Analysis of status and countermeasures of cancer incidence and mortality in China
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摘要
Cancer is the leading cause of human deaths in the world and produces serious economic burdens. On September 12, 2018, the academic journal A Cancer Journal for Clinicians published an article about the latest statistics of cancers worldwide, which provided a status report on the global burden of 36 cancers in 185 countries worldwide. Cancer has also become a serious public health problem in China and caused more and more attention of the government and people in recent years. This review analyzes the incidence, mortality and prevalent trend of cancers in China, discusses the reasons behind this status, and reviews the potential countermeasures for cancer prevention and control in China.
Cancer is the leading cause of human deaths in the world and produces serious economic burdens. On September 12, 2018, the academic journal A Cancer Journal for Clinicians published an article about the latest statistics of cancers worldwide, which provided a status report on the global burden of 36 cancers in 185 countries worldwide. Cancer has also become a serious public health problem in China and caused more and more attention of the government and people in recent years. This review analyzes the incidence, mortality and prevalent trend of cancers in China, discusses the reasons behind this status, and reviews the potential countermeasures for cancer prevention and control in China.
Cancer is the leading cause of human deaths in the world and produces serious economic burdens. On September 12, 2018, the academic journal A Cancer Journal for Clinicians published an article about the latest statistics of cancers worldwide, which provided a status report on the global burden of 36 cancers in 185 countries worldwide. Cancer has also become a serious public health problem in China and caused more and more attention of the government and people in recent years. This review analyzes the incidence, mortality and prevalent trend of cancers in China, discusses the reasons behind this status, and reviews the potential countermeasures for cancer prevention and control in China.
引文
Abderrahman,B.,and Jordan,V.C.(2018).Successful targeted therapies for breast cancer:the Worcester Foundation and future opportunities in women’s health.Endocrinology 159,2980-2990.
Allemani,C.,Matsuda,T.,Di Carlo,V.,Harewood,R.,Matz,M.,Nik?i?,M.,Bonaventure,A.,Valkov,M.,Johnson,C.J.,Estève,J.,et al.(2018).Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14(CONCORD-3):analysis of individual records for 37?513?025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71countries.Lancet 391,1023-1075.
Boér,K.(2016).Impact of palbociclib combinations on treatment of advanced estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor 2-negative breast cancer.Onco Targets Ther 9,6119-6125.
Bray,F.,Ferlay,J.,Soerjomataram,I.,Siegel,R.L.,Torre,L.A.,and Jemal,A.(2018).Global cancer statistics 2018:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.CACancer J Clin,1-31.
Brufsky,A.M.,and Dickler,M.N.(2018).Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer:Exploiting signaling pathways implicated in endocrine resistance.Oncologist 23,528-539.
Cao,Z.F.,Chen,W.C.,Yang,P.P.,Zhou,H.M.,and Ou,W.B.(2017).Advances of succinate dehydrogenase mutation in cancers.Prog Biochem Biophys 44,31-43.
Chen,C.,Sun,S.,Yuan,J.P.,Wang,Y.H.,Cao,T.Z.,Zheng,H.M.,Jiang,X.Q.,Gong,Y.P.,Tu,Y.,Yao,F.,et al.(2016).Characteristics of breast cancer in Central China,literature review and comparison with USA.Breast 30,208-213.
Chen,W.,Sun,K.,Zheng,R.,Zeng,H.,Zhang,S.,Xia,C.,Yang,Z.,Li,H.,Zou,X.,and He,J.(2018).Cancer incidence and mortality in China,2014.Chin J Cancer Res 30,1-12.
Chen,W.,Zheng,R.,Baade,P.D.,Zhang,S.,Zeng,H.,Bray,F.,Jemal,A.,Yu,X.Q.,and He,J.(2016).Cancer statistics in China,2015.CACancer J Clin 66,115-132.
Chen,W.,Zheng,R.,Zeng,H.,and Zhang,S.(2014).Trend analysis of the changes of male/female,urban/rural incidences and average age of cancer patients in China 1989-2008(in Chinese).Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 36,796-800.
Chen,S.,Zhu,J.H.,Wang,F.,Huang,S.Y.,Xue,W.Q.,Cui,Z.,He,J.,and Jia,W.H.(2015).Association of the Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln polymorphisms in the XPD gene with the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma:evidence from a meta-analysis.Chin J Cancer 34,2-12.
Chen,W.,Zheng,R.,Zhang,S.,Zeng,H.,Xia,C.,Zuo,T.,Yang,Z.,Zou,X.,and He,J.(2017).Cancer incidence and mortality in China,2013.Cancer Lett 401,63-71.
Chen,W.,Zheng,R.,Zhang,S.,Zhao,P.,Zeng,H.,Zou,X.,and He,J.(2014).Annual report on status of cancer in China,2010.Chin J Cancer Res 26,48-58.
Chen,X.,Ye,G.,Zhang,C.,Li,X.,and Shen,K.(2016).Nonanthracycline-containing docetaxel and cyclophosphamide regimen is associated with sustained worse outcome compared with docetaxel,anthracycline and cyclophosphamide in neoadjuvant treatment of triple negative and HER2-positive breast cancer patients:updated follow-up data from NATT study.Chin J Cancer Res 28,561-569.
Chen,W.Q.(2016).Discussion on the clinical characteristics and trends of cancers in China according to cancer registry(in Chinese).Chin JHealth Manage 10,249-252.
Chen,W.Q.,Sun,K.X.,Zheng,R.S.,Zhang,S.W.,Zeng,H.M.,Zou,X.N.,and He,J.(2018).Report of cancer incidence and mortality in different areas of China,2014.China Cancer 27,1-14.
Chen,W.Q.,Zheng,R.S.,Zeng,H.M.,Zhang,S.W.,Zhao,P.,and He,J.(2012).Trend analysis and projection of cancer incidence in China between 1989 and 2008(in Chinese).Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 34,517-524.
Coleman,M.,Forman,D.,Bryant,H.,Butler,J.,Rachet,B.,Maringe,C.,Nur,U.,Tracey,E.,Coory,M.,Hatcher,J.,et al.(2011).Cancer survival in Australia,Canada,Denmark,Norway,Sweden,and the UK,1995-2007(the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership):an analysis of population-based cancer registry data.Lancet 377,127-138.
Cronin,K.A.,Lake,A.J.,Scott,S.,Sherman,R.L.,Noone,A.M.,Howlader,N.,Henley,S.J.,Anderson,R.N.,Firth,A.U.,Ma,J.,et al.(2018).Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer,part I:National cancer statistics.Cancer 124,2785-2800.
Dong,H.,Duan,S.,Bogg,L.,Wu,Y.,You,H.,Chen,J.,Ye,X.,Seccombe,K.,and Yu,H.(2016).The impact of expanded health system reform on governmental contributions and individual copayments in the new Chinese rural cooperative medical system.Int J Health Plann Manage31,36-48.
Dwyer-Lindgren,L.,Mokdad,A.H.,Srebotnjak,T.,Flaxman,A.D.,Hansen,G.M.,and Murray,C.J.(2014).Cigarette smoking prevalence in US counties:1996-2012.Popul Health Metrics 12,5.
Fan,C.,Tang,Y.,Wang,J.,Wang,Y.,Xiong,F.,Zhang,S.,Li,X.,Xiang,B.,Wu,X.,Guo,C.,et al.(2018).Long non-coding RNA LOC284454promotes migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma via modulating the Rho/Rac signaling pathway.Carcinogenesis 91.
Fan,L.,Strasser-Weippl,K.,Li,J.J.,St Louis,J.,Finkelstein,D.M.,Yu,K.D.,Chen,W.Q.,Shao,Z.M.,and Goss,P.E.(2014).Breast cancer in China.Lancet Oncol 15,e279-e289.
Goss,P.E.,Strasser-Weippl,K.,Lee-Bychkovsky,B.L.,Fan,L.,Li,J.,Chavarri-Guerra,Y.,Liedke,P.E.R.,Pramesh,C.S.,BadovinacCrnjevic,T.,Sheikine,Y.,et al.(2014).Challenges to effective cancer control in China,India,and Russia.Lancet Oncol 15,489-538.
He,Y.T.,Zheng,R.S.,and Sun,X.B.(2013).The difference of cancer incidence between male and female in China.China Cancer 22,17-22.
Islami,F.,Goding Sauer,A.,Miller,K.D.,Siegel,R.L.,Fedewa,S.A.,Jacobs,E.J.,McCullough,M.L.,Patel,A.V.,Ma,J.,Soerjomataram,I.,et al.(2018).Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States.CA Cancer J Clin 68,31-54.
Ju,J.,Zhu,A.J.,and Yuan,P.(2018).Progress in targeted therapy for breast cancer.Chronic Dis Transl Med 4,164-175.
Katoh,H.,Wang,D.,Daikoku,T.,Sun,H.,Dey,S.K.,and Dubois,R.N.(2013).CXCR2-expressing myeloid-derived suppressor cells are essential to promote colitis-associated tumorigenesis.Cancer Cell 24,631-644.
Klages-Mundt,N.L.,and Li,L.(2017).Formation and repair of DNA-protein crosslink damage.Sci China Life Sci 60,1065-1076.
Levine,A.S.,Sun,L.,Tan,R.,Gao,Y.,Yang,L.,Chen,H.,Teng,Y.,and Lan,L.(2017).The oxidative DNA damage response:A review of research undertaken with Tsinghua and Xiangya students at the University of Pittsburgh.Sci China Life Sci 60,1077-1080.
Li,S.,Bao,X.,Wang,D.,You,L.,Li,X.,Yang,H.,Bian,J.,Wang,Y.,and Yang,Y.(2017).APOBEC3B and IL-6 form a positive feedback loop in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Sci China Life Sci 60,617-626.
Lian,Y.,Xiong,F.,Yang,L.,Bo,H.,Gong,Z.,Wang,Y.,Wei,F.,Tang,Y.,Li,X.,Liao,Q.,et al.(2018).Long noncoding RNA AFAP1-AS1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-423-5p to facilitate nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis through regulating the Rho/Rac pathway.J Exp Clin Cancer Res 37,253.
Liu,X.,Wong,H.,and Liu,K.(2015).Outcome-based health equity across different social health insurance schemes for the elderly in China.BMCHealth Serv Res 16,9.
Liu,Y.,Zhao,R.,Wang,H.,Luo,Y.,Wang,X.,Niu,W.,Zhou,Y.,Wen,Q.,Fan,S.,Li,X.,et al.(2016).miR-141 is involved in BRD7-mediated cell proliferation and tumor formation through suppression of the PTEN/AKT pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Cell Death Dis 7,e2156.
Liu,Y.,Zhao,R.,Wei,Y.,Li,M.,Wang,H.,Niu,W.,Zhou,Y.,Qiu,Y.,Fan,S.,Zhan,Y.,et al.(2018).BRD7 expression and c-Myc activation forms a double-negative feedback loop that controls the cell proliferation and tumor growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting oncogenic miR-141.J Exp Clin Cancer Res 37,64.
Lu,Y.F.,Liu,Z.C.,Li,Z.H.,Ma,W.H.,Wang,F.R.,Zhang,Y.B.,and Lu,J.B.(2014).Esophageal/gastric cancer screening in high-risk populations in Henan Province,China.Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15,1419-1422.
Niu,W.,Luo,Y.,Wang,X.,Zhou,Y.,Li,H.,Wang,H.,Fu,Y.,Liu,S.,Yin,S.,Li,J.,et al.(2018).BRD7 inhibits the Warburg effect and tumor progression through inactivation of HIF1α/LDHA axis in breast cancer.Cell Death Dis 9,519.
Rugo,H.S.,Olopade,O.I.,DeMichele,A.,Yau,C.,van't Veer,L.J.,Buxton,M.B.,Hogarth,M.,Hylton,N.M.,Paoloni,M.,Perlmutter,J.,et al.(2016).Adaptive randomization of Veliparib-Carboplatin treatment in breast cancer.N Engl J Med 375,23-34.
Sanmamed,M.F.,and Chen,L.(2018).A paradigm shift in cancer immunotherapy:from enhancement to normalization.Cell 175,313-326.
Shi,Q.,and Chen,Y.G.(2017).Interplay between TGF-βsignaling and receptor tyrosine kinases in tumor development.Sci China Life Sci 60,1133-1141.
Siegel,R.L.,Miller,K.D.,and Jemal,A.(2018).Cancer statistics,2018.CA Cancer J Clin 68,7-30.
Stagg,J.,Loi,S.,Divisekera,U.,Foong Ngiow,S.,Duret,H.,Yagita,H.,Teng,M.W.,and Smyth,M.J.(2011).Anti-ErbB-2 m Ab therapy requires type I and II interferons and synergizes with anti-PD-1 or antiCD137 mAb therapy.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108,7142-7147.
Tryfonidis,K.,Zardavas,D.,Katzenellenbogen,B.S.,and Piccart,M.(2016).Endocrine treatment in breast cancer:Cure,resistance and beyond.Cancer Treat Rev 50,68-81.
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Allemani,C.,Matsuda,T.,Di Carlo,V.,Harewood,R.,Matz,M.,Nik?i?,M.,Bonaventure,A.,Valkov,M.,Johnson,C.J.,Estève,J.,et al.(2018).Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14(CONCORD-3):analysis of individual records for 37?513?025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71countries.Lancet 391,1023-1075.
Boér,K.(2016).Impact of palbociclib combinations on treatment of advanced estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor 2-negative breast cancer.Onco Targets Ther 9,6119-6125.
Bray,F.,Ferlay,J.,Soerjomataram,I.,Siegel,R.L.,Torre,L.A.,and Jemal,A.(2018).Global cancer statistics 2018:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.CACancer J Clin,1-31.
Brufsky,A.M.,and Dickler,M.N.(2018).Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer:Exploiting signaling pathways implicated in endocrine resistance.Oncologist 23,528-539.
Cao,Z.F.,Chen,W.C.,Yang,P.P.,Zhou,H.M.,and Ou,W.B.(2017).Advances of succinate dehydrogenase mutation in cancers.Prog Biochem Biophys 44,31-43.
Chen,C.,Sun,S.,Yuan,J.P.,Wang,Y.H.,Cao,T.Z.,Zheng,H.M.,Jiang,X.Q.,Gong,Y.P.,Tu,Y.,Yao,F.,et al.(2016).Characteristics of breast cancer in Central China,literature review and comparison with USA.Breast 30,208-213.
Chen,W.,Sun,K.,Zheng,R.,Zeng,H.,Zhang,S.,Xia,C.,Yang,Z.,Li,H.,Zou,X.,and He,J.(2018).Cancer incidence and mortality in China,2014.Chin J Cancer Res 30,1-12.
Chen,W.,Zheng,R.,Baade,P.D.,Zhang,S.,Zeng,H.,Bray,F.,Jemal,A.,Yu,X.Q.,and He,J.(2016).Cancer statistics in China,2015.CACancer J Clin 66,115-132.
Chen,W.,Zheng,R.,Zeng,H.,and Zhang,S.(2014).Trend analysis of the changes of male/female,urban/rural incidences and average age of cancer patients in China 1989-2008(in Chinese).Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 36,796-800.
Chen,S.,Zhu,J.H.,Wang,F.,Huang,S.Y.,Xue,W.Q.,Cui,Z.,He,J.,and Jia,W.H.(2015).Association of the Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln polymorphisms in the XPD gene with the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma:evidence from a meta-analysis.Chin J Cancer 34,2-12.
Chen,W.,Zheng,R.,Zhang,S.,Zeng,H.,Xia,C.,Zuo,T.,Yang,Z.,Zou,X.,and He,J.(2017).Cancer incidence and mortality in China,2013.Cancer Lett 401,63-71.
Chen,W.,Zheng,R.,Zhang,S.,Zhao,P.,Zeng,H.,Zou,X.,and He,J.(2014).Annual report on status of cancer in China,2010.Chin J Cancer Res 26,48-58.
Chen,X.,Ye,G.,Zhang,C.,Li,X.,and Shen,K.(2016).Nonanthracycline-containing docetaxel and cyclophosphamide regimen is associated with sustained worse outcome compared with docetaxel,anthracycline and cyclophosphamide in neoadjuvant treatment of triple negative and HER2-positive breast cancer patients:updated follow-up data from NATT study.Chin J Cancer Res 28,561-569.
Chen,W.Q.(2016).Discussion on the clinical characteristics and trends of cancers in China according to cancer registry(in Chinese).Chin JHealth Manage 10,249-252.
Chen,W.Q.,Sun,K.X.,Zheng,R.S.,Zhang,S.W.,Zeng,H.M.,Zou,X.N.,and He,J.(2018).Report of cancer incidence and mortality in different areas of China,2014.China Cancer 27,1-14.
Chen,W.Q.,Zheng,R.S.,Zeng,H.M.,Zhang,S.W.,Zhao,P.,and He,J.(2012).Trend analysis and projection of cancer incidence in China between 1989 and 2008(in Chinese).Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 34,517-524.
Coleman,M.,Forman,D.,Bryant,H.,Butler,J.,Rachet,B.,Maringe,C.,Nur,U.,Tracey,E.,Coory,M.,Hatcher,J.,et al.(2011).Cancer survival in Australia,Canada,Denmark,Norway,Sweden,and the UK,1995-2007(the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership):an analysis of population-based cancer registry data.Lancet 377,127-138.
Cronin,K.A.,Lake,A.J.,Scott,S.,Sherman,R.L.,Noone,A.M.,Howlader,N.,Henley,S.J.,Anderson,R.N.,Firth,A.U.,Ma,J.,et al.(2018).Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer,part I:National cancer statistics.Cancer 124,2785-2800.
Dong,H.,Duan,S.,Bogg,L.,Wu,Y.,You,H.,Chen,J.,Ye,X.,Seccombe,K.,and Yu,H.(2016).The impact of expanded health system reform on governmental contributions and individual copayments in the new Chinese rural cooperative medical system.Int J Health Plann Manage31,36-48.
Dwyer-Lindgren,L.,Mokdad,A.H.,Srebotnjak,T.,Flaxman,A.D.,Hansen,G.M.,and Murray,C.J.(2014).Cigarette smoking prevalence in US counties:1996-2012.Popul Health Metrics 12,5.
Fan,C.,Tang,Y.,Wang,J.,Wang,Y.,Xiong,F.,Zhang,S.,Li,X.,Xiang,B.,Wu,X.,Guo,C.,et al.(2018).Long non-coding RNA LOC284454promotes migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma via modulating the Rho/Rac signaling pathway.Carcinogenesis 91.
Fan,L.,Strasser-Weippl,K.,Li,J.J.,St Louis,J.,Finkelstein,D.M.,Yu,K.D.,Chen,W.Q.,Shao,Z.M.,and Goss,P.E.(2014).Breast cancer in China.Lancet Oncol 15,e279-e289.
Goss,P.E.,Strasser-Weippl,K.,Lee-Bychkovsky,B.L.,Fan,L.,Li,J.,Chavarri-Guerra,Y.,Liedke,P.E.R.,Pramesh,C.S.,BadovinacCrnjevic,T.,Sheikine,Y.,et al.(2014).Challenges to effective cancer control in China,India,and Russia.Lancet Oncol 15,489-538.
He,Y.T.,Zheng,R.S.,and Sun,X.B.(2013).The difference of cancer incidence between male and female in China.China Cancer 22,17-22.
Islami,F.,Goding Sauer,A.,Miller,K.D.,Siegel,R.L.,Fedewa,S.A.,Jacobs,E.J.,McCullough,M.L.,Patel,A.V.,Ma,J.,Soerjomataram,I.,et al.(2018).Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States.CA Cancer J Clin 68,31-54.
Ju,J.,Zhu,A.J.,and Yuan,P.(2018).Progress in targeted therapy for breast cancer.Chronic Dis Transl Med 4,164-175.
Katoh,H.,Wang,D.,Daikoku,T.,Sun,H.,Dey,S.K.,and Dubois,R.N.(2013).CXCR2-expressing myeloid-derived suppressor cells are essential to promote colitis-associated tumorigenesis.Cancer Cell 24,631-644.
Klages-Mundt,N.L.,and Li,L.(2017).Formation and repair of DNA-protein crosslink damage.Sci China Life Sci 60,1065-1076.
Levine,A.S.,Sun,L.,Tan,R.,Gao,Y.,Yang,L.,Chen,H.,Teng,Y.,and Lan,L.(2017).The oxidative DNA damage response:A review of research undertaken with Tsinghua and Xiangya students at the University of Pittsburgh.Sci China Life Sci 60,1077-1080.
Li,S.,Bao,X.,Wang,D.,You,L.,Li,X.,Yang,H.,Bian,J.,Wang,Y.,and Yang,Y.(2017).APOBEC3B and IL-6 form a positive feedback loop in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Sci China Life Sci 60,617-626.
Lian,Y.,Xiong,F.,Yang,L.,Bo,H.,Gong,Z.,Wang,Y.,Wei,F.,Tang,Y.,Li,X.,Liao,Q.,et al.(2018).Long noncoding RNA AFAP1-AS1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-423-5p to facilitate nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis through regulating the Rho/Rac pathway.J Exp Clin Cancer Res 37,253.
Liu,X.,Wong,H.,and Liu,K.(2015).Outcome-based health equity across different social health insurance schemes for the elderly in China.BMCHealth Serv Res 16,9.
Liu,Y.,Zhao,R.,Wang,H.,Luo,Y.,Wang,X.,Niu,W.,Zhou,Y.,Wen,Q.,Fan,S.,Li,X.,et al.(2016).miR-141 is involved in BRD7-mediated cell proliferation and tumor formation through suppression of the PTEN/AKT pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Cell Death Dis 7,e2156.
Liu,Y.,Zhao,R.,Wei,Y.,Li,M.,Wang,H.,Niu,W.,Zhou,Y.,Qiu,Y.,Fan,S.,Zhan,Y.,et al.(2018).BRD7 expression and c-Myc activation forms a double-negative feedback loop that controls the cell proliferation and tumor growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting oncogenic miR-141.J Exp Clin Cancer Res 37,64.
Lu,Y.F.,Liu,Z.C.,Li,Z.H.,Ma,W.H.,Wang,F.R.,Zhang,Y.B.,and Lu,J.B.(2014).Esophageal/gastric cancer screening in high-risk populations in Henan Province,China.Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15,1419-1422.
Niu,W.,Luo,Y.,Wang,X.,Zhou,Y.,Li,H.,Wang,H.,Fu,Y.,Liu,S.,Yin,S.,Li,J.,et al.(2018).BRD7 inhibits the Warburg effect and tumor progression through inactivation of HIF1α/LDHA axis in breast cancer.Cell Death Dis 9,519.
Rugo,H.S.,Olopade,O.I.,DeMichele,A.,Yau,C.,van't Veer,L.J.,Buxton,M.B.,Hogarth,M.,Hylton,N.M.,Paoloni,M.,Perlmutter,J.,et al.(2016).Adaptive randomization of Veliparib-Carboplatin treatment in breast cancer.N Engl J Med 375,23-34.
Sanmamed,M.F.,and Chen,L.(2018).A paradigm shift in cancer immunotherapy:from enhancement to normalization.Cell 175,313-326.
Shi,Q.,and Chen,Y.G.(2017).Interplay between TGF-βsignaling and receptor tyrosine kinases in tumor development.Sci China Life Sci 60,1133-1141.
Siegel,R.L.,Miller,K.D.,and Jemal,A.(2018).Cancer statistics,2018.CA Cancer J Clin 68,7-30.
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