汶川地震黄洞子沟右岸大型滑坡地质构造特征及成因
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摘要
"5·12"汶川地震发生于龙门山逆冲构造带映秀—北川断裂,此次地震沿约300 km地表破裂带触发了大型滑坡百余处,其中大光包滑坡、红石沟滑坡和老鹰岩滑坡发育于绵阳安州区黄洞子沟右岸不到5 km区段内,规模均超过千万方,且大光包滑坡是此次地震中最大滑坡,也是世界罕见的巨型滑坡。本研究通过大量现场照片、遥感影像和实地测绘,结合XRD、岩石薄片手段在此3个滑坡滑源区展开了详细的地质调查。结果表明:(1)先期深埋的中-缓倾构造层带为大光包滑坡提供了潜在侧滑面,与岩体结构面组合触发了大光包大型楔形体破坏;(2)红石沟滑坡发育于含多级角砾、糜棱质次级错动带的碎裂结构坡体,地震中这些倾坡外的次级错动带快速贯通形成滑坡底滑面;(3)老鹰岩滑坡主控于厚层陡倾构造带,地震中该带沿走向拉裂破坏,加之两侧陡倾结构面组合切割触发了老鹰岩大型楔形体破坏。研究进一步发现,红石沟斜坡紧临大水闸背斜轴部、老鹰岩和大光包斜坡位于其两翼,认为该背斜构造对研究区斜坡地震稳定性有较大影响。本研究仅揭示了3个典型地质构造滑坡类型,汶川地震百余处大型滑坡地质构造成因有待进一步研究。。
Wenchuan earthquake ruptured the Yinxiu-Beichuan fault in Longmenshan thrust zone. More than 100 large-scale landslides were triggered during earthquake along the 300 km fault rupture. Three landslides with volume larger than 1000 × 104 m3 were developed within 5 km at the right bank of Huangdongzi River in Mianyan City. There are Daguangbao landslide,Hongshigou landslide and Laoyingyan landslide. The Daguangbao landslide was the largest landslide during the earthquake. Geological investigations were conducted in landslide areas and the results showed that the study area was located not only between imbricated thrust belts but also on an anticline. The Hongshigou landslide was close to its axis,while the others were on each wing. Several joint sets and weak interlayers were developed in slopes. The three landslides were triggered with special geology. A bedding fault withbreccia rock formed landslide potential boundary. The shear resistance reduced rapidly during earthquake which triggered the landslide initiation. The Hongshigou landslide was located on a cataclastic slope with many breccia shear bands. The landslide was triggered resulting from the shear bands failure which formed the basal shear surface rapidly during the earthquake. A weak interlayer of almost 100 m developed in Laoyingyan slope. The weak layer tensioned rapidly due to strong horizontal seismic shaking which triggered the slope collapse.
Wenchuan earthquake ruptured the Yinxiu-Beichuan fault in Longmenshan thrust zone. More than 100 large-scale landslides were triggered during earthquake along the 300 km fault rupture. Three landslides with volume larger than 1000 × 104 m3 were developed within 5 km at the right bank of Huangdongzi River in Mianyan City. There are Daguangbao landslide,Hongshigou landslide and Laoyingyan landslide. The Daguangbao landslide was the largest landslide during the earthquake. Geological investigations were conducted in landslide areas and the results showed that the study area was located not only between imbricated thrust belts but also on an anticline. The Hongshigou landslide was close to its axis,while the others were on each wing. Several joint sets and weak interlayers were developed in slopes. The three landslides were triggered with special geology. A bedding fault withbreccia rock formed landslide potential boundary. The shear resistance reduced rapidly during earthquake which triggered the landslide initiation. The Hongshigou landslide was located on a cataclastic slope with many breccia shear bands. The landslide was triggered resulting from the shear bands failure which formed the basal shear surface rapidly during the earthquake. A weak interlayer of almost 100 m developed in Laoyingyan slope. The weak layer tensioned rapidly due to strong horizontal seismic shaking which triggered the slope collapse.
引文
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Cheng G Q,Zhao Q H,Huang H Q.2011.Sliding characteristics of highspeed and long run-out giant rockslide landslide at Wenjiagou stream[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,19(3):404-408.
Cui S H,Huang R Q,Pei X J.2016a.Geological causes of earthquake induced large landslide:Case study of Daguangbao landslide.
Cui S H,Wang G H,Pei X J,et al.2016b.On the initiation and movement mechanisms of a catastrophic landslide triggered by the 2008Wenchuan(MS8.0)earthquake in the epicenter area[J].Landslides,14(3)1-15.
Cui S H.2014.Microstructure and static and dynamics damage mechanism of the slipping cataclastic rock of largest scale landslide:A case of Daguangbao landslide in Anxian[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology.
Dai F C,Tu X B,Xu C,et al.2011a.Rock avalanches triggered by oblique-thrusting during the 12 May 2008 MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Geomorphology,132(3-4):300-318.
Dai F C,Xu C,Yao X,et al.2011b.Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2008 MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,40(4):883-895.
Davis G H,Bump A P,Garc'A P E,et al.2000.Conjugate Riedel deformation band shear zones[J].Journal of Structural Geology,22(2):169-190.
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Fan G,Zhang J J,Fu X.2015.Dynamic response differences between bedding and count-tilt rock slopes with siltized intercalation[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,37(4):692-699.
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Huang R Q,Deng R G,Wang S T.1993.Full-course numerical simulation of high slope material movement[M].Chengdu:Press of University of Science and Technology of Chengdu.
Huang R Q,Fan X M.2013.The landslide story[J].Nature Geoscience,6(5):325-326.
Huang R Q,Li W L.2008a.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan Earthquake on 12thMay,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(12):2585-2592.
Huang R Q,Pei X J,Li T B.2008b.Basic characteristic and formation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at Daguangbao occurred during the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,16(6):730-741.
Huang R Q,Li W L.2009.Analysis of the geo-hazards triggered by the12 May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,China[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,68(3):363-371.
Huang R Q,Zhang W F,Pei X J.2014.Engineering geological study on Daguangbao landslide[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,22(4):557-585.
Huang R Q.2007.Large-scale landslides and their sliding mechanisms in China since the 20th century[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 26(3):433-454.
Humair F,Pedrazzini A,Epard J L,et al.2013.Structural characterization of Turtle Mountain anticline(Alberta,Canada)and impact on rock slope failure[J].Tectonophysics,605(3):133-148.
Pei X J,Hao Y F,Zhang J X,et al.2010.Movemwnt characteristics and mechanism of Laoyingyan landslide triggered by Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,21(4):28-32.
Pei X J,Huang R Q,Cui S H,et al.2015.The rock mass cataclastic characteristic of Daguangbao landslide and its engineering geological significance[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanism and Engineering,(S1):3106-3115.
Qi S W,Xu Q,Lan H X,et al.2010.Spatial distribution analysis of landslides triggered by 2008.5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake,China[J].Engineering Geology,116(1-2):95-108.
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Tang W Q,Liu Y P,Chen Z l et al.2004.GPS study on Longmenshan fault zone[J].Journal of Ceodesy and Geodynamics,24(3):57-59.
Wang G H,Huang R Q,Chigira M,et al.2013.Landslide amplification by liquefaction of runout-path material after the 2008 Wenchuan(M8·0)Earthquake,China[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,38(3):265-274.
Wang G H,Huang R Q,Louren9o S D N,et al.2014.A large landslide triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan(M8.0)earthquake in Donghekou area:Phenomena and mechanisms[J].Engineering Geology,182:148-157.
Wang S J.2002.Coupling of earth's endogenic and exogenic geological processes and origins on serious geological disasters[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,10(2):115-117.
Wang S J.2004.Geosphere dynamics foundation for study in geoenvironmental,geohazard and geoengineering[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,12(2):113-117.
Wang S J.2009.Geological nature of rock and its deduction for rock mechanics[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,28(3):433-450.
Xu B D.1979.The relationship between certain properties of bedding slipping landslide and its geological structure[C]∥Selected Papers of the First Symposium on Engineering Geology in China.Beijing:Science Press.
Xu C,Xu X W Wu X Y,et al.2013.Detailed catalog of landslide triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and statistical analysis of their spatial distribution[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,21(1):25-44.
Xu Q,LI W L.2010.Distribution of large-scale landslide induced by the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,18(6):818-826.
Yin Y P,Yu C L,Wang J,et al.2011.Remote sensing research on Daguangbao gigantic rockslide triggered by Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,19(5):674-684.
Yin Y P.2009a.Rapid and long run-out feature of landslide ides triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,17(2):153-166.
Yin Y P.2009b.Features of landslides triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,17(1):29-38.
Yin Y.2014.Vertical acceleration effect on landsides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,71(11):4703-4714.
Zhang M,Yin Y,Wu S,et al.2011.Dynamics of the Niumiangou Creek rock avalanche triggered by 2008 MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Landslides,8(3):363-371.
Zhang Y B,Chen G Q,Zheng L,et al.2013.Effects of near-fault seismic loadings on run-out of large-scale landslide:A case study[J].Engineering Geology,166:216-236.
Zhang Y B,Zhang J,Chen G Q,et al.2015.Effects of vertical seismic force on initiation of the Daguangbao landslide induced by the 2008Wenchuan earthquake[J].Soil Dynamics&Earthquake Engineering,73:91-102.
Zhang Z Y,Wang S T,Wang L S,et al.2009.Principles of engineering geological analysis[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House:22-24.
陈昌彦,张李节,王思敬,等.2002.断裂构造研究进展对工程地质学的启示[J].地质论评,48(5):487-494.
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