澳大利亚转基因生物安全监管概况及启示
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摘要
澳大利亚是世界上重要的农产品生产国和出口国,本文对澳大利亚转基因生物安全监管从基因工程安全管理立法历程、转基因监管体系及职责、转基因日常监管与执法、转基因标识管理、生物育种新技术研究和监管等方面进行了综述。以澳大利亚转基因生物安全管理经验为启示,结合我国转基因生物安全管理的现状,提出如下建议:对我国现有转基因管理体系、法规制度体系和技术支撑体系等进行完善,严格监管执法,落实相关责任,提高公众参与度、加大信息公开力度,并尽快明确基因编辑等生物育种新技术的监管原则。
Australia is an important producer and exporter for agricultural products in the world. This paper reviewed the safety supervision system of the genetically modified organisms(GMOs)in Australia,including the legislative process of safety management on genetic engineering,the regulatory system and its responsibilities,the daily supervision and enforcement,the labeling policy of GMOs,and the studying and regulatory policies for the genetic breeding novel technology in Australia. Based on the safety management experience of GMOs in Australia and combined with the status quo of China's GMO safety management,we had the following suggestions :further improving the existing GMO management system,regulatory system and technical support system,conducting strict supervision and enforcement,implementing relevant responsibilities,raising the public participation,increasing the transparency of information in China,and clarifying regulation principles on new breeding technology such as genetic editing etc. as soon as possible.
Australia is an important producer and exporter for agricultural products in the world. This paper reviewed the safety supervision system of the genetically modified organisms(GMOs)in Australia,including the legislative process of safety management on genetic engineering,the regulatory system and its responsibilities,the daily supervision and enforcement,the labeling policy of GMOs,and the studying and regulatory policies for the genetic breeding novel technology in Australia. Based on the safety management experience of GMOs in Australia and combined with the status quo of China's GMO safety management,we had the following suggestions :further improving the existing GMO management system,regulatory system and technical support system,conducting strict supervision and enforcement,implementing relevant responsibilities,raising the public participation,increasing the transparency of information in China,and clarifying regulation principles on new breeding technology such as genetic editing etc. as soon as possible.
引文
[1]国际农业生物技术应用服务组织. 2017年全球生物技术/转基因作物商业化发展态势[J].中国生物工程杂志, 2018, 38(6):1-8.
[2]周海燕.中国与澳大利亚农产品贸易互补性研究[J].世界农业, 2014(9):105-108.
[3]温文.澳大利亚转基因食品标识法律制度对我国的借鉴[J].法制与经济, 2017, 10:123-125.
[4]Plessis RD. GMO regulation and civic participation at the “edge of the world”:the case of Australia and New Zealand[J]. New Genetics&Society, 2008, 27(3):181-199.
[5]Gene Technology Act 2000. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00792.
[6]Gilbert M. The Status of Transgenic Crops in Australia[M]. John Wiley&Sons, Inc, 2016.
[7]Ageing AGDO. Submission from Croplife Australia to the Review of the Gene Technology Act 2000;2007.
[8]李宁,付仲文,刘培磊,等.全球主要国家转基因生物安全管理政策比对[J].农业科技管理, 2010, 29(1):1-6.
[9]Gene Technology Regulations 2001. https://www. legislation. gov.au/Details/F2016C00615.
[10]Tribe D. Gene technology regulation in Australia[J]. Gm Crops,2012, 3(1):21-29.
[11]Hewitt J. GMO policy in Australia[J]. Critical Studies on Security, 2014, 2(3):323-336.
[12]Regulator AGDO. Table of authorisations for commercial releases of GM plants(GMO register entries and subset of list of licences involving Intentional Release)http://www. ogtr. gov. au/internet/ogtr/publishing. nsf/Content/cr-1.
[13]Grose S. Greenpeaceasauras[M], 2011.
[14]Plessis RD. GMO regulation and civic participation at the “edge of the world”:the case of Australia and New Zealand[J]. New Genetics&Society, 2008, 27(3):181-199.
[15]Cocklin C, Dibden J, Gibbs D. Competitiveness versus ‘clean and green’? The regulation and governance of GMOs in Australia and the UK[J]. Geoforum, 2008, 39(1):161-173.
[16]Arujanan M, Teng PPS. Legal, Regulatory and Labelling Status of Biotech Crops.;2018.
[17]于爱芝.澳大利亚转基因技术在农业中的应用、管理政策及启示[J].世界农业, 2008(7):11-14.
[18]杨桂玲,张志恒,袁玉伟,等.澳大利亚转基因食品溯源管理体系研究[J].江苏农业科学, 2011, 39(4):371-374.
[19]Araki M, Nojima K, et al. Caution required for handling genome editing technology[J]. Trends Biotechnol, 2014, 32(5):234-237.
[20]Shew AM, Danforth DM, Nalley LL, et al. New innovations in agricultural biotech:Consumer acceptance of topical RNAi in rice production[J]. Food Control, 2017(81):189-195.
[21]农业部.圈定海南一市两县作为转基因生物试验基地[J].农药, 2016, 55(11):813.
[22]侯伟,付仲文,张冬.农业转基因作物南繁试验管理现状及安全性分析[J].中国种业, 2014(11):17-19.
[23]Sugarman J. Ethics and germline gene editing[J]. Embo Rep,2015, 16(8):879.
[24]Jaganathan D, Ramasamy K, et al. CRISPR for crop improvement:An update review[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2018, 9.
[25]Sprink T, Eriksson D, et al. Regulatory hurdles for genome editing:process-vs. product-based approaches in different regulatory contexts[J]. Plant Cell Rep, 2016, 35(7):1493-1506.
[26]Parrott W. Outlaws, old laws&no laws:the prospects of gene editing for agriculture in the USA[J]. Physiol Plantarum, 2018.
[27]EuropeanParliamentAndEuropeanCouncil.Directive2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive90/220/EEC—Commission Declaration[J]. Off J, 2001, 106:1-39.
[2]周海燕.中国与澳大利亚农产品贸易互补性研究[J].世界农业, 2014(9):105-108.
[3]温文.澳大利亚转基因食品标识法律制度对我国的借鉴[J].法制与经济, 2017, 10:123-125.
[4]Plessis RD. GMO regulation and civic participation at the “edge of the world”:the case of Australia and New Zealand[J]. New Genetics&Society, 2008, 27(3):181-199.
[5]Gene Technology Act 2000. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00792.
[6]Gilbert M. The Status of Transgenic Crops in Australia[M]. John Wiley&Sons, Inc, 2016.
[7]Ageing AGDO. Submission from Croplife Australia to the Review of the Gene Technology Act 2000;2007.
[8]李宁,付仲文,刘培磊,等.全球主要国家转基因生物安全管理政策比对[J].农业科技管理, 2010, 29(1):1-6.
[9]Gene Technology Regulations 2001. https://www. legislation. gov.au/Details/F2016C00615.
[10]Tribe D. Gene technology regulation in Australia[J]. Gm Crops,2012, 3(1):21-29.
[11]Hewitt J. GMO policy in Australia[J]. Critical Studies on Security, 2014, 2(3):323-336.
[12]Regulator AGDO. Table of authorisations for commercial releases of GM plants(GMO register entries and subset of list of licences involving Intentional Release)http://www. ogtr. gov. au/internet/ogtr/publishing. nsf/Content/cr-1.
[13]Grose S. Greenpeaceasauras[M], 2011.
[14]Plessis RD. GMO regulation and civic participation at the “edge of the world”:the case of Australia and New Zealand[J]. New Genetics&Society, 2008, 27(3):181-199.
[15]Cocklin C, Dibden J, Gibbs D. Competitiveness versus ‘clean and green’? The regulation and governance of GMOs in Australia and the UK[J]. Geoforum, 2008, 39(1):161-173.
[16]Arujanan M, Teng PPS. Legal, Regulatory and Labelling Status of Biotech Crops.;2018.
[17]于爱芝.澳大利亚转基因技术在农业中的应用、管理政策及启示[J].世界农业, 2008(7):11-14.
[18]杨桂玲,张志恒,袁玉伟,等.澳大利亚转基因食品溯源管理体系研究[J].江苏农业科学, 2011, 39(4):371-374.
[19]Araki M, Nojima K, et al. Caution required for handling genome editing technology[J]. Trends Biotechnol, 2014, 32(5):234-237.
[20]Shew AM, Danforth DM, Nalley LL, et al. New innovations in agricultural biotech:Consumer acceptance of topical RNAi in rice production[J]. Food Control, 2017(81):189-195.
[21]农业部.圈定海南一市两县作为转基因生物试验基地[J].农药, 2016, 55(11):813.
[22]侯伟,付仲文,张冬.农业转基因作物南繁试验管理现状及安全性分析[J].中国种业, 2014(11):17-19.
[23]Sugarman J. Ethics and germline gene editing[J]. Embo Rep,2015, 16(8):879.
[24]Jaganathan D, Ramasamy K, et al. CRISPR for crop improvement:An update review[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2018, 9.
[25]Sprink T, Eriksson D, et al. Regulatory hurdles for genome editing:process-vs. product-based approaches in different regulatory contexts[J]. Plant Cell Rep, 2016, 35(7):1493-1506.
[26]Parrott W. Outlaws, old laws&no laws:the prospects of gene editing for agriculture in the USA[J]. Physiol Plantarum, 2018.
[27]EuropeanParliamentAndEuropeanCouncil.Directive2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive90/220/EEC—Commission Declaration[J]. Off J, 2001, 106:1-39.
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