中国北方第四纪黄土发育土壤铁锰结核形成环境及空间分布
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摘要
土壤铁锰结核是土壤形成过程的产物,记录着土壤发育过程和成土环境变化信息,也是土壤类型划分的重要依据,具有很高的研究价值。通常认为铁锰结核主要分布在地势较低、地下水位较浅的地区,但在我国东北地区位于高平地、地下水位较深,发育于第四纪黄土状物质的土壤中有铁锰结核的分布,对该地区土壤分类造成了很多问题。为了摸清我国北方温带地区第四纪黄土状物质发育土壤中铁锰结核的分布规律及形成原因,通过实地调查,并收集整理第二次全国土壤普查资料,对中国北方10个省份的345个处于高平地(地下水位深)、发育在第四纪黄土状物质的土壤剖面资料进行整理和统计分析。研究表明,有铁锰结核存在的土壤剖面分布具有明显规律,即主要分布在温带湿润地区(41.19°～49.01°N,120.82°～133.37°E),该区域年均降水量在370.6～917.7 mm之间,年均气温在0.9～14.9℃之间,气候的共同特点是降水量大、蒸发量小、冬季土壤结冻持续时间长、春季土壤冻融交替持续时间久,且土壤"返浆现象"明显。研究进一步表明,位于高平地、发育在第四纪黄土状物质土壤中铁锰结核的形成与土壤冻融交替有关。
【Objective】Fe-Mn nodules in soils, pedogenic products of the soils, contain a lot of information related to soil-forming processes and variation of soil-forming environment and can be used as important basis for soil classification. So distribution of Fe-Mn noudles plays an important role in understanding of the mechanism of Fe-Mn noudles formation and soil classification. It is generally believed that Fe-Mn noudles are mainly distributed at lowlands with shallow groundwater table. However, FeMn nodules are found in uplands with deep groundwater table in Northeast of China, which causes a lot of problems in soil classification in this region. The objectives of this study were to explore the spatial distribution of soil Fe-Mn nodule and explore the environment and mechanism of their formation in North China. The principles for selecting soil profiles were:(1) choose soil profiles situated in stable uplands with deep groundwater table, to ensure that the soils are not affected by groundwater, and in uplands free of obvious evidence of erosion and deposition in the processes of soil formation;(2) pick soils developed from the Quaternary loess-like materials, to ensure that soils were derived from the same parent materials as much as possible. 【Method】A total of 345 soil profiles, based on the soil series survey in 2010's and the legacy data of the Second National Soil Survey(SNSS) during 1980's, were prepared in 10 provinces in the temperate zone of North China. Whether the Fe-Mn nodules were presence or not in each soil horizon was examined. The mean annual precipitation(MAP) and mean annual temperature(MAT) of each soil sample site was retrieved from the China Meteorological Science Data Sharing Service. Relationships between formation of Fe-Mn nodules in soils and climate conditions of soil-forming were analyzed.【Result】 Results show that Fe-Mn nodules were found in 74 profiles or 21.5% of 345 soil profiles studied in total. The soil profiles with Fe-Mn nodules are distributed mainly in a region, 120.82°～133.37°E and 41.19°～49.01° N, a part of the humid temperate zone, where MAP is 370.6～ 917.7 mm, and MAT 0.9～14.9℃. In winter the soils there in remain frozen for a long time, and in spring they undergo a long period of freezing-thawing alternation, with the surface soil getting pulpy, because soil water keeps moving up in the topsoil layer when it gets frozen in winter and when the frozen topsoil begins to thaw,soil water remain in the topsoil layer making it pulpy in early spring because the subsoil layer is still not thawed, preventing the water in the topsoil layer from percolating down. This results in a reducing environment close to the freezing layer for a period of time before the frozen soil thaws thoroughly, which lays a solid foundation for the formation of Fe-Mn nodules. 【Conclusion】 It is, therefore, concluded that the formation of Fe-Mn nodules in stable upland soils is closely related to the alternation of freezing and thawing in spring.
【Objective】Fe-Mn nodules in soils, pedogenic products of the soils, contain a lot of information related to soil-forming processes and variation of soil-forming environment and can be used as important basis for soil classification. So distribution of Fe-Mn noudles plays an important role in understanding of the mechanism of Fe-Mn noudles formation and soil classification. It is generally believed that Fe-Mn noudles are mainly distributed at lowlands with shallow groundwater table. However, FeMn nodules are found in uplands with deep groundwater table in Northeast of China, which causes a lot of problems in soil classification in this region. The objectives of this study were to explore the spatial distribution of soil Fe-Mn nodule and explore the environment and mechanism of their formation in North China. The principles for selecting soil profiles were:(1) choose soil profiles situated in stable uplands with deep groundwater table, to ensure that the soils are not affected by groundwater, and in uplands free of obvious evidence of erosion and deposition in the processes of soil formation;(2) pick soils developed from the Quaternary loess-like materials, to ensure that soils were derived from the same parent materials as much as possible. 【Method】A total of 345 soil profiles, based on the soil series survey in 2010's and the legacy data of the Second National Soil Survey(SNSS) during 1980's, were prepared in 10 provinces in the temperate zone of North China. Whether the Fe-Mn nodules were presence or not in each soil horizon was examined. The mean annual precipitation(MAP) and mean annual temperature(MAT) of each soil sample site was retrieved from the China Meteorological Science Data Sharing Service. Relationships between formation of Fe-Mn nodules in soils and climate conditions of soil-forming were analyzed.【Result】 Results show that Fe-Mn nodules were found in 74 profiles or 21.5% of 345 soil profiles studied in total. The soil profiles with Fe-Mn nodules are distributed mainly in a region, 120.82°～133.37°E and 41.19°～49.01° N, a part of the humid temperate zone, where MAP is 370.6～ 917.7 mm, and MAT 0.9～14.9℃. In winter the soils there in remain frozen for a long time, and in spring they undergo a long period of freezing-thawing alternation, with the surface soil getting pulpy, because soil water keeps moving up in the topsoil layer when it gets frozen in winter and when the frozen topsoil begins to thaw,soil water remain in the topsoil layer making it pulpy in early spring because the subsoil layer is still not thawed, preventing the water in the topsoil layer from percolating down. This results in a reducing environment close to the freezing layer for a period of time before the frozen soil thaws thoroughly, which lays a solid foundation for the formation of Fe-Mn nodules. 【Conclusion】 It is, therefore, concluded that the formation of Fe-Mn nodules in stable upland soils is closely related to the alternation of freezing and thawing in spring.
引文
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[3]SzymaNSki W, Skiba M. Distribution, morphology,and chemical composition of Fe-Mn nodules in albeluvisols of the carpathian foothills, Poland.Pedosphere, 2013, 23(4):445-454
[4]Zhang G Y, He J Z, Liu F, et al. Iron-manganese nodules harbor lower bacterial diversity and greater proportions of proteobacteria compared to bulk soils in four locations spanning from North to South China.Geomicrobiology Journal, 2014, 31(7):562-577
[5]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤系统分类课题组,中国土壤系统分类课题研究协作组.中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版).合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2001Cooperative Research Group of Chinese Soil Taxonomy(CRG-CST). Chinese Soil Taxonomy. Beijing&New York:Science Press, 2001
[6]Burns R G, Burns V M. Mechanism for nucleation and growth of manganese nodules. Nature, 1975,255(5504):130-131
[7]Cornu S, Cattle J A, Samouelian A, et al. Impact of redox cycles on manganese, iron, cobalt, and lead in nodules. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2009, 73(4):1231-1241
[8]White G N,Dixon J B. Iron and manganese distribution in nodules from a young texas vertisol.Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1996,60(4):1254-1262
[9]谭文峰,刘凡,李学垣.武汉黄棕壤中铁锰结核的环带构造、元素富集特点与环境变化意义.第四纪研究,2004,24(2):198-202Tan W F, Liu F, Li X Y. Characteristics of band structure in iron-manganese nodules from yellowbrown soil in Wuhan(In Chinese). Quaternary Sciences, 2004, 24(2):198-202
[10]Phillippe W R, Blevins R L, Barnhisel R I, et al.Distribution of concretions from selected soils of the inner bluegrass region of kentuckyl. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1972, 36(1):171-173
[11]Ettler V, Chren M, MihaljevicM, et al. Characterizationof Fe-Mn concentric nodules from Luvisol irrigated by mine water in a semi-arid agricultural area. Geoderma,2017, 299:32-42
[12]章明奎.浙江红壤中结核的矿物学研究.浙江农业学报,2000,12(3):129-131Zhang M K. Mineralogy of some concretions in red soils from Zhejiang Province, China(In Chinese).Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2000,12(3):129-131
[13]刘东生,安芷生,袁宝印.中国的黄土与风尘堆积.第四纪研究,1985, 6(1):113-125Liu T S,An Z S, Yuan B Y. Eolian process and dust mantle(loess)in China(In Chinese). Quaternary Sciences, 1985, 6(1):113-125
[14]王秋兵,汪景宽,胡宏祥,等.辽宁省沈阳样区土系的划分.土壤通报,2002, 33(4):246-252Wang Q B, Wang J K, Hu H X, et al. Establishment of Soil Series in Shenyang Area, Liaoning Province(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2002, 33(4):246-252
[15]Segvic B, Girardclos S,Zanoni G,et al. Origin and paleoenvironmental significance of Fe, Mn nodules in the Holocene perialpine sediments of Geneva Basin,western Switzerland. Applied Clay Science, 2018
[16]傅桦,丁瑞兴.北亚热带江淮地区白浆土铁锰结核的研究.生态环境学报,1995(2):102-106Fu H, Ding R X. Study on Fe-Mn nodule of Albic soil in Jiangsu region of subtropic zone(In Chinese).Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 1995(2):102-106
[17]龚子同,张甘霖,陈志诚,等.土壤发生与系统分类.北京:科学出版社,2007Gong Z T, Zhang G L, Chen Z C,et al. Pedogenesis and Soil Taxonomy(In Chinese). Beijing:Science Press, 2007
[18]Huang L,Hong J, Tan W, et al. Characteristics of micromorphology and element distribution of ironmanganese cutans in typical soils of subtropical China.Geoderma, 2008, 146(1):40-47
[19]Sipos P, Balazs R,Bozso G, et al. Changes in micro-fabric and re-distribution of Fe and Mn with nodule formation in a floodplain soil. Journal of Soils&Sediments, 2016, 16(8):2105-2117
[20]郑景云,卞娟娟,葛全胜,等.中国195 1-1980年及1981-2010年的气候区划.地理研究,2013,32(6):987-997Zheng J Y, Bian J J, Ge Q S,et al. The climate regionalization in China for 1951-1980 and 1981-2010(In Chinese). Geographical Research, 2013,32(6):987-997
[21]全国土壤普查办公室.中国土种志(1~6卷).北京:中国农业出版社,1993National Soil Survey Office. Soil Species of China(Ⅰ~Ⅵ)(In Chinese). Beijing:China Agriculture Press. 1993
[22]贾文锦.辽宁土壤.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,1992Jia W J. Soil in Liaoning(In Chinese). Shenyang:Liaoning Science and Technology Press. 1992
[23]内蒙古自治区土壤普查办公室.中国内蒙古土种志.北京:中国农业出版社,1994Office of Soil Survey in Inner Mongolia Autonomous region. Soil Species of Inner Mongolia(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agriculture Press. 1994
[24]山东省土壤肥料工作站.山东土壤.北京:中国农业出版社,1994Soil and Fertilizer Station of Shandong Province.Shandong soils(In Chinese). Beijing:China Agriculture Press. 1994
[25]Henry H A L. Climate change and soil freezing dynamics:Historical trends and projected changes.Climatic Change, 2008,87(3):421-434
[26]Cheng Q, Sun Y,Jones S B, et al. In situ measured and simulated seasonal freeze-thaw cycle:A 2-year comparative study between layered and homogeneous field soil profiles. Journal of Hydrology, 2014,519:1466-1473
[27]王晓巍.北方季节性冻土的冻融规律分析及水文特性模拟.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2010Wang X W. Study of soil freezing and thawing law and simulation of hydrologic properties in the northern seasonaly frozen soil area(In Chinese). Harbin:Northeast Agriculture University, 2010
[28]Watanabe K, Osada Y. Simultaneous measurement of unfrozen water content and hydraulic conductivity of partially frozen soil near 0℃. Cold Regions Science&Technology, 2017, 142
[29]赵显波,刘铁军,许士国,等.季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤冻融过程及水分变化.冰川冻土,2015,37(1):233-240Zhao X B,Liu T J, Xu S G, et al. Freezing-thawing process and soil moisture migration within the black soil plow layer in seasonally frozen ground regions(In Chinese). Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015, 37(1):233-240
[30]Klock G O. Snowmelt temperature influence on infiltration and soil water retention. Journal of Soil&Water Conservation, 1972, 27(1)
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