琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷天然气藏输导模式研究
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摘要
琼东南盆地晚期构造活动较弱,为了阐明该盆地深水区深层古近系烃源岩生成的天然气如何运移至浅层新近系中央峡谷储集体聚集成藏这一问题,利用地震分频处理技术提高3D地震资料分辨率,开展断裂输导体系识别,结合区域断裂发育特征建立天然气输导模式。琼东南盆地深水区发育4期断裂活动,且断裂活动具有明显的周期性,基于此,提出了断裂旋回的概念——一个断裂旋回包括了较短时间的断层活动期和较长时间的断层静止期。通过对比断裂旋回不同阶段断层输导天然气的差异特征,提出断层活动期高效涌流输导模式和断层静止期有效渗流输导模式,并指出超压断陷盆地涌流和渗流交替输导可以增强天然气输导效率。中央峡谷陵水段下方深层发育一系列沟通烃源岩的阶梯状断层,浅层发育许多高角度小断层,其是深部天然气运移至浅层的重要通道。建立了中央峡谷天然气"多期断裂—多断层"接力输导模式。
Exploration results showed that the gas in the shallow Neogene central canyon reservoirs of the Qiongdongnan Basin mainly came from the deep Paleogene source rocks in the deep-water area. However, given that the late tectonic activity in the basin was weak, how did the gas in the deep formations migrate to the Neogene reservoirs? Using seismic frequency division technology, the resolution of 3 D seismic data was improved. A fracture system below the central canyon was identified, and a gas transport mode was established by combining this interpretation with the development characteristics of regional faults. There were four stages of fault activity in the deep-water area of the basin, with pronounced periodicity. The activity and stationary periods happened alternately. Based on this, this paper proposed a concept of fracture cycle, which includes a shorter activity period and a longer stationary period. A fracture activity corresponds to a fracture cycle, and multiple fracture activities can be superimposed to form a stacking pattern of fracture cycles. Then, studying the difference of the migration mode for fractures in different periods, this paper proposed a fast inflow migration mode during the fault activity period and an effective seepage migration mode during the stationary period, and pointed out that it could enhance the efficiency of gas migration in a overpressure rift basin, if the inflow migration mode and seepage migration mode occurred alternately. In the Lingshui Depression, a series of ladder-like faults developed, connecting source rocks in the deep formations with many high-angle small faults in the shallow formations, which allowed deep natural gas migrate to shallow reservoirs. Thus, a relayed transport mode of "multi-stage fracturing and multiple faults" for gas migration in the central canyon was proposed.
Exploration results showed that the gas in the shallow Neogene central canyon reservoirs of the Qiongdongnan Basin mainly came from the deep Paleogene source rocks in the deep-water area. However, given that the late tectonic activity in the basin was weak, how did the gas in the deep formations migrate to the Neogene reservoirs? Using seismic frequency division technology, the resolution of 3 D seismic data was improved. A fracture system below the central canyon was identified, and a gas transport mode was established by combining this interpretation with the development characteristics of regional faults. There were four stages of fault activity in the deep-water area of the basin, with pronounced periodicity. The activity and stationary periods happened alternately. Based on this, this paper proposed a concept of fracture cycle, which includes a shorter activity period and a longer stationary period. A fracture activity corresponds to a fracture cycle, and multiple fracture activities can be superimposed to form a stacking pattern of fracture cycles. Then, studying the difference of the migration mode for fractures in different periods, this paper proposed a fast inflow migration mode during the fault activity period and an effective seepage migration mode during the stationary period, and pointed out that it could enhance the efficiency of gas migration in a overpressure rift basin, if the inflow migration mode and seepage migration mode occurred alternately. In the Lingshui Depression, a series of ladder-like faults developed, connecting source rocks in the deep formations with many high-angle small faults in the shallow formations, which allowed deep natural gas migrate to shallow reservoirs. Thus, a relayed transport mode of "multi-stage fracturing and multiple faults" for gas migration in the central canyon was proposed.
引文
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[6] 李文浩,张枝焕,李友川,等.琼东南盆地古近系渐新统烃源岩地球化学特征及生烃潜力分析[J].天然气地球科学,2011,22(4):700-708. LI Wenhao,ZHANG Zhihuan,LI Youchuan,et al.Geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon generation of Paleogene Oligocene source rocks in Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2011,22(4):700-708.
[7] 王子嵩,刘震,孙志鹏,等.琼东南深水区乐东—陵水凹陷渐新统烃源岩早期预测及评价[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2014,45(3):876-888. WANG Zisong,LIU Zhen,SUN Zhipeng,et al.Preliminary prediction and evaluation of Oligocene source rocks in Ledong-Lingshui Sag in deep-water area of Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology),2014,45(3):876-888.
[8] 黄保家,王振峰,梁刚.琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷天然气来源及运聚模式[J].中国海上油气,2014,26(5):8-14. HUANG Baojia,WANG Zhenfeng,LIANG Gang.Natural gas source and migration-accumulation pattern in the central canyon,the deep water area,Qiongdongnan Basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2014,26(5):8-14.
[9] 吴景富,杨树春,张功成,等.南海北部深水区盆地热历史及烃源岩热演化研究[J].地球物理学报,2013,56(1):170-180. WU Jingfu,YANG Shuchun,ZHANG Gongcheng,et al.Geothermal history and thermal evolution of the source rocks in the deep-water area of the northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2013,56(1):170-180.
[10] 王振峰,李绪深,孙志鹏,等.琼东南盆地深水区油气成藏条件和勘探潜力[J].中国海上油气,2011,23(1):7-13. WANG Zhenfeng,LI Xushen,SUN Zhipeng,et al.Hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and exploration potential in the deep-water region,Qiongdongnan Basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2011,23(1):7-13.
[11] 杜春国,郝芳,邹华耀,等.断裂输导体系研究现状及存在的问题[J].地质科技情报,2007,26(1):51-56. DU Chunguo,HAO Fang,ZOU Huayao,et al.Progress and pro-blems of faults conduit systems for hydrocarbon migration[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2007,26(1):51-56.
[12] 阎福礼,贾东,卢华复,等.东营凹陷油气运移的地震泵作用[J].石油与天然气地质,1999,20(4):295-298. YAN Fuli,JIA Dong,LU Huafu,et al.Seismic pumping mechanism of hydrocarbon migration in Dongying Depression[J].Oil & Gas Geology,1999,20(4):295-298.
[13] SIBSON R H,MOORE J M M,RANKIN A H.Seismic pumping:a hydrothermal fluid transport mechanism[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1975,131(6):653-659.
[14] HOOPER E C D.Fluid migration along growth faults in compacting sediments[J].Journal of Petroleum Geology,1991,14(S1):161-180.
[15] 刘震,张旺,曹尚,等.断层输导作用与油气充注作用关系分析[J].地质科学,2014,49(4):1302-1313. LIU Zhen,ZHANG Wang,CAO Shang,et al.The analysis of differences between fault conduiting and charging for hydrocarbon[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2014,49(4):1302-1313.
[16] 李绪深,肖贤明,黄保家,等.崖南凹陷烃源岩生烃及碳同位素动力学应用[J].天然气工业,2005,25(8):9-11. LI Xushen,XIAO Xianming,HUANG Baojia,et al.Hydrocarbon-generating dynamics and carbon isotope dynamics of the source rocks in Yanan Sag[J].Natural Gas Industry,2005,25(8):9-11.
[17] 杨金海,李才,李涛,等.琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷天然气成藏条件与成藏模式[J].地质学报,2014,88(11):2141-2149. YANG Jinhai,LI Cai,LI Tao,et al.Accumulation condition and model of gas reservoir in central caynon in deepwater area of northern South China Sea[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2014,88(11):2141-2149.
[2] 雷超,任建业,李绪深,等.琼东南盆地深水区结构构造特征与油气勘探潜力[J].石油勘探与开发,2011,38(5):560-569. LEI Chao,REN Jianye,LI Xushen,et al.Structural characteristics and petroleum exploration potential in the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2011,38(5):560-569.
[3] 李绪宣,朱光辉.琼东南盆地断裂系统及其油气输导特征[J].中国海上油气,2005,17(1):1-7. LI Xuxuan,ZHU Guanghui.The fault system and its hydrocarbon carrier significance in Qiongdongnan Basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2005,17(1):1-7.
[4] 万志峰,夏斌,何家雄,等.南海北部莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地油气成藏条件比较研究[J].天然气地球科学,2007,18(5):648-652. WAN Zhifeng,XIA Bin,HE Jiaxiong,et al.The comparative study of hydrocarbon accumulation conditions in Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins,Northern South China Sea[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2007,18(5):648-652.
[5] 张功成,米立军,吴景富,等.凸起及其倾没端:琼东南盆地深水区大中型油气田有利勘探方向[J].中国海上油气,2010,22(6):360-368. ZHANG Gongcheng,MI Lijun,WU Jingfu,et al.Rises and their plunges:favorable exploration directions for major fields in the deepwater area,Qiongdongnan Basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2010,22(6):360-368.
[6] 李文浩,张枝焕,李友川,等.琼东南盆地古近系渐新统烃源岩地球化学特征及生烃潜力分析[J].天然气地球科学,2011,22(4):700-708. LI Wenhao,ZHANG Zhihuan,LI Youchuan,et al.Geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon generation of Paleogene Oligocene source rocks in Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2011,22(4):700-708.
[7] 王子嵩,刘震,孙志鹏,等.琼东南深水区乐东—陵水凹陷渐新统烃源岩早期预测及评价[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2014,45(3):876-888. WANG Zisong,LIU Zhen,SUN Zhipeng,et al.Preliminary prediction and evaluation of Oligocene source rocks in Ledong-Lingshui Sag in deep-water area of Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology),2014,45(3):876-888.
[8] 黄保家,王振峰,梁刚.琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷天然气来源及运聚模式[J].中国海上油气,2014,26(5):8-14. HUANG Baojia,WANG Zhenfeng,LIANG Gang.Natural gas source and migration-accumulation pattern in the central canyon,the deep water area,Qiongdongnan Basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2014,26(5):8-14.
[9] 吴景富,杨树春,张功成,等.南海北部深水区盆地热历史及烃源岩热演化研究[J].地球物理学报,2013,56(1):170-180. WU Jingfu,YANG Shuchun,ZHANG Gongcheng,et al.Geothermal history and thermal evolution of the source rocks in the deep-water area of the northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2013,56(1):170-180.
[10] 王振峰,李绪深,孙志鹏,等.琼东南盆地深水区油气成藏条件和勘探潜力[J].中国海上油气,2011,23(1):7-13. WANG Zhenfeng,LI Xushen,SUN Zhipeng,et al.Hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and exploration potential in the deep-water region,Qiongdongnan Basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2011,23(1):7-13.
[11] 杜春国,郝芳,邹华耀,等.断裂输导体系研究现状及存在的问题[J].地质科技情报,2007,26(1):51-56. DU Chunguo,HAO Fang,ZOU Huayao,et al.Progress and pro-blems of faults conduit systems for hydrocarbon migration[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2007,26(1):51-56.
[12] 阎福礼,贾东,卢华复,等.东营凹陷油气运移的地震泵作用[J].石油与天然气地质,1999,20(4):295-298. YAN Fuli,JIA Dong,LU Huafu,et al.Seismic pumping mechanism of hydrocarbon migration in Dongying Depression[J].Oil & Gas Geology,1999,20(4):295-298.
[13] SIBSON R H,MOORE J M M,RANKIN A H.Seismic pumping:a hydrothermal fluid transport mechanism[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1975,131(6):653-659.
[14] HOOPER E C D.Fluid migration along growth faults in compacting sediments[J].Journal of Petroleum Geology,1991,14(S1):161-180.
[15] 刘震,张旺,曹尚,等.断层输导作用与油气充注作用关系分析[J].地质科学,2014,49(4):1302-1313. LIU Zhen,ZHANG Wang,CAO Shang,et al.The analysis of differences between fault conduiting and charging for hydrocarbon[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2014,49(4):1302-1313.
[16] 李绪深,肖贤明,黄保家,等.崖南凹陷烃源岩生烃及碳同位素动力学应用[J].天然气工业,2005,25(8):9-11. LI Xushen,XIAO Xianming,HUANG Baojia,et al.Hydrocarbon-generating dynamics and carbon isotope dynamics of the source rocks in Yanan Sag[J].Natural Gas Industry,2005,25(8):9-11.
[17] 杨金海,李才,李涛,等.琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷天然气成藏条件与成藏模式[J].地质学报,2014,88(11):2141-2149. YANG Jinhai,LI Cai,LI Tao,et al.Accumulation condition and model of gas reservoir in central caynon in deepwater area of northern South China Sea[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2014,88(11):2141-2149.
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