,Che H Z,Qi B,et al. Aerosol optical characteristics and their vertical distributions under enhanced haze pollution events:effect of the regional transport of different aerosol types over eastern China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(4):2949-2971.
[33] Tie X X,Cao J J. Aerosol pollution in China:present and future impact on environment[J]. Particuology,2009,7(6):426-431.
[34] Fu X,Wang S X,Cheng Z,et al. Source,transport and impacts of a heavy dust event in the Yangtze River Delta,China,in 2011[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(3):1239-1254.
[35] Gong S L,Zhang X Y,Zhao T L,et al. Characterization of soil dust aerosol in China and its transport and distribution during2001 ACE-Asia:2. model simulation and validation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(D9):4262.
[36] Eck T F,Holben B N,Dubovik O,et al. Columnar aerosol optical properties at AERONET sites in central eastern Asia and aerosol transport to the tropical mid-Pacific[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2005,110(D6):D06202.
[37]齐冰,杜荣光,于之锋,等.杭州市大气气溶胶光学厚度研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(3):588-595.Qi B,Du R G,Yu Z F,et al. Aerosol optical depth in urban site of Hangzhou[J]. China Environmental Science,2014,34(3):588-595.
[38] Fan X H,Chen H B,Xia X G,et al. Aerosol optical properties from the atmospheric radiation measurement mobile facility at Shouxian,China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115(D7):D00K33.
[39] Wang Z Z,Liu D,Wang Z E,et al. Seasonal characteristics of aerosol optical properties at the SKYNET Hefei site(31. 90°N,117. 17°E)from 2007 to 2013[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2014,119(10):6128-6139.
[40] Reid J S,Kinney J E,Westphal D L,et al. Analysis of measurements of Saharan dust by airborne and ground-based remote sensing methods during the Puerto Rico Dust Experiment(PRIDE)[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(D19):8586.
[41] Cheng T T,Liu Y,Lu D R,et al. Aerosol properties and radiative forcing in Hunshan Dake desert,northern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(12):2169-2179.
[42] Giles D M,Holben B N,Eck T F,et al. An analysis of AERONET aerosol absorption properties and classifications representative of aerosol source regions[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2012,117(D17):D17203.
[43] Alam K,Trautmann T,Blaschke T,et al. Aerosol optical and radiative properties during summer and winter seasons over Lahore and Karachi[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,50:234-245.
[44] Kumar K R,Sivakumar V,Reddy R,et al. Identification and classification of different aerosol types over a subtropical rural site in Mpumalanga,South Africa:seasonal variations as retrieved from the AERONET sunphotometer[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2014,14(1):108-123.
[45] Xia X,Che H,Zhu J,et al. Ground-based remote sensing of aerosol climatology in China:aerosol optical properties,direct radiative effect and its parameterization[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2016,124:243-251.
[46] Pace G,Di Sarra A,Meloni D,et al. Aerosol optical properties at Lampedusa(central Mediterranean). 1. Influence of transport and identification of different aerosol types[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2006,6(3):697-713.
[47] Kang N,Kumar K R,Yu X N,et al. Column-integrated aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing over the urbanindustrial megacity Nanjing in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(17):17532-17552.
[2] Che H, Zhang X Y,Xia X, et al. Ground-based aerosol climatology of China:aerosol optical depths from the China aerosol remote sensing network(CARSNET)2002-2013[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(13):7619-7652.
[3] Stocker T F,Qin D,Plattner G K,et al. Climate change 2013:the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013.55.
[4] Myhre G. Consistency between satellite-derived and modeled estimates of the direct aerosol effect[J]. Science,2009,325(5937):187-190.
[5] Jacobson M Z. Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols[J]. Nature,2001,409(6821):695-697.
[6] Menon S,Hansen J,Nazarenko L,et al. Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India[J]. Science,2002,297(5590):2250-2253.
[7] Raizenne M,Neas L M,Damokosh A I,et al. Health effects of acid aerosols on North American children:pulmonary function[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives,1996,104(5):506-514.
[8] Holben B N,TanréD,Smirnov T F,et al. An emerging groundbased aerosol climatology:aerosol optical depth from AERONET[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106(D11):12067-12097.
[9] Kleidman R G,O'Neill N T,Remer L A,et al. Comparison of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS)and aerosol robotic network(AERONET)remote-sensing retrievals of aerosol fine mode fraction over ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2005,110(D25):D22205.
[10] Remer L A,Kaufman Y J,Tanre D,et al. The MODIS aerosol algorithm, products, and validation[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2005,62(4):947-973.
[11]施禅臻,于兴娜,周斌,等.北京不同污染事件期间气溶胶光学特性[J].环境科学,2013,34(11):4139-4145.Shi C Z,Yu X N,Zhou B,et al. Aerosol optical properties during different air-pollution episodes over Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(11):4139-4145.
[12] Xia X G,Chen H B,Goloub P,et al. Climatological aspects of aerosol optical properties in North China Plain based on ground and satellite remote-sensing data[J]. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,2013,127:12-23.
[13] Cheng T T,Xu C,Duan J Y,et al. Seasonal variation and difference of aerosol optical properties in columnar and surface atmospheres over Shanghai[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,123:315-326.
[14] Wang L C,Gong W,Xia X A,et al. Long-term observations of aerosol optical properties at Wuhan,an urban site in central China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,101:94-102.
[15] Zhao H J,Che H Z,Ma Y J,et al. Temporal variability of the visibility, particulate matter mass concentration and aerosol optical properties over an urban site in Northeast China[J].Atmospheric Research,2015,166:204-212.
[16] Zhuang B L,Wang T J,Li S,et al. Optical properties and radiative forcing of urban aerosols in Nanjing, China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,83:43-52.
[17] He Q S,Li C C,Geng F H,et al. Aerosol optical properties retrieved from sun photometer measurements over Shanghai,China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2012,117(D16):D16204.
[18] Zhuang B L,Wang T J,Liu J,et al. The optical properties,physical properties and direct radiative forcing of urban columnar aerosols in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(2):1419-1436.
[19] Qi B,Hu D Y,Che H Z,et al. Seasonal variation of aerosol optical properties in an urban site of the Yangtze Delta Region of China[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2016,16(11):2884-2896.
[20]饶加旺,马荣华,段洪涛,等.太湖上空大气气溶胶光学厚度及其特征分析[J].环境科学,2012,33(7):2158-2164.Rao J W,Ma R H,Duan H T,et al. Aerosol optical thickness of the atmospheric aerosol over Taihu lake and its features:results of in-site measurements[J]. Environmental Science,2012,33(7):2158-2164.
[21] Che H Z,Zhang X Y,Chen H B,et al. Instrument calibration and aerosol optical depth validation of the China aerosol remote sensing network[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2009,114(D3):D03206.
[22] Dubovik O,King M D. A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from sun and sky radiance measurements[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2000,105(D16):20673-20696.
[23] Dubovik O,Holben B,Eck T F,et al. Variability of absorption and optical properties of key aerosol types observed in worldwide locations[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,2002,59(3):590-608.
[24] Dubovik O,Sinyuk A, Lapyonok T, et al. Application of spheroid models to account for aerosol particle nonsphericity in remote sensing of desert dust[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111(D11):D11208.
[25] Li S,Wang T J,Xie M,et al. Observed aerosol optical depth and angstrom exponent in urban area of Nanjing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,123:350-356.
[26] Su X L,Cao J J,Li Z Q,et al. Multi-Year analyses of columnar aerosol optical and microphysical properties in Xi'an,a megacity in northwestern China[J]. Remote Sensing,2018,10(8):1169.
[27] Pan L,Che H Z,Geng F H,et al. Aerosol optical properties based on ground measurements over the Chinese Yangtze Delta Region[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(21-22):2587-2596.
[28] Yu X N,LüR,Liu C,et al. Seasonal variation of columnar aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing over Beijing,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017,166:340-350.
[29] Zhang M,Ma Y Y,Gong W,et al. Aerosol optical properties and radiative effects:Assessment of urban aerosols in central China using 10-year observations[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2018,182:275-285.
[30] Xia X G,Li Z Q,Holben B,et al. Aerosol optical properties and radiative effects in the Yangtze Delta Region of China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112(D22):D22S12.
[31]谭浩波,吴兑,邓雪娇,等.珠江三角洲气溶胶光学厚度的观测研究[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(6):1146-1155.Tan H B,Wu D,Deng X J,et al. Observation of aerosol optical depth over the Pearl River Delta[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(6):1146-1155.
[32] Sun T Z,Che H Z,Qi B,et al. Aerosol optical characteristics and their vertical distributions under enhanced haze pollution events:effect of the regional transport of different aerosol types over eastern China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(4):2949-2971.
[33] Tie X X,Cao J J. Aerosol pollution in China:present and future impact on environment[J]. Particuology,2009,7(6):426-431.
[34] Fu X,Wang S X,Cheng Z,et al. Source,transport and impacts of a heavy dust event in the Yangtze River Delta,China,in 2011[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(3):1239-1254.
[35] Gong S L,Zhang X Y,Zhao T L,et al. Characterization of soil dust aerosol in China and its transport and distribution during2001 ACE-Asia:2. model simulation and validation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(D9):4262.
[36] Eck T F,Holben B N,Dubovik O,et al. Columnar aerosol optical properties at AERONET sites in central eastern Asia and aerosol transport to the tropical mid-Pacific[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2005,110(D6):D06202.
[37]齐冰,杜荣光,于之锋,等.杭州市大气气溶胶光学厚度研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(3):588-595.Qi B,Du R G,Yu Z F,et al. Aerosol optical depth in urban site of Hangzhou[J]. China Environmental Science,2014,34(3):588-595.
[38] Fan X H,Chen H B,Xia X G,et al. Aerosol optical properties from the atmospheric radiation measurement mobile facility at Shouxian,China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115(D7):D00K33.
[39] Wang Z Z,Liu D,Wang Z E,et al. Seasonal characteristics of aerosol optical properties at the SKYNET Hefei site(31. 90°N,117. 17°E)from 2007 to 2013[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2014,119(10):6128-6139.
[40] Reid J S,Kinney J E,Westphal D L,et al. Analysis of measurements of Saharan dust by airborne and ground-based remote sensing methods during the Puerto Rico Dust Experiment(PRIDE)[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(D19):8586.
[41] Cheng T T,Liu Y,Lu D R,et al. Aerosol properties and radiative forcing in Hunshan Dake desert,northern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(12):2169-2179.
[42] Giles D M,Holben B N,Eck T F,et al. An analysis of AERONET aerosol absorption properties and classifications representative of aerosol source regions[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2012,117(D17):D17203.
[43] Alam K,Trautmann T,Blaschke T,et al. Aerosol optical and radiative properties during summer and winter seasons over Lahore and Karachi[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,50:234-245.
[44] Kumar K R,Sivakumar V,Reddy R,et al. Identification and classification of different aerosol types over a subtropical rural site in Mpumalanga,South Africa:seasonal variations as retrieved from the AERONET sunphotometer[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2014,14(1):108-123.
[45] Xia X,Che H,Zhu J,et al. Ground-based remote sensing of aerosol climatology in China:aerosol optical properties,direct radiative effect and its parameterization[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2016,124:243-251.
[46] Pace G,Di Sarra A,Meloni D,et al. Aerosol optical properties at Lampedusa(central Mediterranean). 1. Influence of transport and identification of different aerosol types[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2006,6(3):697-713.
[47] Kang N,Kumar K R,Yu X N,et al. Column-integrated aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing over the urbanindustrial megacity Nanjing in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(17):17532-17552.
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