不同蚕蛹油与大豆油组合对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、体组成及脂质代谢的影响
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摘要
为研究蚕蛹油(SPO)与大豆油(SO)组合应用于吉富罗非鱼饲料中的可行性,本试验以SPO和SO为脂肪源,配制成5种等氮等脂试验饲料。5种试验饲料中油脂总添加水平均为5.00%,SPO与SO按照不同配比组合,SPO∶SO分别为5∶0、3∶1、1∶1、1∶3、0∶5。选取初始均重为(48.07±0.23) g的吉富罗非鱼300尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复放养20尾,进行56 d的养殖试验。结果显示:吉富罗非鱼终末均重(FBW)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)均在SPO∶SO=3∶1组出现最大值,并显著高于SPO∶SO=5∶0组(P<0.05),但与SPO∶SO=1∶1组和SPO∶SO=0∶5组差异不显著(P> 0.05);同时,饲料系数(FCR)、摄食量(FI)、灰分沉积率、体长/体高(BL/BD)、全鱼粗灰分含量、肝脏和肌肉水分含量、血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量和肝脏乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)活性均以SPO∶SO=3∶1组最佳。干物质和蛋白质沉积率均在SPO∶SO=1∶1组出现最大值,且显著高于SPO∶SO=5∶0组(P<0.05),但与SPO∶SO=0∶5组差异不显著(P>0.05)。肠脂系数(IPF)、血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量、肝脏肉碱酯酰转移酶-Ⅰ(CPT-Ⅰ)活性和血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性也均在SPO∶SO=1∶1组出现最大值,并显著高于SPO∶SO=5∶0组和SPO∶SO=0∶5组(P<0.05)。以WGR和PER为评价指标,通过二次回归方程分析得到吉富罗非鱼饲料的适宜n3/n6值为1.040 2～1.106 4。由此得出,以SPO和SO组合作为吉富罗非鱼饲料脂肪源时,在油脂总添加水平为5.00%的条件下,SPO与SO的适宜组合为SPO∶SO=3∶1～1∶1,即以SPO占混合脂肪源的50%～75%为宜。
To study the feasibility of combining silkworm pupa oil (SPO) with soybean oil (SO) in genetic improvement of farmed tilapia (GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus) diet,five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated based on either silkworm pupa oil or soybean oil. The total addition level of oil in the five experimental diets was 5.00%. SPO and SO were combined according to different ratios,and the SPO:SO were 5:0,3:1,1:1,1:3 and 0:5,respectively. A total of 300 GIFT with an initial body weight of (48.07±0.23) g were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates per group and 20 fish per replicate,and all fish were fed for 56 days. The results showed that the final body weight (FBW),weight gain rate (WGR),specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) all showed maximum in SPO ∶ SO = 3∶1 group,and significantly higher than the SPO:SO = 5∶0 group (P<0.05),but showed no significant differences with the SPO ∶ SO =1 ∶1 and SPO ∶ SO = 0∶ 5 groups (P > 0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR),feed intake (FI),deposition rate of ash,body length/body height (BL/BD),the content of ash in whole body,the content of moisture in liver and muscle,the content of serum lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the activity of liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were the best in the SPO : SO = 3:1 group. The deposition rates of dry matter and protein all showed maximum in SPO ∶ SO = 1∶1 group,and significantly higher than that in SPO:SO = 5:0 group (P<0.05),but showed no significant differences compared with the SPO ∶ SO = 0∶5 group (P > 0.05).The intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF),the content of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),the activities of liver carnitine acyl transferase-Ⅰ (CPT-Ⅰ) and serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) also showed maximum in SPO ∶ SO = 1∶1 group,and significantly higher than those in SPO ∶ SO = 5 :0 and SPO :SO = 0:5 groups (P<0.05). To use the WGR and PER as evaluation indexes,the optimal n3/n6 ratio of diet for GIFT obtained by quadratic regression equation is 1.040 2 to 1.106 4. It is concluded that when the total additive level of oil is 5.00%,the combination of SPO and SO is used as the lipid source of diet for GIFT,the optimal combination is SPO:SO = 3∶1 to 1∶1. That is to say,SPO accounts for 50% to 75% of mixed lipid source are suitable.
To study the feasibility of combining silkworm pupa oil (SPO) with soybean oil (SO) in genetic improvement of farmed tilapia (GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus) diet,five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated based on either silkworm pupa oil or soybean oil. The total addition level of oil in the five experimental diets was 5.00%. SPO and SO were combined according to different ratios,and the SPO:SO were 5:0,3:1,1:1,1:3 and 0:5,respectively. A total of 300 GIFT with an initial body weight of (48.07±0.23) g were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates per group and 20 fish per replicate,and all fish were fed for 56 days. The results showed that the final body weight (FBW),weight gain rate (WGR),specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) all showed maximum in SPO ∶ SO = 3∶1 group,and significantly higher than the SPO:SO = 5∶0 group (P<0.05),but showed no significant differences with the SPO ∶ SO =1 ∶1 and SPO ∶ SO = 0∶ 5 groups (P > 0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR),feed intake (FI),deposition rate of ash,body length/body height (BL/BD),the content of ash in whole body,the content of moisture in liver and muscle,the content of serum lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the activity of liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were the best in the SPO : SO = 3:1 group. The deposition rates of dry matter and protein all showed maximum in SPO ∶ SO = 1∶1 group,and significantly higher than that in SPO:SO = 5:0 group (P<0.05),but showed no significant differences compared with the SPO ∶ SO = 0∶5 group (P > 0.05).The intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF),the content of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),the activities of liver carnitine acyl transferase-Ⅰ (CPT-Ⅰ) and serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) also showed maximum in SPO ∶ SO = 1∶1 group,and significantly higher than those in SPO ∶ SO = 5 :0 and SPO :SO = 0:5 groups (P<0.05). To use the WGR and PER as evaluation indexes,the optimal n3/n6 ratio of diet for GIFT obtained by quadratic regression equation is 1.040 2 to 1.106 4. It is concluded that when the total additive level of oil is 5.00%,the combination of SPO and SO is used as the lipid source of diet for GIFT,the optimal combination is SPO:SO = 3∶1 to 1∶1. That is to say,SPO accounts for 50% to 75% of mixed lipid source are suitable.
引文
[1]陈水春.饲料脂肪及不同脂肪源对鱼类的影响[J].现代渔业信息,2008,23(10):7-11.
[2]唐威,赵玉荣.不同脂肪源在鱼类饲料中应用的研究[J].湖南饲料,2009(1):29-34.
[3]谭肖英,刘永坚,田丽霞,等.鱼类对饲料脂肪源利用的研究进展[J].饲料广角,2007(5):38-41.
[4]张丽丽,章玉萍,陈明,等.蚕蛹油脂提取方法及其功效研究进展[J].北方蚕业,2017,38(2):1-8.
[5]白富瑾,罗莉,黄先智,等.蚕蛹油等7种油脂对吉富罗非鱼生长、体组成及脂质代谢影响的比较[J].水产学报,2017,41(2):258-270.
[6]SARGENT J,BELL G,MCEVOY L,et al.Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish[J].Aquaculture,1999,177(1/2/3/4):191-199.
[7]BELL J G,MCEVOY J,TOCHER D R,et al.Replacement of fish oil w ith rapeseed oil in diets of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)affects tissue lipid compositions and hepatocyte fatty acid metabolism[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2001,131(5):1535-1543.
[8]BELL J G,HENDERSON R J,TOCHER D R,et al.Substituting fish oil w ith crude palm oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)affects muscle fatty acid composition and hepatic fatty acid M etabolism[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2002,132(2):222-230.
[9]袁利文.植物油中主要脂肪酸含量的分析[J]中国检验检测,2018(1):18-21.
[10]程小飞,田晶晶,吉红,等.蚕蛹基础日粮中添加不同脂肪源对框鳞镜鲤生长、体成分及健康状况的影响[J].水生生物学报,2013,37(4):656-668.
[11]田晶晶,萧培珍,吉红,等.实用饲料对养殖草鱼体组织脂肪酸组成的影响[J].饲料工业,2013,34(20):22-27.
[12]王煜恒,王爱民,刘文斌,等.不同脂肪源对异育银鲫鱼种生长、消化率及体成分的影响[J].水产学报,2010,34(9):1439-1446.
[13]刘玮,徐萍,任本根,等.不同脂肪源饲料对草鱼稚鱼生长的影响[J].水产学报,1995,19(4):362-365
[14]田娟,涂玮,文华,等.吉富罗非鱼对饲料亚油酸的需要量[J].中国水产科学,2016,23(1):104-116.
[15]LI E C,LIM C,KLESIUS P H,et al.Growth,body fatty acid composition,immune response,and resistance to Streptococcus iniae of hybrid tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus,fed diets containing various levels of linoleic and linolenic acids[J].Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,2013,44(1):42-55.
[16]关勇.亚麻籽油对吉富罗非鱼生长、体组成、脂质代谢及抗氧化能力的影响[D].硕士学位论文.重庆:西南大学,2014.
[17]NG W K,LIM P K,SIDEK H.The influence of a dietary lipid source on grow th,muscle fatty acid composition and erythrocyte osmotic fragility of hybrid tilapia[J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,2001,25(4):301-310.
[18]CHEN C Y,SUN B L,LI X X,et al.N-3 essential fatty acids in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus:quantification of optimum requirement of dietary linolenic acid in juvenile fish[J].Aquaculture,2013,416/417:99-104.
[19]张媛媛,刘波,戈贤平,等.不同脂肪源对异育银鲫生长性能、机体成分、血清生化指标、体组织脂肪酸组成及脂质代谢的影响[J].水产学报,2012,36(7):1111-1118.
[20]王淑雯,罗莉,黄先智,等.蚕蛹替代鱼粉对吉富罗非鱼肌肉营养成分的影响[J].淡水渔业,2016,46(2):60-65.
[21]涂玮.罗非鱼幼鱼饲料的脂肪及必需脂肪酸需要量研究[D].硕士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2012.
[22]美国科学院国家研究委员会.鱼类与甲壳类营养需要[M].麦康森,李鹏,赵建民,译.北京:科学出版社,2015.
[23]SIMOPOULOS A P.Evolutionary aspects of diet,the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation:nutritional implications for chronic diseases[J].Biomedicine&Pharmacotherapy,2006,60(9):502-507.
[24]LIN S M,LUO L.Effects of different levels of soybean meal inclusion in replacement for fish meal on grow th,digestive enzymes and transaminase activities in practical diets for juvenile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,168(1/2):80-87.
[25]THANUTHONG T,FRANCIS D S,SENADHEERAS P S D,et al.LC-PUFA biosynthesis in rainbow trout is substrate limited:use of the w hole body fatty acid balance method and different 18∶3n-3/18∶2n-6 ratios[J].Lipids,2011,46(12):1111-1127.
[2]唐威,赵玉荣.不同脂肪源在鱼类饲料中应用的研究[J].湖南饲料,2009(1):29-34.
[3]谭肖英,刘永坚,田丽霞,等.鱼类对饲料脂肪源利用的研究进展[J].饲料广角,2007(5):38-41.
[4]张丽丽,章玉萍,陈明,等.蚕蛹油脂提取方法及其功效研究进展[J].北方蚕业,2017,38(2):1-8.
[5]白富瑾,罗莉,黄先智,等.蚕蛹油等7种油脂对吉富罗非鱼生长、体组成及脂质代谢影响的比较[J].水产学报,2017,41(2):258-270.
[6]SARGENT J,BELL G,MCEVOY L,et al.Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish[J].Aquaculture,1999,177(1/2/3/4):191-199.
[7]BELL J G,MCEVOY J,TOCHER D R,et al.Replacement of fish oil w ith rapeseed oil in diets of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)affects tissue lipid compositions and hepatocyte fatty acid metabolism[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2001,131(5):1535-1543.
[8]BELL J G,HENDERSON R J,TOCHER D R,et al.Substituting fish oil w ith crude palm oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)affects muscle fatty acid composition and hepatic fatty acid M etabolism[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2002,132(2):222-230.
[9]袁利文.植物油中主要脂肪酸含量的分析[J]中国检验检测,2018(1):18-21.
[10]程小飞,田晶晶,吉红,等.蚕蛹基础日粮中添加不同脂肪源对框鳞镜鲤生长、体成分及健康状况的影响[J].水生生物学报,2013,37(4):656-668.
[11]田晶晶,萧培珍,吉红,等.实用饲料对养殖草鱼体组织脂肪酸组成的影响[J].饲料工业,2013,34(20):22-27.
[12]王煜恒,王爱民,刘文斌,等.不同脂肪源对异育银鲫鱼种生长、消化率及体成分的影响[J].水产学报,2010,34(9):1439-1446.
[13]刘玮,徐萍,任本根,等.不同脂肪源饲料对草鱼稚鱼生长的影响[J].水产学报,1995,19(4):362-365
[14]田娟,涂玮,文华,等.吉富罗非鱼对饲料亚油酸的需要量[J].中国水产科学,2016,23(1):104-116.
[15]LI E C,LIM C,KLESIUS P H,et al.Growth,body fatty acid composition,immune response,and resistance to Streptococcus iniae of hybrid tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus,fed diets containing various levels of linoleic and linolenic acids[J].Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,2013,44(1):42-55.
[16]关勇.亚麻籽油对吉富罗非鱼生长、体组成、脂质代谢及抗氧化能力的影响[D].硕士学位论文.重庆:西南大学,2014.
[17]NG W K,LIM P K,SIDEK H.The influence of a dietary lipid source on grow th,muscle fatty acid composition and erythrocyte osmotic fragility of hybrid tilapia[J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,2001,25(4):301-310.
[18]CHEN C Y,SUN B L,LI X X,et al.N-3 essential fatty acids in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus:quantification of optimum requirement of dietary linolenic acid in juvenile fish[J].Aquaculture,2013,416/417:99-104.
[19]张媛媛,刘波,戈贤平,等.不同脂肪源对异育银鲫生长性能、机体成分、血清生化指标、体组织脂肪酸组成及脂质代谢的影响[J].水产学报,2012,36(7):1111-1118.
[20]王淑雯,罗莉,黄先智,等.蚕蛹替代鱼粉对吉富罗非鱼肌肉营养成分的影响[J].淡水渔业,2016,46(2):60-65.
[21]涂玮.罗非鱼幼鱼饲料的脂肪及必需脂肪酸需要量研究[D].硕士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2012.
[22]美国科学院国家研究委员会.鱼类与甲壳类营养需要[M].麦康森,李鹏,赵建民,译.北京:科学出版社,2015.
[23]SIMOPOULOS A P.Evolutionary aspects of diet,the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation:nutritional implications for chronic diseases[J].Biomedicine&Pharmacotherapy,2006,60(9):502-507.
[24]LIN S M,LUO L.Effects of different levels of soybean meal inclusion in replacement for fish meal on grow th,digestive enzymes and transaminase activities in practical diets for juvenile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,168(1/2):80-87.
[25]THANUTHONG T,FRANCIS D S,SENADHEERAS P S D,et al.LC-PUFA biosynthesis in rainbow trout is substrate limited:use of the w hole body fatty acid balance method and different 18∶3n-3/18∶2n-6 ratios[J].Lipids,2011,46(12):1111-1127.
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