甘肃省玛曲县大水金矿原生金矿石的发现及意义
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摘要
甘肃玛曲县大水金矿是西秦岭地区规模最大、类型独特的金矿床之一,多年的矿床勘探和开发过程中,在400m以上从未发现过原生金矿体或金矿石,因而对该矿床的成因认识一直存在着争论。本文利用矿山在89线竖井开拓过程中发现的原生金矿石,通过岩矿鉴定、微量元素和稀土元素分析,发现矿区存在英安质凝灰岩,是金矿石寄主岩石之一。原生金矿石具块状、条带状和角砾状构造,凝灰岩矿石或角砾具海底喷流沉积特征。新发现的原生金矿石与花岗闪长斑岩、黑云石英闪长玢岩型金矿石具有不同的微量元素、稀土元素变化趋势和硫同位素值,指示原生金矿石可能经历了喷流和后期岩浆热液改造两个阶段的成矿,这些发现对认识大水金矿床成因和今后找矿方向具有重要指导意义。
The Dashui gold deposit is one of the largest and special type of gold deposits in the West Qinling orogen. During the exploration and development for many years,the primary gold ore bodies or gold ores have never been found at least above depth 400 meters in this mine. And the genesis of this deposit remains controversial. This work used the primary gold ore found in a shaft along the exploration line No. 89 to conduct rock-mineral identification and analyses of microelements and rare earth elements. Results suggest that primary gold ores are hosted in dacitic tuff. The ores are of massive,banded and breccia shapes. The ore-bearing tuff or breccia is characterized by submarine exhalative sediments. These protogenetic ores are different in geochemistry from granodiorite porphyry and biotite quartz diorite porphyry,and have sulfur isotope( δ34 S ranging in 9. 79% ～ 10. 11%),indicating their mineralization has experienced two stages: early exhalation and later reformation of magma thermal fluids. These findings can shed light on understanding the genesis of the gold deposits and the prospecting direction in the future.
The Dashui gold deposit is one of the largest and special type of gold deposits in the West Qinling orogen. During the exploration and development for many years,the primary gold ore bodies or gold ores have never been found at least above depth 400 meters in this mine. And the genesis of this deposit remains controversial. This work used the primary gold ore found in a shaft along the exploration line No. 89 to conduct rock-mineral identification and analyses of microelements and rare earth elements. Results suggest that primary gold ores are hosted in dacitic tuff. The ores are of massive,banded and breccia shapes. The ore-bearing tuff or breccia is characterized by submarine exhalative sediments. These protogenetic ores are different in geochemistry from granodiorite porphyry and biotite quartz diorite porphyry,and have sulfur isotope( δ34 S ranging in 9. 79% ～ 10. 11%),indicating their mineralization has experienced two stages: early exhalation and later reformation of magma thermal fluids. These findings can shed light on understanding the genesis of the gold deposits and the prospecting direction in the future.
引文
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Chen Yanjing,Santosh M.2014.Triassic tectonics and mineral systems in the Qinling Orogen,central China[J].Geological Journal,49(4-5):338-358.
Chen Yanjing,Zhang Jing,Zhang Fuxin,Franco Pirajno,Li Chao.2004.Carlin and carlin-like gold deposits in western Qinlin mountains and their metallogenic time,tectonic setting and model[J].Geological Review,50(2):134-152(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Cui Minli,Zhang Zuolun,Chen Yuming,Chen Fangge.2017.Geology and metallogenic process of large and super-large gold deposits in South America[J].Geology in China,44(4):642-663(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dai Wenjun.2013.Pb isotope composition and ore-forming material source of Dashui gold deposit in Gansu Province[J].Gansu Geology,22(2):26-32(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dong Yunpeng,Zhang Guowei,Neubauer F,Hauzenberger C.2011.Tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen,China:Review and synthesis[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,41(3):213-237.
Fleet A J.1983.Hydrothermal and hydrogeneos ferro-mangan deposits:Do they form a continuum?The rare earth element evidence in hydrothermal processes at sea floor spreaing center,in Rona P.A.et al.eds.,Hydrothermal processes at sea floor spreading centers[M].New York:Plenum Press:533-555.
Han Chunming,Yuan Wanming,Yu Fusheng,Tang Yunhui,Bao Zenkuan.2004.Geochemistry of Dashui gold deposit in west Qinling mountains,Gansu Province[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,25(2):127-132(in Chinese with English abstract).
Han Jinsheng,Yao Junming,Chen Yanjing.2014.Geochronology and geochemistry of the Dashui adakitic granitoids in the western Qinling orogen,central China:Implications for Triassic tectonic setting[J].Geological Journal,49(4-5):383-401.
Han Jinsheng,Yao Junming,Chen Yanjing.2011.Zircon age and Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)ratio of granodiorite in Dashui gold mine area,Gansu Province[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,(S1):583-584(in Chinese).
Li Hongyang,Li Yingjie,Yuan Wanming,Yang Qiurong,Kang Guiling,Cao Jinfei.2007.Mineral geochemistry in the Dashui diorite-type gold deposit,Gansu Province[J].Geology and Prospecting,43(4):41-45(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Yadong.1994.The preliminary study in the metallogenic model of the hot springs-karst altered rock type gold deposit in Xiqingshan[J].Mineral Resources and Geology,8(1):8-11(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Zhucang,Li Yongjun,Yang Zhiyong,Lei Xiangjun,Li Zuo Peng,Miao Bin.2014.The geochemical characteristics of adakite rock and the source of metallogenetic material in Dashui goldfield of Gansu Province[J].Xinjiang Geology,(2):250-254(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liang Minghong,Xiao Lin,Ding Sanping,Zhang Xinhu,Liu Jianhong.2014.Characteristics and relationship with mineralization of tectonic facies in Gansu Province[J].Gansu Geology,25(1):1-11(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Qineng,Zhou Xiaodong,Su Xiaoyan,He Yuliang,Guo Zhen.2018.An analysis of geological,geophysical and geochemical characteristics and prospecting potentiality of the Liulaowan area in Henan Province[J].Geology in China,45(2):392-407(in Chinese with English abstract).
Luo Jianmin,Zhang Xinhu,Peng Deqi.2005.Grade-resource distribution model of rock gold deposits in the Gansu Province[J].Geology and Prospecting,41(5):62-65(in Chinese with English abstract).
Marchig V,Gundlach H,M9ller P,Schley F.1982.Some geochemical indicators for discrimination between diagenetic and hydrothermal metalliferous sediments[J].Marine Geology,50(3):241-256.
Shimizu,Amp H,Masuda A.1977.Cerium in chert as an indication of marine environment of its formation[J].Nature,266(5600):346-348.
Shi Wenquan,Zhang Bo.2018.Prospecting indicators and potential of the Dashui gold ore concentration area in southern Gansu Province[J].Geology and Exploration,54(3):490-500(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun S S,Mc Donough W F.1989.Chemical and isotopic systematic of oceanic basalts:Implications for mantle composition and processes[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,42(1):313-345.
Wang Pingan,Chen Yuchuan,Pei Rongfu.1998.Tectono-minerogenic cycles and minerogenetic evolution through geological history in the Qinling orogenic belt[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House:125-210(in Chinese).
Xu Gang,Dong Faxian,Liu Jianmin.2002.Analysis of ore-control structural patterns in Dashui gold deposit in south of Gansu Province,China[J].Mineral Deposits,(s1):727-730(in Chinese).
Yan Shenhao,Wang Anjian,Gao Lan,Zhao Yanqing,Hu Chuanjiu,Chen Guozhong.2000.Geological characteristics and genesis of the Dashui type gold deposits[J].Mineral Deposits,19(2):126-127(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yan Haiqin,He Baolin,Liu Qiaofeng,Jia Huimin,Li Fei.2014.Characteristics of magmatic geochronology and geochemistry of Dashui gold deposit in west Qinling[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,36(1),98-110(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Yongchun,Li Yuanjia,He Jianping,Zhang Jianhua,Zhou Chixiang,Lv Jianliang.2017.Application of geochemical soil survey in the Gongpoquan gold deposit at Mazongshan,Gansu Province[J].Geology and Exploration,53(4):715-730(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Fuxin,Zong Jinting,Ma Jiantai.1998.A tentative discussion on the carlin-type gold deposits in Qinling and related problems[J].Mineral Deposits,17(2):172-184(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Jiangsu,Peng Xiuhong,Song Hao,Qing Chengshi,Li Wenjun,Deng Xitao.2010.Primary halo characteristics of Dashui gold deposit in Maqu,Gansu Province[J].Gold,31(8):12-17(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Tao,Cao Yanshan,Zhang Dehui,Li Yongquan,Liu Jiajun,Shi Wenquan,Xia Falai.2017.Characteristics of structural superimposed halos of the Dashui gold deposit in Maqu county,Gansu Province,China[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,36(2):279-288(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Xiang,Dai Shuang,Liu Jianhong,Zhao Yanqing,Huang Wantang,Sun Xinchun.2017.Mineralization and prospecting research of gold deposits in western Qinling[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House:44-71(in Chinese).
Zhao Yanqing,Ye Dejin,Li Yongqin,Chen Guozhong.2003.Granitic mineralization of the Dashui gold ore deposit in western Qinlin[J].Geosciences,17(2):151-156(in Chinese).
陈衍景,张静,张复新,Franco PIRAJNO,李超.2004.西秦岭地区卡林-类卡林型金矿床及其成矿时间、构造背景和模式[J].地质论评,50(2):134-152.
崔敏利,张作伦,陈玉明,陈方戈.2017.南美洲大型-超大型金矿地质特征与成矿作用研究[J].中国地质,44(4):642-663.
代文军.2013.甘肃大水金矿床铅同位素组成与成矿物质来源探讨[J].甘肃地质,22(2):26-32.
韩春明,袁万明,于福生,汤云晖,保增宽.2004.甘肃省玛曲大水金矿床地球化学特征[J].地球学报,25(2):127-132.
韩金生,姚军明,陈衍景.2011.甘肃大水金矿矿区花岗闪长岩锆石年龄及Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)比值[J].矿物学报,(S1):583-584.
李红阳,李英杰,袁万明,杨秋荣,康桂玲,曹积飞.2007.甘肃大水闪长岩型金矿床的矿物地球化学特征[J].地质与勘探,43(4):41-45.
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李注苍,李永军,杨志勇,雷祥军,李作鹏,缪斌.2014.甘肃大水金矿田埃达克岩特征及成矿物质来源[J].新疆地质,(2):250-254.
梁明宏,肖林,丁仨平,张新虎,刘建宏.2014.甘肃的大地构造相与成矿[J].甘肃地质,25(1):1-11.
刘啟能,周小栋,苏小岩,何玉良,郭振.2018.河南省刘老湾地区地质、物化探特征及找矿前景分析[J].中国地质,45(2):392-407.
罗建民,张新虎,彭德齐.2005.甘肃省岩金矿品位-储量分布模型[J].地质与勘探,41(5):62-65.
史文全,张波.2018.甘肃南部大水金矿集区找矿标志及找矿潜力分析[J].地质与勘探,54(3):490-500.
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徐刚,董法先,刘建民.2002.大水金矿床控矿构造型式分析[J].矿床地质,(s1):727-730.
闫海卿,贺宝林,刘巧峰,贾慧敏,李飞.2014.西秦岭大水金矿岩浆岩年代学、地球化学特征[J].地球科学与环境学报,36(1):98-110.
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Chen Yanjing,Santosh M.2014.Triassic tectonics and mineral systems in the Qinling Orogen,central China[J].Geological Journal,49(4-5):338-358.
Chen Yanjing,Zhang Jing,Zhang Fuxin,Franco Pirajno,Li Chao.2004.Carlin and carlin-like gold deposits in western Qinlin mountains and their metallogenic time,tectonic setting and model[J].Geological Review,50(2):134-152(in Chinese with English abstract).
Cooke D R,Bull S W,Large R R.2000.The importance of oxidized brines for the formation of Australian Proterozoic stratiform sediment-hosted Pb-Zn(Sedex)deposits[J].Economic Geology,95(1):1-17.
Cui Minli,Zhang Zuolun,Chen Yuming,Chen Fangge.2017.Geology and metallogenic process of large and super-large gold deposits in South America[J].Geology in China,44(4):642-663(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dai Wenjun.2013.Pb isotope composition and ore-forming material source of Dashui gold deposit in Gansu Province[J].Gansu Geology,22(2):26-32(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dong Yunpeng,Zhang Guowei,Neubauer F,Hauzenberger C.2011.Tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen,China:Review and synthesis[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,41(3):213-237.
Fleet A J.1983.Hydrothermal and hydrogeneos ferro-mangan deposits:Do they form a continuum?The rare earth element evidence in hydrothermal processes at sea floor spreaing center,in Rona P.A.et al.eds.,Hydrothermal processes at sea floor spreading centers[M].New York:Plenum Press:533-555.
Han Chunming,Yuan Wanming,Yu Fusheng,Tang Yunhui,Bao Zenkuan.2004.Geochemistry of Dashui gold deposit in west Qinling mountains,Gansu Province[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,25(2):127-132(in Chinese with English abstract).
Han Jinsheng,Yao Junming,Chen Yanjing.2014.Geochronology and geochemistry of the Dashui adakitic granitoids in the western Qinling orogen,central China:Implications for Triassic tectonic setting[J].Geological Journal,49(4-5):383-401.
Han Jinsheng,Yao Junming,Chen Yanjing.2011.Zircon age and Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)ratio of granodiorite in Dashui gold mine area,Gansu Province[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,(S1):583-584(in Chinese).
Li Hongyang,Li Yingjie,Yuan Wanming,Yang Qiurong,Kang Guiling,Cao Jinfei.2007.Mineral geochemistry in the Dashui diorite-type gold deposit,Gansu Province[J].Geology and Prospecting,43(4):41-45(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Yadong.1994.The preliminary study in the metallogenic model of the hot springs-karst altered rock type gold deposit in Xiqingshan[J].Mineral Resources and Geology,8(1):8-11(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Zhucang,Li Yongjun,Yang Zhiyong,Lei Xiangjun,Li Zuo Peng,Miao Bin.2014.The geochemical characteristics of adakite rock and the source of metallogenetic material in Dashui goldfield of Gansu Province[J].Xinjiang Geology,(2):250-254(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liang Minghong,Xiao Lin,Ding Sanping,Zhang Xinhu,Liu Jianhong.2014.Characteristics and relationship with mineralization of tectonic facies in Gansu Province[J].Gansu Geology,25(1):1-11(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Qineng,Zhou Xiaodong,Su Xiaoyan,He Yuliang,Guo Zhen.2018.An analysis of geological,geophysical and geochemical characteristics and prospecting potentiality of the Liulaowan area in Henan Province[J].Geology in China,45(2):392-407(in Chinese with English abstract).
Luo Jianmin,Zhang Xinhu,Peng Deqi.2005.Grade-resource distribution model of rock gold deposits in the Gansu Province[J].Geology and Prospecting,41(5):62-65(in Chinese with English abstract).
Marchig V,Gundlach H,M9ller P,Schley F.1982.Some geochemical indicators for discrimination between diagenetic and hydrothermal metalliferous sediments[J].Marine Geology,50(3):241-256.
Shimizu,Amp H,Masuda A.1977.Cerium in chert as an indication of marine environment of its formation[J].Nature,266(5600):346-348.
Shi Wenquan,Zhang Bo.2018.Prospecting indicators and potential of the Dashui gold ore concentration area in southern Gansu Province[J].Geology and Exploration,54(3):490-500(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun S S,Mc Donough W F.1989.Chemical and isotopic systematic of oceanic basalts:Implications for mantle composition and processes[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,42(1):313-345.
Wang Pingan,Chen Yuchuan,Pei Rongfu.1998.Tectono-minerogenic cycles and minerogenetic evolution through geological history in the Qinling orogenic belt[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House:125-210(in Chinese).
Xu Gang,Dong Faxian,Liu Jianmin.2002.Analysis of ore-control structural patterns in Dashui gold deposit in south of Gansu Province,China[J].Mineral Deposits,(s1):727-730(in Chinese).
Yan Shenhao,Wang Anjian,Gao Lan,Zhao Yanqing,Hu Chuanjiu,Chen Guozhong.2000.Geological characteristics and genesis of the Dashui type gold deposits[J].Mineral Deposits,19(2):126-127(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yan Haiqin,He Baolin,Liu Qiaofeng,Jia Huimin,Li Fei.2014.Characteristics of magmatic geochronology and geochemistry of Dashui gold deposit in west Qinling[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,36(1),98-110(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Yongchun,Li Yuanjia,He Jianping,Zhang Jianhua,Zhou Chixiang,Lv Jianliang.2017.Application of geochemical soil survey in the Gongpoquan gold deposit at Mazongshan,Gansu Province[J].Geology and Exploration,53(4):715-730(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Fuxin,Zong Jinting,Ma Jiantai.1998.A tentative discussion on the carlin-type gold deposits in Qinling and related problems[J].Mineral Deposits,17(2):172-184(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Jiangsu,Peng Xiuhong,Song Hao,Qing Chengshi,Li Wenjun,Deng Xitao.2010.Primary halo characteristics of Dashui gold deposit in Maqu,Gansu Province[J].Gold,31(8):12-17(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Tao,Cao Yanshan,Zhang Dehui,Li Yongquan,Liu Jiajun,Shi Wenquan,Xia Falai.2017.Characteristics of structural superimposed halos of the Dashui gold deposit in Maqu county,Gansu Province,China[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,36(2):279-288(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Xiang,Dai Shuang,Liu Jianhong,Zhao Yanqing,Huang Wantang,Sun Xinchun.2017.Mineralization and prospecting research of gold deposits in western Qinling[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House:44-71(in Chinese).
Zhao Yanqing,Ye Dejin,Li Yongqin,Chen Guozhong.2003.Granitic mineralization of the Dashui gold ore deposit in western Qinlin[J].Geosciences,17(2):151-156(in Chinese).
陈衍景,张静,张复新,Franco PIRAJNO,李超.2004.西秦岭地区卡林-类卡林型金矿床及其成矿时间、构造背景和模式[J].地质论评,50(2):134-152.
崔敏利,张作伦,陈玉明,陈方戈.2017.南美洲大型-超大型金矿地质特征与成矿作用研究[J].中国地质,44(4):642-663.
代文军.2013.甘肃大水金矿床铅同位素组成与成矿物质来源探讨[J].甘肃地质,22(2):26-32.
韩春明,袁万明,于福生,汤云晖,保增宽.2004.甘肃省玛曲大水金矿床地球化学特征[J].地球学报,25(2):127-132.
韩金生,姚军明,陈衍景.2011.甘肃大水金矿矿区花岗闪长岩锆石年龄及Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)比值[J].矿物学报,(S1):583-584.
李红阳,李英杰,袁万明,杨秋荣,康桂玲,曹积飞.2007.甘肃大水闪长岩型金矿床的矿物地球化学特征[J].地质与勘探,43(4):41-45.
李亚东.1994.西倾山热泉一岩溶一蚀变岩型金矿成矿模式的初步研究[J].矿产与地质,8(1):8-11.
李注苍,李永军,杨志勇,雷祥军,李作鹏,缪斌.2014.甘肃大水金矿田埃达克岩特征及成矿物质来源[J].新疆地质,(2):250-254.
梁明宏,肖林,丁仨平,张新虎,刘建宏.2014.甘肃的大地构造相与成矿[J].甘肃地质,25(1):1-11.
刘啟能,周小栋,苏小岩,何玉良,郭振.2018.河南省刘老湾地区地质、物化探特征及找矿前景分析[J].中国地质,45(2):392-407.
罗建民,张新虎,彭德齐.2005.甘肃省岩金矿品位-储量分布模型[J].地质与勘探,41(5):62-65.
史文全,张波.2018.甘肃南部大水金矿集区找矿标志及找矿潜力分析[J].地质与勘探,54(3):490-500.
王平安,陈毓川,裴荣富.1998.秦岭造山带区域矿床成矿系列、构造一成矿旋回与演化[M].北京:地质出版社:125-210.
徐刚,董法先,刘建民.2002.大水金矿床控矿构造型式分析[J].矿床地质,(s1):727-730.
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