生物法制备甲壳素/壳聚糖的研究进展
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摘要
甲壳素是继纤维素之后又一天然生物高分子材料,因其具有重要的物理化学性质及优良的生物相容性、安全性、可生物降解性,使其在农业、医药、食品加工、环境保护及生物技术等领域有着重要的应用。由于其强烈的氢键作用,甲壳素很难溶解,这在很大程度上限制了其应用。甲壳素经脱N-乙酰基得到壳聚糖,由于乙酰基的减少,壳聚糖分子间作用力减弱,溶解性在一定程度上得到改善,同时,由于其存在大量游离的氨基,使其在药物缓释、促进伤口愈合等医药方面有着更重要的经济价值。阐述了甲壳素的传统化学制备方法 -酸碱法,该方法虽技术成熟,却仍存在能耗高、成本高、环境污染严重等诸多局限性和缺点;基于此,重点综述了绿色环保的酶法及微生物发酵法,讨论了酶法和微生物发酵方法各自的优缺点,同时归纳了甲壳素的重要衍生物-壳聚糖的生物制备方法,并分析讨论了在目前生物法制备甲壳素/壳聚糖从实验室研究到工业化过程中存在的限制性问题,进一步展望了甲壳素/壳聚糖生物制备方法的研发方向。
Chitin is another natural biopolymer after cellulose. Chitin and its derivative chitosan have been widely applied in agriculture,medicine,food processing,environmental protection and biotechnology due to the important physicochemical properties,admirable biodegradability,biocompatibility,and no toxicity. However,chitin is hard to be dissolved because of the strong hydrogen bond between chitin molecules,which limits its applications. Chitosan can be obtained from chitin by deacetylation,and the interaction force among chitosan molecules weakens due to the decrease of acetyl groups,which improves the solubility to a certain extent. Meanwhile,chitosan demonstrates more important economic value in drug slow-release,wound healing and other medical aspects,as the presence of a large number of free amino groups. In this paper,the traditional chemical method of preparing chitin,i.e.,acid-base method is described briefly;the method still is of many limitations and disadvantages,such as high energy consumption,high cost and serious environmental pollution,even though it is mature. Based on this,the environmental friendly enzymatic and microbial fermentation methods are summarized,their advantages and disadvantages are discussed respectively,the biological preparation methods of its important derivative chitosan are also summarized. The key issues in chitin/chitosan production from laboratory research to industrialization by biological method are analyzed,and finally the research directions of biological preparation methods for chitin/chitosan are further prospected.
Chitin is another natural biopolymer after cellulose. Chitin and its derivative chitosan have been widely applied in agriculture,medicine,food processing,environmental protection and biotechnology due to the important physicochemical properties,admirable biodegradability,biocompatibility,and no toxicity. However,chitin is hard to be dissolved because of the strong hydrogen bond between chitin molecules,which limits its applications. Chitosan can be obtained from chitin by deacetylation,and the interaction force among chitosan molecules weakens due to the decrease of acetyl groups,which improves the solubility to a certain extent. Meanwhile,chitosan demonstrates more important economic value in drug slow-release,wound healing and other medical aspects,as the presence of a large number of free amino groups. In this paper,the traditional chemical method of preparing chitin,i.e.,acid-base method is described briefly;the method still is of many limitations and disadvantages,such as high energy consumption,high cost and serious environmental pollution,even though it is mature. Based on this,the environmental friendly enzymatic and microbial fermentation methods are summarized,their advantages and disadvantages are discussed respectively,the biological preparation methods of its important derivative chitosan are also summarized. The key issues in chitin/chitosan production from laboratory research to industrialization by biological method are analyzed,and finally the research directions of biological preparation methods for chitin/chitosan are further prospected.
引文
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[4]施文涛,陈鹏.甲壳素酰化改性的研究进展[J].化工进展,2016,35(7):2166-2172.
[5]张步宁,崔英德,陈循军,等.甲壳素/壳聚糖医用敷料研究进展[J].化工进展,2008,27(4):520-526.
[6]Cho YW,Cho YN,et al.Water-soluble chitin as a wound healing accelerator[J].Biomaterials,1999,20(22):2139-2145.
[7]Patrulea V,Ostafe V,Borchard G,et al.Chitosan as a starting material for wound healing applications[J].European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics,2015,97:417-426.
[8]Mu?oz G,Valencia C,Valderruten N,et al.Extraction of chitosan from Aspergillus niger mycelium and synthesis of hydrogels for controlled release of betahistine[J].Reactive and Functional Polymers,2015,91:1-10.
[9]Elieh-Ali-Komi D,Hamblin MR.Chitin and chitosan:production and application of versatile biomedical nanomaterials[J].International journal of advanced research,2016,4(3):411-427.
[10]Aljawish A,Chevalot I,Jasniewski J,et al.Enzymatic synthesis of chitosan derivatives and their potential applications[J].Journal of Molecular Catalysis B:Enzymatic,2015,112:25-39.
[11]Smith A,Perelman M,Hinchcliffe M.Chitosan:a promising safe and immune-enhancing adjuvant for intranasal vaccines[J].Human vaccines&immunotherapeutics,2014,10(3):797-807.
[12]Younes I,Rinaudo M.Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources.structure,properties and applications[J].Marine drugs,2015,13(3):1133-1174.
[13]张述智,夏伟,朱绍辉,等.从蝇蛆中提取甲壳素的方法:CN103880979A[P].2014-06-25.
[14]马翠翠,任健.蝇蛆壳制备壳聚糖的工艺条件研究[J].现代食品科技,2013,29(2):331-334.
[15]Gadgey KK,Bahekar A.Study on extraction methods of chitin from crab shell and investigation of its mechanical properities[J].International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology,2017,8(2):220-231.
[16]Truong T,Hausler R,Monette F,et al.Fishery industrial waste valorization for the transformation of chitosan by hydrothermochemial method[J].Revve des Sciences de I’Eau,2007,20,253-262.
[17]高乐平,杜予民,等.过氧化氢甲壳素脱色反应条件与分子量研究[J].武汉大学学报:理学版,2002,48(4):453-456.
[18]陈雪姣,姜启兴,等.南极磷虾甲壳素的脱色工艺研究[J].郑州轻工业学院学报(自然科学版),2014,29(3):21-24.
[19]张钟,高佳欣.柠檬酸-反相微胶团法提取虾壳中甲壳素的研究[J].食品工业科技,2017,38(5):269-273.
[20]孟凡欣,吴丽艳,徐盼菊,等.虾壳甲壳素提取工艺优化及其辅助降血糖活性研究[J].食品研究与开发,2016,37(5):95-100.
[21]Gortari MC,Hours RA.Biotechnological processes for chitin recovery out of crustacean waste:a mini-review[J].Electronic Journal of Biotechnology,2013,16(3):14.
[22]Sedaghat F,Yousefzadi M,Toiserkani H,et al.Bioconversion of shrimp waste Penaeus merguiensis using lactic acid fermentation:an alternative procedure for chemical extraction of chitin and chitosan[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2017,104,883-888.
[23]Valdez-Pe?a AU,Espinoza-Perez JD,Sandoval-Fabian GC,et al.Screening of industrial enzymes for deproteinization of shrimp head for chitin recovery[J].Food Science and Biotechnology,2010,19(2):553-557.
[24]Vázquez JA,Noriega D,Ramos P,et al.Optimization of high purity chitin and chitosan production from IIIex argentinus pens by a combination of enzymatic and chemical processess[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2017,174,262-272.
[25]姜红鹰,周玉玲,张桂敏,等.酶法制备甲壳素系列衍生物的研究进展[J].氨基酸和生物资源,2016,38(4):71-76.
[26]Kaur S,Dhillon GS.Recent trends in biological extraction of chitin from marine shell wastes:A review[J].Critical Rev Biotechnol,2015,35(1):44-61.
[27]Antunes-Valcareggi SA,Ferreira SRS,Hense H.Enzymatic hydrolysis of blue crab(callinectes sapidus)waste processing to obtain chitin,protein,and astaxanthin-enriched extract[J].International Journal of Environmental&Agriculture Research,2017,3(1):81-92.
[28]Younes I,Ghorbel-Bellaaj O,Nasri R,et al.Chitin and chitosan preparation from shrimp shells using optimized enzymatic deproteinization[J].Process Biochemistry,2012,47(12):2032-2039.
[29]Hamdi M,Hammami A,Hajji S,et al.Chitin extraction from blue crab(Portunus segnis)and shrimp(Penaeus kerathurus)shells using digestive alkaline proteases from P.segnis viscera[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2017,101:455-463.
[30]Oh YS,Shih L,Tzeng YM,et al.Protease produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa K-187 and its application in the deproteinization of shrimp and crab shell wastes[J].Enzyme and Microbial Technology,2000,27(1-2):3-10.
[31]Lopes C,Antelo LT,Franco-Uría A,et al.Chitin production from crustacean biomass:Sustainability assessment of chemical and enzymatic processes[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,172:4140-4151.
[32]Arbia W,Arbia L,Adour L,et al.Chitin extraction from crustacean shells using biological methods-A review[J].Food Technology&Biotechnology,2013,51(1):12-25.
[33]Nguyen TT,Barber AR,Smith P,et al.Appliaction and optimization of the highly efficient and environmentally-friendly microwaveintensified lactic acid demineralization of deproteinized Rock lobster shells(Jasus edwardsii)for chitin production[J].Food and Bioproducts Processing,2017,102:367-374.
[34]Ploydee E,Chaiyanan,S.Production of high viscosity chitosan from biologically purified chitin isoated by microbial fermentation and deproteinization[J].International Journal of Polymer Science,2014,2014(5):1-8.
[35]Neves AC,Zanette C,et al.Optimization of lactic fermentation for extraction of chitin from freshwater shrimp waste[J].Acta Scientiarum Technology,2017,39(2):125-133.
[36]Ghorbel-Bellaaj O,Hmidet N,Jellouli K,et al.Shrimp waste fermentation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa A2:optimization of chitin extraction conditions through Plackett-Burmanand response surface methodology approaches[J].International Journal of biological Macromolecules,2011,48(4):596-602.
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