一次冰雹天气过程的云系发展演变及云物理特征研究
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摘要
利用中尺度数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)的数值模拟,结合NECP/FNL再分析资料、地面、探空、多普勒雷达基数据和卫星产品等观测资料,综合分析了2014年3月30日发生在贵州省西南部的一次冰雹天气过程。研究了有利于冰雹发生的环流特征和环境条件,分析了冰雹云系的发展演变特征、云微物理结构特征,初步分析了冰雹形成的云物理机制。结果表明:此次冰雹天气是典型的低压辐合线型降雹类型,地面降雹位置位于700 hPa切变线和近地面辐合线附近及南侧;发生此次冰雹过程的对流云系经历了对流云系的初生阶段、合并加强阶段、成熟降雹阶段和东移阶段。贵州地区上空对流云系的微物理结构具有混合相云特征,高层为冰晶、雪,中层为云水、霰,低层为雨水、冰雹。霰和云水是形成雨水和冰雹的主要来源,霰撞冻过冷云水和霰的自动转化是冰雹形成的主要微物理机制。
In this study, a hailstorm that occurred in southwest of Guizhou Province on 30 March 2014 is simulated using the mesoscale model WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting). Combined with NCEP/FNL reanalysis data, ground, sounding, Doppler radar data, satellite products and other observation data,this hailstorm process is comprehensively analyzed. In addition, the characteristics of the hailstorm and its environmental conditions, the evolution characteristics of the hailstorm and the characteristics of the cloud microphysical structure, the cloud physical mechanism of the hailstorm are analyzed. The results show that this hailstorm was a typical low-pressure convergence line hailstorm, and the hail position on surface was at(or southern to) shear line at 700 hPa, closing to the ground convergence line. The convective cloud of this process underwent the initial stage, the consolidation stage, the mature-hail stage and the eastward shift stage. Thus, the microphysical structure of convective cloud over Guizhou Province has the characteristics of mixed phase cloud with ice crystal and snow in upper layer, cloudwater and graupel in mid-layer, and rainwater and hail in lower layer. The most important sources for the rainwater and hail are the graupel and cloudwater. During the process of hail formation, the accretion between graupel and supercooled cloudwater, and the automatic conversion of graupel are the main microphysical mechanism.
In this study, a hailstorm that occurred in southwest of Guizhou Province on 30 March 2014 is simulated using the mesoscale model WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting). Combined with NCEP/FNL reanalysis data, ground, sounding, Doppler radar data, satellite products and other observation data,this hailstorm process is comprehensively analyzed. In addition, the characteristics of the hailstorm and its environmental conditions, the evolution characteristics of the hailstorm and the characteristics of the cloud microphysical structure, the cloud physical mechanism of the hailstorm are analyzed. The results show that this hailstorm was a typical low-pressure convergence line hailstorm, and the hail position on surface was at(or southern to) shear line at 700 hPa, closing to the ground convergence line. The convective cloud of this process underwent the initial stage, the consolidation stage, the mature-hail stage and the eastward shift stage. Thus, the microphysical structure of convective cloud over Guizhou Province has the characteristics of mixed phase cloud with ice crystal and snow in upper layer, cloudwater and graupel in mid-layer, and rainwater and hail in lower layer. The most important sources for the rainwater and hail are the graupel and cloudwater. During the process of hail formation, the accretion between graupel and supercooled cloudwater, and the automatic conversion of graupel are the main microphysical mechanism.
引文
丁建芳,杜春丽,鲍向东,等,2014.一次冰雹云过程及其冰雹形成机制的模拟研究[J].气象与环境科学,37(2):49-57. Ding J F,Du C L,Bao X D, et al, 2014. Simulation study on a hail cloud course and formation mechanism[J]. Meteor Environ Sci, 37(2):49-57(in Chinese).
付烨,刘晓莉,丁伟,2016.一次冰雹过程及雹云物理结构的数值模拟研究[J].热带气象学报,32(4):546-557. Fu Y,Liu X L,Ding W,2016. A numerical simulation study of a severe hail event and physical structure of hail cloud[J]. J Trop Meteor,32(4):546-557(in Chinese).
郭学良,黄美元,洪延超,等,2001.三维冰雹分档强对流云数值模式研究I.模式建立及冰雹的循环增长机制[J].大气科学,25(5):707-720. Guo X L, Huang M Y, Hong Y C, et al, 2001. A study of three-dimensional hail-category hailstorm model Part I:model description and the mechanism of hail recirculation growth[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,25(5):707-720(in Chinese).
洪延超,1998.三维冰雹云催化数值模式[J].气象学报,56(6):641-653. Hong Y C,1998. A 3-D hail cloud numerical seeding model[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,56(6):641-653(in Chinese).
洪延超,肖辉,李宏宇,等,2002.冰雹云中微物理过程研究[J].大气科学,26(3):421-432. Hong Y C,Xiao H,Li H Y,et al,2002.Studies on microphysical processes in hail cloud[J]. Chin J Atmos Sci,26(3):421-432(in Chinese).
胡金磊,郭学良,侯灵,2014.下垫面对雹云形成发展的影响[J].气候与环境研究,19(4):407-418. Hu J L,Guo X L,Hou L,2014. Effect of underlying surface on the formation and evolution of hail cloud[J]. Climatic Environ Res,19(4):407-418(in Chinese).
胡志晋,何观芳,1987.积雨云微物理过程的数值模拟——(一)微物理模式[J].气象学报,45(4):467-484. Hu Z J,He G F,1987.Numerical simulation of microprocesses in cumulonimbus clouds(Ⅰ)microphysical model[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,45(4):467-484(in Chinese).
黄美元,徐华英,1999.云和降水物理[M].北京:科学出版社:291.Huang M Y,Xu H Y,1999. Physics of Cloud and Precipitation[M]. Beijing:Science Press,291(in Chinese).
蒋瑛,朱克云,张杰,2016.贵州地区冰雹云微物理过程及发展机制数值模拟研究[J].气象,42(8):920-933. Jiang Y,Zhu K Y,Zhang J,et al,2016. Microphysical process of hail cloud in Guizhou and numerical simulation research on its dynamic developing mechanism[J]. Meteor Mon,42(8):920-933(in Chinese).
刘术艳,肖辉,杜秉玉,等,2004.北京一次强单体雹暴的三维数值模拟[J].大气科学,28(3):455-470. Liu S Y,Xiao H,Du B Y,et al,2004. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of a strong convective strom in Beijing[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,28(3):455-470(in Chinese).
毛节泰,盛裴轩,田珍富,1982.用积云数值模式预报冰雹的探讨[J].气象学报,40(1):73-79. Mao J T,Sheng P X,Tian Z F,1982.An approach of the hail forecast with a numerical model of cumulus[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,40(1):73-79(in Chinese).
宋斌,李泽椿,刘奇俊,等,2008.山东省一次冰雹云过程的数值模拟[J].气象,34(2):3-9.Song B,Li Z C,Liu Q J,et al,2008.Numerical simulation of a hail storm in Shandong[J]. Meteor Mon,34(2):3-9(in Chinese).
隋东,沈桐立,张涛,2005.沈阳地区一次冰雹天气过程形成机制的数值模拟[J].气象,31(7):20-23.Sui D,Shen T L,Zhang T,2005. Numerical simulation of a hail event form mechanism in Shenyang, Liaoning Province[J]. Meteor Mon, 31(7):20-23(in Chinese).
汪丽,2010.贵州冰雹灾害及其防御[J].贵州气象,34(5):16-18.Wang L,2010. Hail disaster and its prevention in Guizhou[J]. J Guizhou Meteor,34(5):16-18(in Chinese).
王秀明,钟青,韩慎友,2009.一次冰雹天气强对流(雹)云演变及超级单体结构的个例模拟研究[J].高原气象,28(2):352-365. Wang X M,Zhong Q, Han S Y,2009. A numerical case study on the evolution of hail cloud and the three-dimensional structure of supercell[J]. Plateau Meteor,28(2):352-365(in Chinese).
许焕斌,王思微,1985a.一维时变冰雹云模式研究(一)——反映雨和冰雹谱的双参数演变[J].气象学报,43(1):13-25. Xu H B,Wang S W,1985a. A numerical model of hail-bearing convective cloud(1):biparameter evolution of size distribution of raindrops,frozen raindrops and hailstones[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,43(1):13-25(in Chinese).
许焕斌,王思微,1985b.一维时变冰雹云模式研究(二)反映融化对雹谱双参数演变的影响[J].气象学报,43(2):162-171. Xu H B,Wang S W, 1985b. A numerical model of hail-bearing convective cloud(2):hailstone biparameter size-distribution evolution caused by melting[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,43(2):162-171(in Chinese).
张德林,马雷鸣,2010.“0730”上海强对流天气个例的中尺度观测分析及数值模拟[J].气象,36(3):62-69. Zhang D L,Ma L M,2010. Mesoscale observation and simulation on 30 July 2005 severe convective case in Shanghai[J]. Meteor Mon, 36(3):62-69(in Chinese).
周嵬,张强,康凤琴,2006.数值模拟青藏高原东北边缘冰雹云形成的中尺度环境——个例研究[J].干旱气象,24(3):5-13. Zhou W,Zhang Q, Kang F Q, 2006. Numerical simulation on a strong hailstorm case over the Northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Arid Meteor,24(3):5-13(in Chinese).
周永水,汪超,2009.贵州省冰雹的时空分布特征[J].贵州气象,33(6):9-11. Zhou Y S, Wang C, 2009. Hail climatic characteristics of Guizhou Province[J]. J Guizhou Meteor,33(6):9-11(in Chinese).
Milbrandt J A,Yau M K,2005a. A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part I:analysis of the role of the spectral shape parameter[J]. J Atmos Sci,62(9):3051-3064.
Milbrandt J A,Yau M K,2005b. A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part II:a proposed three-moment closure and scheme description[J]. J Atmos Sci,62(9):3065-3081.
Milbrandt J A,Yau M K,2006a. A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part III:control simulation of a hailstorm[J]. J Atmos Sci,63(12):3114-3136.
Milbrandt J A,Yau M K, 2006b. A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part IV:sensitivity experiments[J]. J Atmos Sci,63(12):3137-3159.
付烨,刘晓莉,丁伟,2016.一次冰雹过程及雹云物理结构的数值模拟研究[J].热带气象学报,32(4):546-557. Fu Y,Liu X L,Ding W,2016. A numerical simulation study of a severe hail event and physical structure of hail cloud[J]. J Trop Meteor,32(4):546-557(in Chinese).
郭学良,黄美元,洪延超,等,2001.三维冰雹分档强对流云数值模式研究I.模式建立及冰雹的循环增长机制[J].大气科学,25(5):707-720. Guo X L, Huang M Y, Hong Y C, et al, 2001. A study of three-dimensional hail-category hailstorm model Part I:model description and the mechanism of hail recirculation growth[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,25(5):707-720(in Chinese).
洪延超,1998.三维冰雹云催化数值模式[J].气象学报,56(6):641-653. Hong Y C,1998. A 3-D hail cloud numerical seeding model[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,56(6):641-653(in Chinese).
洪延超,肖辉,李宏宇,等,2002.冰雹云中微物理过程研究[J].大气科学,26(3):421-432. Hong Y C,Xiao H,Li H Y,et al,2002.Studies on microphysical processes in hail cloud[J]. Chin J Atmos Sci,26(3):421-432(in Chinese).
胡金磊,郭学良,侯灵,2014.下垫面对雹云形成发展的影响[J].气候与环境研究,19(4):407-418. Hu J L,Guo X L,Hou L,2014. Effect of underlying surface on the formation and evolution of hail cloud[J]. Climatic Environ Res,19(4):407-418(in Chinese).
胡志晋,何观芳,1987.积雨云微物理过程的数值模拟——(一)微物理模式[J].气象学报,45(4):467-484. Hu Z J,He G F,1987.Numerical simulation of microprocesses in cumulonimbus clouds(Ⅰ)microphysical model[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,45(4):467-484(in Chinese).
黄美元,徐华英,1999.云和降水物理[M].北京:科学出版社:291.Huang M Y,Xu H Y,1999. Physics of Cloud and Precipitation[M]. Beijing:Science Press,291(in Chinese).
蒋瑛,朱克云,张杰,2016.贵州地区冰雹云微物理过程及发展机制数值模拟研究[J].气象,42(8):920-933. Jiang Y,Zhu K Y,Zhang J,et al,2016. Microphysical process of hail cloud in Guizhou and numerical simulation research on its dynamic developing mechanism[J]. Meteor Mon,42(8):920-933(in Chinese).
刘术艳,肖辉,杜秉玉,等,2004.北京一次强单体雹暴的三维数值模拟[J].大气科学,28(3):455-470. Liu S Y,Xiao H,Du B Y,et al,2004. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of a strong convective strom in Beijing[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,28(3):455-470(in Chinese).
毛节泰,盛裴轩,田珍富,1982.用积云数值模式预报冰雹的探讨[J].气象学报,40(1):73-79. Mao J T,Sheng P X,Tian Z F,1982.An approach of the hail forecast with a numerical model of cumulus[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,40(1):73-79(in Chinese).
宋斌,李泽椿,刘奇俊,等,2008.山东省一次冰雹云过程的数值模拟[J].气象,34(2):3-9.Song B,Li Z C,Liu Q J,et al,2008.Numerical simulation of a hail storm in Shandong[J]. Meteor Mon,34(2):3-9(in Chinese).
隋东,沈桐立,张涛,2005.沈阳地区一次冰雹天气过程形成机制的数值模拟[J].气象,31(7):20-23.Sui D,Shen T L,Zhang T,2005. Numerical simulation of a hail event form mechanism in Shenyang, Liaoning Province[J]. Meteor Mon, 31(7):20-23(in Chinese).
汪丽,2010.贵州冰雹灾害及其防御[J].贵州气象,34(5):16-18.Wang L,2010. Hail disaster and its prevention in Guizhou[J]. J Guizhou Meteor,34(5):16-18(in Chinese).
王秀明,钟青,韩慎友,2009.一次冰雹天气强对流(雹)云演变及超级单体结构的个例模拟研究[J].高原气象,28(2):352-365. Wang X M,Zhong Q, Han S Y,2009. A numerical case study on the evolution of hail cloud and the three-dimensional structure of supercell[J]. Plateau Meteor,28(2):352-365(in Chinese).
许焕斌,王思微,1985a.一维时变冰雹云模式研究(一)——反映雨和冰雹谱的双参数演变[J].气象学报,43(1):13-25. Xu H B,Wang S W,1985a. A numerical model of hail-bearing convective cloud(1):biparameter evolution of size distribution of raindrops,frozen raindrops and hailstones[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,43(1):13-25(in Chinese).
许焕斌,王思微,1985b.一维时变冰雹云模式研究(二)反映融化对雹谱双参数演变的影响[J].气象学报,43(2):162-171. Xu H B,Wang S W, 1985b. A numerical model of hail-bearing convective cloud(2):hailstone biparameter size-distribution evolution caused by melting[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,43(2):162-171(in Chinese).
张德林,马雷鸣,2010.“0730”上海强对流天气个例的中尺度观测分析及数值模拟[J].气象,36(3):62-69. Zhang D L,Ma L M,2010. Mesoscale observation and simulation on 30 July 2005 severe convective case in Shanghai[J]. Meteor Mon, 36(3):62-69(in Chinese).
周嵬,张强,康凤琴,2006.数值模拟青藏高原东北边缘冰雹云形成的中尺度环境——个例研究[J].干旱气象,24(3):5-13. Zhou W,Zhang Q, Kang F Q, 2006. Numerical simulation on a strong hailstorm case over the Northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Arid Meteor,24(3):5-13(in Chinese).
周永水,汪超,2009.贵州省冰雹的时空分布特征[J].贵州气象,33(6):9-11. Zhou Y S, Wang C, 2009. Hail climatic characteristics of Guizhou Province[J]. J Guizhou Meteor,33(6):9-11(in Chinese).
Milbrandt J A,Yau M K,2005a. A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part I:analysis of the role of the spectral shape parameter[J]. J Atmos Sci,62(9):3051-3064.
Milbrandt J A,Yau M K,2005b. A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part II:a proposed three-moment closure and scheme description[J]. J Atmos Sci,62(9):3065-3081.
Milbrandt J A,Yau M K,2006a. A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part III:control simulation of a hailstorm[J]. J Atmos Sci,63(12):3114-3136.
Milbrandt J A,Yau M K, 2006b. A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part IV:sensitivity experiments[J]. J Atmos Sci,63(12):3137-3159.
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