新疆伊犁河谷黄土滑坡冻融失稳机理研究
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摘要
伊犁河谷地处中国天山山脉西段,属于典型的季节性冻土区,季节性冻融作用对斜坡稳定性影响强烈。本文以皮里青河"3.24"滑坡为例,通过现场详细调查、多期遥感影像动态比对、数值模拟等方法,研究了黄土滑坡冻融失稳机理与滑坡运动特征,得到以下几点认识:(1)滑坡失稳与水密切相关,一方面是地表水侵蚀作用,另一方面是地下水的冻融作用;(2)根据变形特征,将滑坡失稳过程分为坡脚侵蚀、冻结滞水和冻融循环破坏三个阶段,模拟结果表明,地下水水位上升导致孔隙水压力增大是滑坡冻融失稳的主要原因;(3)DAN-W数值模拟软件的Voellmy模型和Frictional模型可较好地模拟滑坡的运动堆积过程,模拟结果显示,滑坡历时12.8 s,最大运动速度17.7 m/s,平均堆积厚度4.9 m,运动距离139 m。本研究为伊犁河谷地区黄土冻融滑坡的早期识别与风险评估提供了重要的技术支撑。
The Yili River valley is located in the western section of Tianshan Mountains. It belongs to the typical seasonal permafrost region, and the seasonal freezing-thawing action has a strong influence on the slope stability.Taking the Piliqing River "3.24" landslide as a study case, the authors studied the mechanism of freeze-thaw instability and the motion characteristics of the loess landslide through the field investigation and the dynamic contrast of multistage remote sensing images and the numerical simulation. From the above research the following conclusions could be drawn:(1) The mechanism of the landslide is closely related to water, mainly due to surface water erosion and the freezing and thawing of groundwater.(2) According to deformation characteristics, the landslide instability process is divided into three stages, i.e., the slope toe lateral erosion damage, the frozen perched water and the freeze-thaw cycles. The simulation results show that the slope of the rise of ground water level in the body and the pore water pressure seem to be the major causes of landslide freeze-thaw instability.(3) The Voellmy model and the Frictional model of DAN-W numerical software can better simulate the movement process. The simulation results show that the landslide lasted 12.8 s, the maximum speed was 17.7 m/s, the average accumulation thickness was 4.9 m, and the motion distance was 139 m. This study provides important technical support for early identification and risk assessment of loess freeze-thaw landslide in the Yili River valley.
The Yili River valley is located in the western section of Tianshan Mountains. It belongs to the typical seasonal permafrost region, and the seasonal freezing-thawing action has a strong influence on the slope stability.Taking the Piliqing River "3.24" landslide as a study case, the authors studied the mechanism of freeze-thaw instability and the motion characteristics of the loess landslide through the field investigation and the dynamic contrast of multistage remote sensing images and the numerical simulation. From the above research the following conclusions could be drawn:(1) The mechanism of the landslide is closely related to water, mainly due to surface water erosion and the freezing and thawing of groundwater.(2) According to deformation characteristics, the landslide instability process is divided into three stages, i.e., the slope toe lateral erosion damage, the frozen perched water and the freeze-thaw cycles. The simulation results show that the slope of the rise of ground water level in the body and the pore water pressure seem to be the major causes of landslide freeze-thaw instability.(3) The Voellmy model and the Frictional model of DAN-W numerical software can better simulate the movement process. The simulation results show that the landslide lasted 12.8 s, the maximum speed was 17.7 m/s, the average accumulation thickness was 4.9 m, and the motion distance was 139 m. This study provides important technical support for early identification and risk assessment of loess freeze-thaw landslide in the Yili River valley.
引文
常丹,刘建坤,李旭,于钱米.2014.冻融循环对青藏粉砂土力学性质影响的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,33(7):1496-1502.
程秀娟,张茂省,朱立峰,裴赢,李政国,胡炜.2013.季节性冻融作用及其对斜坡土体强度的影响-以甘肃永靖黑方台地区为例[J].地质通报,32(6):904-909.
崔托维奇H A,张长庆,朱元林译.1985.冻土力学[M].北京:科学出版社.
葛文胜,李小飞,薛运清,郭鹏志,贾琦,付强,韩冬,裘立刚,刘亚然.2013.新疆昭苏卡拉盖雷铜金矿床成矿地质背景探讨[J].地球学报,34(3):275-286.
何苗,李廷栋,张利伟,姚建新,游国庆,耿树方,吴小军.2015.准噶尔盆地西北缘三叠系地层格架的建立--来自岩性、地震、测井及地化方面的证据[J].地球学报,36(2):151-160.
胡列群,武鹏飞,梁凤超,张伟航.2014.新疆冬春季积雪及温度对冻土深度的影响分析[J].冰川冻土,36(1):48-54.
李滨,殷跃平,吴树仁,石菊松.2011.多级旋转黄土滑坡基本类型及特征分析[J].工程地质学报,19(5):703-711.
李滨,殷跃平,吴树仁,石菊松.2012.多级旋转黄土滑坡形成机理及失稳模式[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),42(3):760-769.
彭丽云,刘建坤.2010.正融粉质黏土在循环荷载作用下的变形特性研究[J].岩土工程学报,32(4):567-572.
齐吉琳,张建明,朱元林.2003.冻融作用对土结构性影响的土力学意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,22(S2):2690-2694.
王恭先.1997.甘肃省永靖县黄茨滑坡的滑动机理与临滑预报[J].灾害学,12(3):23-27.
王念秦,姚勇.2008.季节冻土区冻融期黄土滑坡基本特征与机理[J].防灾减灾工程学报,28(2):163-166.
王士天,詹铮,刘汉超.1990.洒勒山高速滑坡的基本特征及动力学机制[J].地质灾害与环境保护,1(2):66-74.
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叶玮.2000.新疆伊犁地区黄土与黄土状土粒度对比[J].干旱区地理,23(4):300-314.
殷跃平.2000.西藏波密易贡高速巨型滑坡特征及减灾研究[J].水文地质工程地质,(4):8-11.
张麒蛰,许光祥.2004.河湾水流与凹岸路基侵蚀机理探讨[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2(2):6-8.
ЦЫТОВИЧ H A.1985.Mechanics of frozen soil[M].Translated by ZHANG Chang-qing,ZHU Yuan-lin.Beijing:Science Press(in Chinese).
CHAMBERLAIN E J,ANTHONY J G.1979.Effect of freezing and thawing on the permeability and structure soils[J].Engineering Geology,13:73-92.
CHANG Dan,LIU Jian-kun,LI Xu,YU Qian-mi.2014.Experiment study of effects of freezing-thawing cycles on mechanical properties of Qinghai-Tibet silty sand[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,33(7):1496-1502(in Chinese with English abstract).
CHENG Xiu-juan,ZHANG Mao-sheng,ZHU Li-feng,PEI Ying,LI Zheng-guo,HU Wei.2013.Seasonal freeze-thaw action and its effect on the slope soil strength in Heifangtai area,Gansu Province[J].Geological Bulletin of China,32(6):904-909(in Chinese with English abstract).
COX S C,ALLEN S K.2009.Vampire rock avalanches of January2008 and 2003,Southern Alps,New Zealand[J].Recent Landslides,6:161-166.
CZURDA K A,HOHMANN M.1997.Freezing effect on shear strength of clayey soils[J].Applied Clay Science,12:165-187.
FISCHER L,HUGGEL C,KAAB A,HAEBERLI W.2013.Slope failures and erosion rates on a glaciered high-mountain face under climatic changes[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,38(8):836-846.
GE Wen-sheng,LI Xiao-fei,XUE Yun-qing,GUO Peng-zhi,JIAQi,FU Qiang,HAN Dong,QIU Li-gang,LIU Ya-ran.2013.Metallogenic geological background of the Kalagailei copper-gold deposit in Zhaosu County,Xinjiang[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,34(3):275-286(in Chinese with English abstract).
GOVI M,PASUTO A,SILVANO S,SIORPAES C.1993.An example of a low-temperature-triggered landslide[J].Engineering Geology,36(1-2):53-65.
HARRIS C,LEWKOWICZ A G.2000.An Analysis of the Stability of Thawing Slopes,Ellesmere Island,Nunavut,Canada[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,37:449-462.
HE Miao,LI Ting-dong,ZHANG Li-wei,YAO Jian-xin,YOUGuo-qing,GENG Shu-fang,WU Xiao-jun.2015.The Construction of Triassic Stratigraphic Framework of the Northwest Margin of Junggar Basin Based on the Evidence from Lithology,Logging,Seismic Survey and Geochemistry[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,36(2):151-160(in Chinese with English abstract).
HU Lie-qun,WU Peng-fei,LIANG Feng-chao.2014.Analyzing the effect of snow cover in spring and winter and air temperature on frozen ground depth in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,36(1):48-54(in Chinese with English abstract).
HUGGEL C,SALZMANN N,ALLEN S,CAPLAN-AUERBACHJ,FISCHER L,HAEBERLI W,LARSEN C,SCHNEIDER D,WESSELES R.2010.Recent and future warm extreme events and high-mountain slope stability[J].Philosophical Transactions,368(1919):2345-2459.
HUNGR O,EVANS S G.2004.Entrainment of debris in rock avalanches:an analysis of a long-run-out mechanism[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,116(9-10):1240-1252.
HUNGR O,MCDOUGALL S.2009.Two numerical models for landslide dynamic analysis[J].Computers and Geosciences,35:978-992.
HUNGR O.1995.A model for the run-out analysis of rapid flow slides,debris flows and avalanches[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,32:610-623.
HUNGR O.2008.Simplified models of spreading flow of dry granular material[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,45(8):1156-1168.
LI Bin,YIN Yue-ping,WU Shu-ren,SHI Ju-song.2011.Basic types and characteristics of multiple rotational landslides in loess[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,19(5):703-711.
LI Bin,YIN Yue-ping,WU Shu-ren,SHI Ju-song.2012.Failure mode and formation mechanism of multiple rotational loess landslides[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),42(3):760-769.
LI T L,LI P,WANG H.2014.Forming mechanism of landslides in the seasonal frozen loess region in China[J].Springer International Publishing,41-51.
NORIKAZU M,HIROAKI S.1999.Rockfall activity from an alpine cliff during thawing periods[J].Geomorphology,3(28):309-328.
OTHMAN M A,BENSON C H.1993.Effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity and morphology of compacted clay[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,30(2):236-246.
PENG Li-yun,LIU Jian-kun.2010.Deformation properties of thawing silty clay under cyclic loading[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,32(4):567-572(in Chinese with English abstract).
QI Ji-lin,ZHANG Jian-ming,ZHU Yuan-lin.2003.Influence of freezing-thawing on soil structure and its soil mechanics significance[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,22(S2):2690-2694(in Chinese with English abstract).
SIMONSEN E,ISACSSON U.2001.Soil behavior during freezing and thawing using variable and constant confining pressure triaxial tests[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,38:863-875.
SOSIO R,CROSTA G B,HUNGR O.2008.Complete dynamic modeling calibration for the Thurwieser rock avalanche(Italian Central Alps)[J].Engineering Geology,100(1):11-26.
WANG Da-yan,MA Wei,NIU Yong-hong,CHANG Xiao-xiao,WEN Zhi.2007.Effect of cyclic freezing and thawing on mechanical properties of Qinghai-Tibet clay[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,48:34-43.
WANG Gong-xian.1997.Sliding mechanism and prediction of critical sliding of Huangci landslide in Yongjing county,Gansu province[J].Journal of Catastrophology,12(3):23-27(in Chinese with English abstract).
WANG Nian-qin,YAO Yong.2008.Characteristics and Mechanism of Landslides in Loess during Freezing and Thawing Periods in Seasonally Frozen Ground Regions[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,28(2):163-166(in Chinese with English abstract).
WANG Shi-tian,ZHAN-zheng,LIU Han-chao.1990.The basic characteristics and dynamical mechanism of the high speed landslide in Saleshan Mountain[J].Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,1(2):66-74(in Chinese).
WU Wei-jiang,WANG Nian-qin.2006.Landslide hazards in Gansu[J].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press:196-199(in Chinese).
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程秀娟,张茂省,朱立峰,裴赢,李政国,胡炜.2013.季节性冻融作用及其对斜坡土体强度的影响-以甘肃永靖黑方台地区为例[J].地质通报,32(6):904-909.
崔托维奇H A,张长庆,朱元林译.1985.冻土力学[M].北京:科学出版社.
葛文胜,李小飞,薛运清,郭鹏志,贾琦,付强,韩冬,裘立刚,刘亚然.2013.新疆昭苏卡拉盖雷铜金矿床成矿地质背景探讨[J].地球学报,34(3):275-286.
何苗,李廷栋,张利伟,姚建新,游国庆,耿树方,吴小军.2015.准噶尔盆地西北缘三叠系地层格架的建立--来自岩性、地震、测井及地化方面的证据[J].地球学报,36(2):151-160.
胡列群,武鹏飞,梁凤超,张伟航.2014.新疆冬春季积雪及温度对冻土深度的影响分析[J].冰川冻土,36(1):48-54.
李滨,殷跃平,吴树仁,石菊松.2011.多级旋转黄土滑坡基本类型及特征分析[J].工程地质学报,19(5):703-711.
李滨,殷跃平,吴树仁,石菊松.2012.多级旋转黄土滑坡形成机理及失稳模式[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),42(3):760-769.
彭丽云,刘建坤.2010.正融粉质黏土在循环荷载作用下的变形特性研究[J].岩土工程学报,32(4):567-572.
齐吉琳,张建明,朱元林.2003.冻融作用对土结构性影响的土力学意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,22(S2):2690-2694.
王恭先.1997.甘肃省永靖县黄茨滑坡的滑动机理与临滑预报[J].灾害学,12(3):23-27.
王念秦,姚勇.2008.季节冻土区冻融期黄土滑坡基本特征与机理[J].防灾减灾工程学报,28(2):163-166.
王士天,詹铮,刘汉超.1990.洒勒山高速滑坡的基本特征及动力学机制[J].地质灾害与环境保护,1(2):66-74.
吴玮江,王念秦.2006.甘肃滑坡灾害[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社:196-199.
徐张建,林在贯,张茂省.2007.中国黄土与黄土滑坡[J].岩石力学与工程学报,26(7):1297-1312.
叶玮.2000.新疆伊犁地区黄土与黄土状土粒度对比[J].干旱区地理,23(4):300-314.
殷跃平.2000.西藏波密易贡高速巨型滑坡特征及减灾研究[J].水文地质工程地质,(4):8-11.
张麒蛰,许光祥.2004.河湾水流与凹岸路基侵蚀机理探讨[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2(2):6-8.
ЦЫТОВИЧ H A.1985.Mechanics of frozen soil[M].Translated by ZHANG Chang-qing,ZHU Yuan-lin.Beijing:Science Press(in Chinese).
CHAMBERLAIN E J,ANTHONY J G.1979.Effect of freezing and thawing on the permeability and structure soils[J].Engineering Geology,13:73-92.
CHANG Dan,LIU Jian-kun,LI Xu,YU Qian-mi.2014.Experiment study of effects of freezing-thawing cycles on mechanical properties of Qinghai-Tibet silty sand[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,33(7):1496-1502(in Chinese with English abstract).
CHENG Xiu-juan,ZHANG Mao-sheng,ZHU Li-feng,PEI Ying,LI Zheng-guo,HU Wei.2013.Seasonal freeze-thaw action and its effect on the slope soil strength in Heifangtai area,Gansu Province[J].Geological Bulletin of China,32(6):904-909(in Chinese with English abstract).
COX S C,ALLEN S K.2009.Vampire rock avalanches of January2008 and 2003,Southern Alps,New Zealand[J].Recent Landslides,6:161-166.
CZURDA K A,HOHMANN M.1997.Freezing effect on shear strength of clayey soils[J].Applied Clay Science,12:165-187.
FISCHER L,HUGGEL C,KAAB A,HAEBERLI W.2013.Slope failures and erosion rates on a glaciered high-mountain face under climatic changes[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,38(8):836-846.
GE Wen-sheng,LI Xiao-fei,XUE Yun-qing,GUO Peng-zhi,JIAQi,FU Qiang,HAN Dong,QIU Li-gang,LIU Ya-ran.2013.Metallogenic geological background of the Kalagailei copper-gold deposit in Zhaosu County,Xinjiang[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,34(3):275-286(in Chinese with English abstract).
GOVI M,PASUTO A,SILVANO S,SIORPAES C.1993.An example of a low-temperature-triggered landslide[J].Engineering Geology,36(1-2):53-65.
HARRIS C,LEWKOWICZ A G.2000.An Analysis of the Stability of Thawing Slopes,Ellesmere Island,Nunavut,Canada[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,37:449-462.
HE Miao,LI Ting-dong,ZHANG Li-wei,YAO Jian-xin,YOUGuo-qing,GENG Shu-fang,WU Xiao-jun.2015.The Construction of Triassic Stratigraphic Framework of the Northwest Margin of Junggar Basin Based on the Evidence from Lithology,Logging,Seismic Survey and Geochemistry[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,36(2):151-160(in Chinese with English abstract).
HU Lie-qun,WU Peng-fei,LIANG Feng-chao.2014.Analyzing the effect of snow cover in spring and winter and air temperature on frozen ground depth in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,36(1):48-54(in Chinese with English abstract).
HUGGEL C,SALZMANN N,ALLEN S,CAPLAN-AUERBACHJ,FISCHER L,HAEBERLI W,LARSEN C,SCHNEIDER D,WESSELES R.2010.Recent and future warm extreme events and high-mountain slope stability[J].Philosophical Transactions,368(1919):2345-2459.
HUNGR O,EVANS S G.2004.Entrainment of debris in rock avalanches:an analysis of a long-run-out mechanism[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,116(9-10):1240-1252.
HUNGR O,MCDOUGALL S.2009.Two numerical models for landslide dynamic analysis[J].Computers and Geosciences,35:978-992.
HUNGR O.1995.A model for the run-out analysis of rapid flow slides,debris flows and avalanches[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,32:610-623.
HUNGR O.2008.Simplified models of spreading flow of dry granular material[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,45(8):1156-1168.
LI Bin,YIN Yue-ping,WU Shu-ren,SHI Ju-song.2011.Basic types and characteristics of multiple rotational landslides in loess[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,19(5):703-711.
LI Bin,YIN Yue-ping,WU Shu-ren,SHI Ju-song.2012.Failure mode and formation mechanism of multiple rotational loess landslides[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),42(3):760-769.
LI T L,LI P,WANG H.2014.Forming mechanism of landslides in the seasonal frozen loess region in China[J].Springer International Publishing,41-51.
NORIKAZU M,HIROAKI S.1999.Rockfall activity from an alpine cliff during thawing periods[J].Geomorphology,3(28):309-328.
OTHMAN M A,BENSON C H.1993.Effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity and morphology of compacted clay[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,30(2):236-246.
PENG Li-yun,LIU Jian-kun.2010.Deformation properties of thawing silty clay under cyclic loading[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,32(4):567-572(in Chinese with English abstract).
QI Ji-lin,ZHANG Jian-ming,ZHU Yuan-lin.2003.Influence of freezing-thawing on soil structure and its soil mechanics significance[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,22(S2):2690-2694(in Chinese with English abstract).
SIMONSEN E,ISACSSON U.2001.Soil behavior during freezing and thawing using variable and constant confining pressure triaxial tests[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,38:863-875.
SOSIO R,CROSTA G B,HUNGR O.2008.Complete dynamic modeling calibration for the Thurwieser rock avalanche(Italian Central Alps)[J].Engineering Geology,100(1):11-26.
WANG Da-yan,MA Wei,NIU Yong-hong,CHANG Xiao-xiao,WEN Zhi.2007.Effect of cyclic freezing and thawing on mechanical properties of Qinghai-Tibet clay[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,48:34-43.
WANG Gong-xian.1997.Sliding mechanism and prediction of critical sliding of Huangci landslide in Yongjing county,Gansu province[J].Journal of Catastrophology,12(3):23-27(in Chinese with English abstract).
WANG Nian-qin,YAO Yong.2008.Characteristics and Mechanism of Landslides in Loess during Freezing and Thawing Periods in Seasonally Frozen Ground Regions[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,28(2):163-166(in Chinese with English abstract).
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