秦岭南坡陕西洋县辖区哺乳动物物种多样性的空间分布格局
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摘要
物种多样性的空间分布格局一直是生态学和生物地理学研究的一个热点问题。山地生态系统的生境异质性和物种多样性高,适合研究物种多样性空间分布格局及其相关机制。2016年11月至2017年11月,本研究选取秦岭南坡陕西洋县辖区作为研究区域,采用样线法、红外相机法和笼捕/夹捕法,系统分析了8目21科48种哺乳动物物种多样性的空间分布格局。研究结果发现秦岭南坡洋县辖区哺乳动物物种丰富度的空间分布格局大致是中南部低,北部和东部高;物种多样性指数大致是中南部和北部低,东部高。啮齿类动物和非啮齿类动物的空间分布格局存在差异。哺乳动物物种丰富度和多样性指数的垂直分布格局都符合中峰模式,但啮齿类动物和非啮齿类动物间存在差异。最优线性模型结果表明,研究地区哺乳动物物种多样性的空间分布格局受到多种环境因素的共同影响。其中,年均温与物种多样性的相关性最强,在6个最优线性模型中贡献都是最大。综上,秦岭南坡洋县辖区中高海拔区域的物种多样性较高,应加强对中高海拔地区的保护,以维系该区域较高的生物多样性。
Studies on spatial patterns of biodiversity are of great interest in ecology and biogeography. Mountain ecosystems with high habitat heterogeneity and rich biodiversity are ideal for the study of biodiversity distribution. From November 2016 to November 2017, line transect survey, camera-trapping and cage-trapping/snap-trapping were used to investigate the mammal diversity in Yangxian County of Shaanxi Province, which is located on the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains. A total of 48 mammal species belonging to 21 families and 8 orders were identified in the study area. The spatial distribution of mammal species richness was generally low in the midland and south and high in the north and east of the study area. The spatial distribution of mammal species diversity was generally low in the midland and south and north and high in the east of the study area. The spatial distribution of rodents and non-rodent mammals were different. The elevational distribution of mammal species richness and diversity were unimodal. The elevational distribution of rodents and non-rodent mammals were also different. The best model suggests that patterns of mammal species diversity are governed by the integrated effects of different environmental predictors, with annual mean temperature being the most important. Mammal species diversity peaked at mid and high elevation area. To maintain high biodiversity in the region, we should sustainably strengthen protection of mid and high elevation areas.
Studies on spatial patterns of biodiversity are of great interest in ecology and biogeography. Mountain ecosystems with high habitat heterogeneity and rich biodiversity are ideal for the study of biodiversity distribution. From November 2016 to November 2017, line transect survey, camera-trapping and cage-trapping/snap-trapping were used to investigate the mammal diversity in Yangxian County of Shaanxi Province, which is located on the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains. A total of 48 mammal species belonging to 21 families and 8 orders were identified in the study area. The spatial distribution of mammal species richness was generally low in the midland and south and high in the north and east of the study area. The spatial distribution of mammal species diversity was generally low in the midland and south and north and high in the east of the study area. The spatial distribution of rodents and non-rodent mammals were different. The elevational distribution of mammal species richness and diversity were unimodal. The elevational distribution of rodents and non-rodent mammals were also different. The best model suggests that patterns of mammal species diversity are governed by the integrated effects of different environmental predictors, with annual mean temperature being the most important. Mammal species diversity peaked at mid and high elevation area. To maintain high biodiversity in the region, we should sustainably strengthen protection of mid and high elevation areas.
引文
Barry RG(2008)Mountain Weather and Climate.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
Colwell RK,Lees DC(2000)The mid-domain effect:Geometric constraints on the geography of species richness.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,15,70-76.
Currie DJ(1991)Energy and large-scale patterns of animaland plant-species richness.The American Naturalist,137,27-49.
Hawkins BA,Field R,Cornell HV,Currie DJ,Kaufman DM,Kerr JT,Mittelbach GG,Oberdorff T,O’Brien EM(2003)Energy,water,and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness.Ecology,84,3105-3117.
He BS(2001)Animal resources in Changqing Nature Reserve.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,20(3),132-134.(in Chinese)[何百锁(2001)长青自然保护区的兽类资源.四川动物,20(3),132-134.]
He BS,Sun RQ,Chen P,Dong W,Wang J,Wang DJ,Li S(2016)Baseline survey of mammal and bird diversity using camera-trapping in the Changqing National Nature Reserve of Shaanxi Province.Acta Theriologica Sinica,36,348-356.(in Chinese with English abstract)[何百锁,孙瑞谦,陈鹏,董伟,王军,王大军,李晟(2016)基于红外相机技术调查长青国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性.兽类学报,36,348-356.]
Heaney LR(2010)Small mammal diversity along elevational gradients in the Philippines:An assessment of patterns and hypotheses.Global Ecology&Biogeography,10,15-39.
Hu YM,Jin K,Huang ZW,Ding ZF,Liang JC,Pan XY,Hu HJ,Jiang ZG(2017)Elevational patterns of non-volant small mammal species richness in Gyirong Valley,Central Himalaya:Evaluating multiple spatial and environmental drivers.Journal of Biogeography,44,2764-2777.
Hu YM,Liang JC,Jin K,Ding ZF,Zhou ZX,Hu HJ,Jiang ZG(2018)The elevational patterns of mammalian richness in the Himalayas.Biodiversity Science,26,191-201.(in Chinese with English abstract)[胡一鸣,梁健超,金崑,丁志锋,周智鑫,胡慧建,蒋志刚(2018)喜马拉雅山哺乳动物物种多样性垂直分布格局.生物多样性,26,191-201.]
Li S,Zhang XF,Chen P,Wang J,Xiang DQ,Dong W,Zhang XM,He BS,Sun RQ,Zhao NX,Wang DJ(2014)The community structure and elevational patterns of forest ungulates at the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains,China.Chinese Journal of Zoology,49,633-643.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李晟,张晓峰,陈鹏,王军,向定乾,董伟,张希明,何百锁,孙瑞谦,赵纳勋,王大军(2014)秦岭南坡森林有蹄类群落组成与垂直分布特征.动物学杂志,49,633-643.]
Lin X,Wang ZH,Tang ZY,Zhao SQ,Fang JY(2009)Geographic patterns and environmental correlates of terrestrial mammal species richness in China.Biodiversity Science,17,652-663.(in Chinese with English abstract)[林鑫,王志恒,唐志尧,赵淑清,方精云(2009)中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度的地理格局及其与环境因子的关系.生物多样性,17,652-663.]
Liu JH,Wang DX,Wang YC,Hu YN(2011)Changes in plant species diversity of natural coniferous forests along the altitudinal gradient in the Youshui River,Qinling Mountains.Journal of Northwest Forestry University,26(3),6-11.(in Chinese with English abstract)[刘金虎,王得祥,王宇超,胡有宁(2011)秦岭酉水河天然针叶林物种多样性的垂直格局.西北林学院学报,26(3),6-11.]
Ma KP,Liu YM(1994)Measurement of biotic community diversity.I.αdiversity(Part 2).Chinese Biodiversity,2,231-239.(in Chinese)[马克平,刘玉明(1994)生物群落多样性的测度方法.I.α多样性的测度方法(下).生物多样性,2,231-239.]
McCain CM(2005)Elevational gradients in diversity of small mammals.Ecology,86,366-372.
Rosenzweig ML,Ziv Y(1999)The echo pattern of species diversity:Pattern and processes.Ecography,22,614-628.
Rowe RJ,Heaney LR,Rickart EA(2015)Scale effects on the pattern and predictors of small mammal diversity along a local elevational gradient in the Great Basin.Journal of Biogeography,42,1964-1974.
Shuai LY,Ren CL,Yan WB,Song YL,Zeng ZG(2017)Different elevational patterns of rodent species richness between the southern and northern slopes of a mountain.Scientific Reports,7,8743.
Spellerberg IF(2008)Shannon-Wiener index.In:Encyclopedia of Ecology(eds J?rgensen SE,Fath BD),pp.3249-3252.Academic Press,Oxford.
Stevens GC(1989)The latitudinal gradient in geographical range:How so many species coexist in the tropics.The American Naturalist,133,240-256.
Tang ZY,Fang JY,Zhang L(2004)Patterns of woody plant species diversity along environmental gradients on Mt.Taibai,Qinling Mountains.Biodiversity Science,12,115-122.(in Chinese with English abstract)[唐志尧,方精云,张玲(2004)秦岭太白山木本植物物种多样性的梯度格局及环境解释.生物多样性,12,115-122.]
Tang ZY,Ke JH(2004)Altitudinal patterns of plant species diversity in Mt.Niubeiliang,Qinling Mountains.Biodiversity Science,12,108-114.(in Chinese with English abstract)[唐志尧,柯金虎(2004)秦岭牛背梁植物物种多样性垂直分布格局.生物多样性,12,108-114.]
Wang XJ,Zhou LZ,Zhang YY,Xing YJ,Gu CM(2007)Distribution patterns and species diversity of mammals in Anhui Province.Acta Theriologica Sinica,27,175-184.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王新建,周立志,张有瑜,邢雅俊,顾长明(2007)安徽省兽类物种多样性及其分布格局.兽类学报,27,175-184.]
Wang YC,Wang DX(2013)Study on elevational patterns of plant species diversity and community complexity in Foping Natural Reserve.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,33,169-176.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王宇超,王得祥(2013)佛坪自然保护区植物群落物种多样性和复杂性的海拔格局研究.西北植物学报,33,169-176.]
Wu YJ,Lei FM(2013)Species richness patterns and mechanisms along the elevational gradients.Chinese Journal of Zoology,48,797-807.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吴永杰,雷富民(2013)物种丰富度垂直分布格局及影响机制.动物学杂志,48,797-807.]
Wu YJ,Yang QS,Wen ZX,Xia L,Zhang Q,Zhou HM(2013)What drives the species richness patterns of non-volant small mammals along a subtropical elevational gradient?Ecography,36,185-196.
Xiao ZS,Wang YS,Zhang ZB,Ma Y(2002)Preliminary studies on the relationships between communities of small mammals and habitat types in Dujiangyan Region,Sichuan.Biodiversity Science,10,163-169.(in Chinese with English abstract)[肖治术,王玉山,张知彬,马勇(2002)都江堰地区小型哺乳动物群落与生境类型关系的初步研究.生物多样性,10,163-169.]
Zeng ZG,Gong HS,Song YL,Miao T,Ma SR(2006)Resource,fauna and ecological distribution of large-and medium-sized mammals in Majiashan Nature Reserve,Shaanxi.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,25(1),87-91.(in Chinese with English abstract)[曾治高,巩会生,宋延龄,缪涛,马顺荣(2006)陕西马家山自然保护区大中型兽类的资源及区系与生态分布.四川动物,25(1),87-91.]
Zhang RZ(2011)Zoogeography of China.Science Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[张荣祖(2011)中国动物地理.科学出版社,北京.]
Zhang Y,Lei KM,Zhang YK,Xiao CL,Yang YH,Sun HO,Li SJ(2012)Effects of vegetation,elevation and human disturbance on the distribution of large-and medium-sized wildlife:A case study in Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,32,4228-4235.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张跃,雷开明,张语克,肖长林,杨玉花,孙鸿鸥,李淑君(2012)植被、海拔、人为干扰对大中型野生动物分布的影响--以九寨沟自然保护区为例.生态学报,32,4228-4235.]
Zheng Z,Gong DJ,Sun CX(2014a)Elevational pattern of species richness and species range size of herpetofauna in Baishuijiang Nature Reserve:A test of Rapoport’s rule.Chinese Journal of Ecology,33,537-546.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郑智,龚大洁,孙呈祥(2014a)白水江自然保护区两栖爬行动物物种丰富度和种域海拔梯度格局及对Rapoport法则的验证.生态学杂志,33,537-546.]
Zheng Z,Gong DJ,Sun CX,Li XJ,Li WJ(2014b)Elevational pattern of amphibian and reptile diversity in Qinling range and explanation.Biodiversity Science,22,596-607.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郑智,龚大洁,孙呈祥,李晓军,李万江(2014b)秦岭两栖、爬行动物物种多样性海拔分布格局及其解释.生物多样性,22,596-607.]
Zheng Z,Gong DJ,Zhang Q(2014c)Explanation of elevational patterns of amphibian and reptile species richness in the Baishuijiang Nature Reserve:Water-energy dynamic hypothesis and habitat heterogeneity hypothesis.Chinese Journal of Ecology,33,3332-3338.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郑智,龚大洁,张乾(2014c)白水江自然保护区两栖、爬行动物物种丰富度的海拔梯度格局的解释:水分能量动态假设和生境异质性假设.生态学杂志,33,3332-3338.]
(1)田凯(2017)鄂西北野生脊椎动物物种多样性及地理分布格局研究.硕士学位论文,湖北大学,武汉.
Colwell RK,Lees DC(2000)The mid-domain effect:Geometric constraints on the geography of species richness.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,15,70-76.
Currie DJ(1991)Energy and large-scale patterns of animaland plant-species richness.The American Naturalist,137,27-49.
Hawkins BA,Field R,Cornell HV,Currie DJ,Kaufman DM,Kerr JT,Mittelbach GG,Oberdorff T,O’Brien EM(2003)Energy,water,and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness.Ecology,84,3105-3117.
He BS(2001)Animal resources in Changqing Nature Reserve.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,20(3),132-134.(in Chinese)[何百锁(2001)长青自然保护区的兽类资源.四川动物,20(3),132-134.]
He BS,Sun RQ,Chen P,Dong W,Wang J,Wang DJ,Li S(2016)Baseline survey of mammal and bird diversity using camera-trapping in the Changqing National Nature Reserve of Shaanxi Province.Acta Theriologica Sinica,36,348-356.(in Chinese with English abstract)[何百锁,孙瑞谦,陈鹏,董伟,王军,王大军,李晟(2016)基于红外相机技术调查长青国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性.兽类学报,36,348-356.]
Heaney LR(2010)Small mammal diversity along elevational gradients in the Philippines:An assessment of patterns and hypotheses.Global Ecology&Biogeography,10,15-39.
Hu YM,Jin K,Huang ZW,Ding ZF,Liang JC,Pan XY,Hu HJ,Jiang ZG(2017)Elevational patterns of non-volant small mammal species richness in Gyirong Valley,Central Himalaya:Evaluating multiple spatial and environmental drivers.Journal of Biogeography,44,2764-2777.
Hu YM,Liang JC,Jin K,Ding ZF,Zhou ZX,Hu HJ,Jiang ZG(2018)The elevational patterns of mammalian richness in the Himalayas.Biodiversity Science,26,191-201.(in Chinese with English abstract)[胡一鸣,梁健超,金崑,丁志锋,周智鑫,胡慧建,蒋志刚(2018)喜马拉雅山哺乳动物物种多样性垂直分布格局.生物多样性,26,191-201.]
Li S,Zhang XF,Chen P,Wang J,Xiang DQ,Dong W,Zhang XM,He BS,Sun RQ,Zhao NX,Wang DJ(2014)The community structure and elevational patterns of forest ungulates at the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains,China.Chinese Journal of Zoology,49,633-643.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李晟,张晓峰,陈鹏,王军,向定乾,董伟,张希明,何百锁,孙瑞谦,赵纳勋,王大军(2014)秦岭南坡森林有蹄类群落组成与垂直分布特征.动物学杂志,49,633-643.]
Lin X,Wang ZH,Tang ZY,Zhao SQ,Fang JY(2009)Geographic patterns and environmental correlates of terrestrial mammal species richness in China.Biodiversity Science,17,652-663.(in Chinese with English abstract)[林鑫,王志恒,唐志尧,赵淑清,方精云(2009)中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度的地理格局及其与环境因子的关系.生物多样性,17,652-663.]
Liu JH,Wang DX,Wang YC,Hu YN(2011)Changes in plant species diversity of natural coniferous forests along the altitudinal gradient in the Youshui River,Qinling Mountains.Journal of Northwest Forestry University,26(3),6-11.(in Chinese with English abstract)[刘金虎,王得祥,王宇超,胡有宁(2011)秦岭酉水河天然针叶林物种多样性的垂直格局.西北林学院学报,26(3),6-11.]
Ma KP,Liu YM(1994)Measurement of biotic community diversity.I.αdiversity(Part 2).Chinese Biodiversity,2,231-239.(in Chinese)[马克平,刘玉明(1994)生物群落多样性的测度方法.I.α多样性的测度方法(下).生物多样性,2,231-239.]
McCain CM(2005)Elevational gradients in diversity of small mammals.Ecology,86,366-372.
Rosenzweig ML,Ziv Y(1999)The echo pattern of species diversity:Pattern and processes.Ecography,22,614-628.
Rowe RJ,Heaney LR,Rickart EA(2015)Scale effects on the pattern and predictors of small mammal diversity along a local elevational gradient in the Great Basin.Journal of Biogeography,42,1964-1974.
Shuai LY,Ren CL,Yan WB,Song YL,Zeng ZG(2017)Different elevational patterns of rodent species richness between the southern and northern slopes of a mountain.Scientific Reports,7,8743.
Spellerberg IF(2008)Shannon-Wiener index.In:Encyclopedia of Ecology(eds J?rgensen SE,Fath BD),pp.3249-3252.Academic Press,Oxford.
Stevens GC(1989)The latitudinal gradient in geographical range:How so many species coexist in the tropics.The American Naturalist,133,240-256.
Tang ZY,Fang JY,Zhang L(2004)Patterns of woody plant species diversity along environmental gradients on Mt.Taibai,Qinling Mountains.Biodiversity Science,12,115-122.(in Chinese with English abstract)[唐志尧,方精云,张玲(2004)秦岭太白山木本植物物种多样性的梯度格局及环境解释.生物多样性,12,115-122.]
Tang ZY,Ke JH(2004)Altitudinal patterns of plant species diversity in Mt.Niubeiliang,Qinling Mountains.Biodiversity Science,12,108-114.(in Chinese with English abstract)[唐志尧,柯金虎(2004)秦岭牛背梁植物物种多样性垂直分布格局.生物多样性,12,108-114.]
Wang XJ,Zhou LZ,Zhang YY,Xing YJ,Gu CM(2007)Distribution patterns and species diversity of mammals in Anhui Province.Acta Theriologica Sinica,27,175-184.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王新建,周立志,张有瑜,邢雅俊,顾长明(2007)安徽省兽类物种多样性及其分布格局.兽类学报,27,175-184.]
Wang YC,Wang DX(2013)Study on elevational patterns of plant species diversity and community complexity in Foping Natural Reserve.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,33,169-176.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王宇超,王得祥(2013)佛坪自然保护区植物群落物种多样性和复杂性的海拔格局研究.西北植物学报,33,169-176.]
Wu YJ,Lei FM(2013)Species richness patterns and mechanisms along the elevational gradients.Chinese Journal of Zoology,48,797-807.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吴永杰,雷富民(2013)物种丰富度垂直分布格局及影响机制.动物学杂志,48,797-807.]
Wu YJ,Yang QS,Wen ZX,Xia L,Zhang Q,Zhou HM(2013)What drives the species richness patterns of non-volant small mammals along a subtropical elevational gradient?Ecography,36,185-196.
Xiao ZS,Wang YS,Zhang ZB,Ma Y(2002)Preliminary studies on the relationships between communities of small mammals and habitat types in Dujiangyan Region,Sichuan.Biodiversity Science,10,163-169.(in Chinese with English abstract)[肖治术,王玉山,张知彬,马勇(2002)都江堰地区小型哺乳动物群落与生境类型关系的初步研究.生物多样性,10,163-169.]
Zeng ZG,Gong HS,Song YL,Miao T,Ma SR(2006)Resource,fauna and ecological distribution of large-and medium-sized mammals in Majiashan Nature Reserve,Shaanxi.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,25(1),87-91.(in Chinese with English abstract)[曾治高,巩会生,宋延龄,缪涛,马顺荣(2006)陕西马家山自然保护区大中型兽类的资源及区系与生态分布.四川动物,25(1),87-91.]
Zhang RZ(2011)Zoogeography of China.Science Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[张荣祖(2011)中国动物地理.科学出版社,北京.]
Zhang Y,Lei KM,Zhang YK,Xiao CL,Yang YH,Sun HO,Li SJ(2012)Effects of vegetation,elevation and human disturbance on the distribution of large-and medium-sized wildlife:A case study in Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,32,4228-4235.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张跃,雷开明,张语克,肖长林,杨玉花,孙鸿鸥,李淑君(2012)植被、海拔、人为干扰对大中型野生动物分布的影响--以九寨沟自然保护区为例.生态学报,32,4228-4235.]
Zheng Z,Gong DJ,Sun CX(2014a)Elevational pattern of species richness and species range size of herpetofauna in Baishuijiang Nature Reserve:A test of Rapoport’s rule.Chinese Journal of Ecology,33,537-546.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郑智,龚大洁,孙呈祥(2014a)白水江自然保护区两栖爬行动物物种丰富度和种域海拔梯度格局及对Rapoport法则的验证.生态学杂志,33,537-546.]
Zheng Z,Gong DJ,Sun CX,Li XJ,Li WJ(2014b)Elevational pattern of amphibian and reptile diversity in Qinling range and explanation.Biodiversity Science,22,596-607.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郑智,龚大洁,孙呈祥,李晓军,李万江(2014b)秦岭两栖、爬行动物物种多样性海拔分布格局及其解释.生物多样性,22,596-607.]
Zheng Z,Gong DJ,Zhang Q(2014c)Explanation of elevational patterns of amphibian and reptile species richness in the Baishuijiang Nature Reserve:Water-energy dynamic hypothesis and habitat heterogeneity hypothesis.Chinese Journal of Ecology,33,3332-3338.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郑智,龚大洁,张乾(2014c)白水江自然保护区两栖、爬行动物物种丰富度的海拔梯度格局的解释:水分能量动态假设和生境异质性假设.生态学杂志,33,3332-3338.]
(1)田凯(2017)鄂西北野生脊椎动物物种多样性及地理分布格局研究.硕士学位论文,湖北大学,武汉.
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