富营养化初期湖泊放养鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)控藻生态效果的初步评估
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摘要
放养鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys mobilis)控制富营养化湖泊蓝藻水华暴发是当前最有效的手段之一.为评估富营养化初期湖泊鲢、鳙控藻的生态效果,2016年在洱海红山湾开展原位围栏鲢、鳙控藻实验,对围栏内外的浮游生物群落结构及水环境因子的变化进行对比分析,同时测定了围栏内鲢、鳙的生长及摄食节律.结果表明:围栏内鲢、鳙呈现匀速生长,围栏生存环境适宜.根据Egger's模型估算鲢、鳙的日摄食量分别为24.96%和18.18%,鲢的日粮高于鳙;滤食率结果表明,鲢对浮游植物的摄食率高于鳙(分别为3.01和2.19 L/(g·h),而鳙对浮游动物的滤食率高于鲢(分别为18.61和13.54 L/(g·h)).研究期间,围栏内外水体理化因子无显著差异;但围栏内外微囊藻生物量差异明显,并且在7月达到生物量峰值(围栏内为1.7 mg/L,围栏外为2.4 mg/L).鲢、鳙对浮游植物的优势种类——微囊藻和隐藻有明显的削减效果,6-8月逐渐上升并在8月达到最高(64%);当浮游植物优势种由微囊藻替换为硅藻门和绿藻门的种类时,鲢、鳙的削减效率不明显(10-11月为负值).此外,鲢、鳙放养显著降低了浮游甲壳动物的总生物量和枝角类生物量.因此,结合实验结果得出,鲢具有更高的控藻能力,尤其对微囊藻水华,但同时具备了较高对浮游甲壳动物的削减能力,需要进一步分析富营养化初期湖泊——洱海中实施非经典生物操纵的适宜性.
It is one of the most effective ways to control the outbreak of cyanobacteria blooms in eutrophic lakes by stocking silver and bighead carps. In order to evaluate the ecological effects of controlling algae by silver and bighead carps in early eutrophication lakes. In 2016,a little biomanipulation in-situ pen with the stock of silver and bighead carps was built to control cyanobacterial blooms in Hongshan Bay of Lake Erhai. The changes of plankton community structure and water environmental factors were compared and analyzed within and outside the pen. Meanwhile,the growth and feeding rhythm of silver and bighead carps were measured. The pen-cultured silver and bighead carp all displayed normal growth,the survival environment of the pen is suitable. Daily rations of silver and bighead carp were estimated by Egger's model in the main growing season. Filtration rate was calculated from the daily ration and the density plankton in the lake. Daily rations of silver and bighead carp was 24.96% and 18.18%. The daily rations silver carp is higher than that of bighead carp. Filtration rates of silver and bighead carp for phytoplankton were 3.01 L/( g·h)and 2.19 L/( g·h),respectively,and filtration rates for zooplankton were 13.54 L/( g·h) and 18.61 L/( g·h),respectively. Silver carp had a stronger ability of eliminating phytoplankton than bighead carp. Bighead carp had a stronger ability of eliminating zooplankton than silver carp. During the study,there was no significant difference in the environmental parameters within and outside the pen. The biomass of Microcystis reached its peak in July( 1.7 mg/L in the fish pen and 2.4 mg/L in the surrounding lake water). The Microcystis biomass was significantly lower in the pen. The present stocking density of silver and bighead carp( about 20 g/m~3 in June) was effective to control Microcystis. From June to August,the reduction rate of the phytoplankton in the silver and bighead carp gradually increased,and the rate of reduction was up to 64% in August. When phytoplankton's dominant species Chlorophyta and diatom replace Microcystis,the rate of reduction decreased gradually,with negative values in October and November. Furthermore,the biomass of crustacean zooplankton biomass and cladocerans biomass were significantly lower in the pen.Therefore,in combination with several experimental results,silver carp had a stronger ability of eliminating phytoplankton than bighead carp. Especially for Microcystis blooms,silver carp at the same time have the higher on the reduction ability of crustacean zooplankton. We need to further analyze the suitability of non-traditional biological manipulation in the early stage of eutrophication Lake Erhai.
It is one of the most effective ways to control the outbreak of cyanobacteria blooms in eutrophic lakes by stocking silver and bighead carps. In order to evaluate the ecological effects of controlling algae by silver and bighead carps in early eutrophication lakes. In 2016,a little biomanipulation in-situ pen with the stock of silver and bighead carps was built to control cyanobacterial blooms in Hongshan Bay of Lake Erhai. The changes of plankton community structure and water environmental factors were compared and analyzed within and outside the pen. Meanwhile,the growth and feeding rhythm of silver and bighead carps were measured. The pen-cultured silver and bighead carp all displayed normal growth,the survival environment of the pen is suitable. Daily rations of silver and bighead carp were estimated by Egger's model in the main growing season. Filtration rate was calculated from the daily ration and the density plankton in the lake. Daily rations of silver and bighead carp was 24.96% and 18.18%. The daily rations silver carp is higher than that of bighead carp. Filtration rates of silver and bighead carp for phytoplankton were 3.01 L/( g·h)and 2.19 L/( g·h),respectively,and filtration rates for zooplankton were 13.54 L/( g·h) and 18.61 L/( g·h),respectively. Silver carp had a stronger ability of eliminating phytoplankton than bighead carp. Bighead carp had a stronger ability of eliminating zooplankton than silver carp. During the study,there was no significant difference in the environmental parameters within and outside the pen. The biomass of Microcystis reached its peak in July( 1.7 mg/L in the fish pen and 2.4 mg/L in the surrounding lake water). The Microcystis biomass was significantly lower in the pen. The present stocking density of silver and bighead carp( about 20 g/m~3 in June) was effective to control Microcystis. From June to August,the reduction rate of the phytoplankton in the silver and bighead carp gradually increased,and the rate of reduction was up to 64% in August. When phytoplankton's dominant species Chlorophyta and diatom replace Microcystis,the rate of reduction decreased gradually,with negative values in October and November. Furthermore,the biomass of crustacean zooplankton biomass and cladocerans biomass were significantly lower in the pen.Therefore,in combination with several experimental results,silver carp had a stronger ability of eliminating phytoplankton than bighead carp. Especially for Microcystis blooms,silver carp at the same time have the higher on the reduction ability of crustacean zooplankton. We need to further analyze the suitability of non-traditional biological manipulation in the early stage of eutrophication Lake Erhai.
引文
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[23]Koutrakis ET,Tsikliras AC.Length-weight relationships of fishes from three northern Aegean estuarine systems(Greece).Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2003,19:258-260.
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[2]Rastogi RP,Sinha RP,Incharoensakdi A.The cyanotoxin-microcystins:Current overview.Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology,2014,13(2):215-249.
[3]Wu F,Zhan JY,Deng XZ et al.Influencing factors of lake eutrophication in China-A case study in 22 lakes in China.E-cology and Environmental Sciences,2012,22(1):94-100.[吴锋,战金艳,邓祥征等.中国湖泊富营养化影响因素研究---基于中国22个湖泊实证分析.生态环境学报,2012,22(1):94-100.]
[4]Liu JK,Xie P.The mystery of the disappearance of blue algae bloom in east lake of wuhan.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,1999,8(3):312-319.[刘建康,谢平.揭开武汉东湖蓝藻水华消失之谜.长江流域资源与环境,1999,8(3):312-319.]
[5]Ye C,Jin XC,Wang LQ et al.Design principle and engineering mode of the ecological restoration in the aquatic-terrestrial ecotone of Lake Erhai.China Environmental Science,2004,24(6):717-721.[叶春,金相灿,王临清等.洱海湖滨带生态修复设计原则与工程模式.中国环境科学,2004,24(6):717-721.]
[6]Ji NN,Wang SR,Zhang L.Characteristics of dissolved organic phosphorus inputs to freshwater lakes:A case study of Lake Erhai,southwest China.Science of the Total Environment,2017,601:1544-1555.
[7]Chen XH.Study on the recent 20 year eutrophication process and development of nutrient criteria/standards of lake Erhai at its initial stage of eutrophication[Dissertation].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2015.[陈小华.富营养化初期湖泊(洱海)的环境演变及营养物基准/标准研究[学位论文].上海:华东师范大学,2015.]
[8]Yin YZ,Chu ZS,Zhao M et al.Spatial and temporal changes in water quality in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone of Lake Erhai.China Environmental Science,2011,31(7):1192-1196.[尹延震,储昭升,赵明等.洱海湖滨带水质的时空变化规律.中国环境科学,2011,31(7):1192-1196.]
[9]Han T,Peng WQ,Li HE et al.The evolution of eutrophication and its research progress in Lake Erhai.Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2005,3(1):71-73.[韩涛,彭文启,李怀恩等.洱海水体富营养化的演变及其研究进展.中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2005,3(1):71-73.]
[10]Hu XZ,Jin XC,Du BH et al.The present situation and dynamic changes of submerged vegetation in Lake Erhai in yunnan province.Research of Environmental Sciences,2005,18(1):1-4.[胡小贞,金相灿,杜宝汉等.云南洱海沉水植被现状及其动态变.环境科学研究,2005,18(1):1-4.]
[11]Zhu R,Wang H,Chen J et al.Use the predictive models to explore the key factors affecting phytoplankton succession in Lake Erhai,China.Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2018,25(2):1283-1293.
[12]Dong YX.Research on blue algae plankton bloom in Lake Erhai.Yunnan Environmental Science,1999,18(4):28-31.[董云仙.洱海蓝藻水华研究.云南环境科学,1999,18(4):28-31.]
[13]Chen JL,Hu MM,Zhou HD et al.Studies on population dynamics and the underlying impact factors of phyoplankton during the cyanobacteria bloom in lake Erhai.Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2015,39(1).[陈建良,胡明明,周怀东.洱海蓝藻水华暴发期浮游植物群落变化及影响因素.水生生物学报,2015,39(1).]
[14]Zhang ZS,Huang XF eds.Study methods on freshwater plankton.Beijing:Science Press,1991:333-371.[章宗涉,黄祥飞.淡水浮游生物研究方法.北京:科学出版社,1991:333-371.]
[15]Shu TT,Chen FZ.A simple method for estimation of cell numbers in the colonial Microcystis.Ecological Science,2011,30(5):553-555.[舒婷婷,陈非洲.微囊藻群体细胞数量估算的一种简单方法.生态科学,2011,30(5):553-555.]
[16]Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China,Editorial Board of Water and Wastewater Monitoring and Analysis Methods eds.Water and Wastewater Monitoring and Analysis Methods:4th edition.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.[国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法:第4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.]
[17]Xie CX ed.Ichthyology.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2009:13-17.[谢从新.鱼类学.北京:中国农业出版社,2009:13-17.]
[18]Eggers DM.Factors interpreting data obtained by diel sampling of fish stomachs.Journal of the Ournal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,1977,34:290-294.
[19]Chen SL,Hua YY,Zhu ZR et al.Ingestion intensity of silver carp and bighead carp under natural conditions(II)annual feeding intensity of silver carp and bighead carp in East Lake,Wuhan.Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1989,13(2):114-123.[陈少莲,华元渝,朱志荣等.鲢、鳙在天然条件下的摄食强度(Ⅱ)武汉东湖鲢、鳙周年摄食强度的研究.水生生物学报,1989,13(2):114-123.]
[20]Ke ZX,Xie P,Guo L et al.In situ study on the control of toxic Microcystis blooms using phytoplanktivorous fish in the subtropical Lake Taihu of China:A large fish pen experiment.Aquaculture,2007,265(1-4):127-138.
[21]Mcnaughton SJ.Relationships among functional properties of Californian grassland.Nature,1967,216:168-169.
[22]Chen YC,Tang L,Zhang DG et al.The spatial and temporal dynamics of chlorophyll a concentrations and its relationship with phosphorus in Lake Dianchi.Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(4):1555-1560.[陈永川,汤利,张德刚等.滇池叶绿素a的时空变化及水体磷对藻类生长的影响.农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1555-1560.]
[23]Koutrakis ET,Tsikliras AC.Length-weight relationships of fishes from three northern Aegean estuarine systems(Greece).Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2003,19:258-260.
[24]Ke ZX,Xie P,Guo LG et al.Effects of large bio-manipulation fish pen on community structure of crustacean zooplanktonin Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(8):2270-2276.[柯志新,谢平,过龙根等.太湖梅梁湾大型控藻围栏对浮游甲壳动物群落结构的影响.应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2270-2276.]
[25]Li Y,Xie P,Zhang J et al.Effects of filter-feeding planktivorous fish and cyanobacteria on structuring the zooplankton community in the eastern plain lakes of China.Ecological Engineering,2017,99:238-245.
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